EXAM 1

Genes inherited from biological parents, height and weight gains, advances in motor skills, and hormonal changes of puberty reflect ______ processes. psychological biological cognitive social

biological

Regarding sex differences at puberty, muscle tissue grows faster in (boys/girls) _______, whereas body fat increases more rapidly in (boys/girls) _______.

boys, girls

The neurotransmitter ____________ plays an important role in our experience of reward, while _____________ plays an important role in the experience of different moods.

dopamine, serotonin

The long-term psychological consequences of obesity appear to be greater for (females/males) ____________ than (females/males) ___________.

females, males

The Tanner stages describe the ______ stages of pubertal development. eight five ten two

five

Hormonal levels in the endocrine system are set at a certain level, which may differ depending on the stage of development. This is part of the ______. adolescent growth spurt hormonal feedback loop menarche onset circulation system

hormonal feedback loop

Cognitive gains that occur in adolescence are thinking better about ____________ situations and thinking more abstractly.

hypothetical

Developing the capacity to form romantic relationships that are trusting and loving is part of the development of ______. autonomy identity intimacy sexuality

intimacy

In 2020, American children in late adolescence and early adulthood living with their parents ______. has a negative impact on parent-child relationships in most cases is generally seen as a sign of immaturity is considered the norm is unusual for anyone past the age of high school graduation

is considered the norm

Research indicates that juveniles are ______. more likely than adults to serve jail time primarily tried in criminal court. less likely than adults to understand their rights unfit to stand trial until the age of 18.

less likely than adults to understand their rights

Because of their physical maturation, early-maturing boys are ______. less likely to be supervised by adults less likely to be accepted by their peer group more likely to socialize with younger peers more likely to be supervised by adults

less likely to be supervised by adults

Better connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the ___________ ___________ leads to improvements in our ability to regulate our emotions and coordinate our thoughts and feelings.

limbic system

Increased exposure to artificial light may contribute to earlier pubertal development because it affects the secretion of _____________.

melatonin

The hormone ____________ suppresses the production of kisspeptin.

melatonin

Theory of ____________ is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own.

mind

Research suggests that early-maturing girls tend to have ______. more emotional difficulties than their peers fewer mental health problems than their later-maturing counterparts especially high self-images fewer problems adjusting than do early-maturing boys

more emotional difficulties than their peers

Children tend to think about things one aspect at a time, while adolescents tend to think about things in ______. black and white universal contexts multiple dimensions positive versus negative

multiple dimensions

Kaedon received a 98% on a trigonometry exam. He studied very hard and the teacher praised his effort and performance. According to the ______ framework, because of the reinforcement Kaedon received, he is more likely to study hard in the future. biosocial sociocultural operant conditioning gene-environment

operant conditioning

Piaget's ______ stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. preoperational sensorimotor formal operational concrete operational

sensorimotor

Approximately one year after the growth of testes and the appearance of pubic hair in boys, the growth spurt in height begins. weight increases dramatically. fat is added to the hips and legs. physical growth slows down.

the growth spurt in height begins.

During the 1960s, many adults referred to the changes they saw in attitudes and values among college students as the ______ movement. inventionist youth millennial social justice

youth

Keniston (1970) argued that ____________ is a separate stage in the life cycle, similar to the concept of emerging adulthood.

youth

Today, "______" is a term used to refer to an individual aged 18 to 22, though it once referred to an individual aged 12 to 24. teenager youth adolescent juvenile

youth

The HPG axis is an example of a(n) ____________ loop.

feedback

Middle adolescence covers the age range of ______ years. 14 to 19 14 to 17 18 to 21 10 to 13

14 to 17

Which of the following influences on adolescent development occurs outside of home and school? (Select all that apply.) Extracurricular activities Parental guidance Teachers and guidance counselors Part-time jobs

Extracurricular activities Part-time jobs

True or false: The effects of the biological, cognitive, and social transitions of adolescence are uniform for all people.

False

True or false: There is a causal relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and negative outcomes in adolescence.

False

True or false: There is a strong connection between the age when puberty begins and the rate at which pubertal development proceeds.

False

Puberty has ______ chief physical manifestations. seven five four two

four

In most cultures, adolescents believe that ______ should not be restricted. the minimum age for driving freedom of religion the ability to declare war on enemies the minimum age for marriage

freedom of religion

Brain ____________ refers to patterns of brain activity.

function

Maturity of the prefrontal cortex tends to take place in (early/late) ________ adolescence.

late

In order to think hypothetically, an individual must be able to ______. support multiple sides of a complex issue identify a single solution to a problem see beyond what is directly observable reason at a concrete level

see beyond what is directly observable

Between the tip of one neuron's axon and another neuron's dendrite, there is a tiny gap called a(n) ______. synapse neural pathway electrical impulse neurotransmitter

synapse

Which of the following is an example of a social convention? Stopping at a red light and waiting for it to turn green Voting in an election Lying to parents Waiting in line to buy concert tickets

Waiting in line to buy concert tickets

Teresa is from Latin America. She is currently preparing for her quinceañera, a tradition that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood on a girl's fifteenth birthday. This formal ceremony is an example of ______. adult initiation emerging adulthood a rite of passage a contextual transition

a rite of passage

Social redefinition during adolescence is ______. marked by an initiation ceremony a series of events determined by physical maturity a single event

a series of events

Which of the following contextual factors may protect early-maturing girls from delinquency? Participating in co-ed sports Residing in a mother-headed household Living in an urban area Attending an all-female school

Attending an all-female school

Which group of individuals helped most to inspire organizations like the Boy Scouts and other adult-supervised youth clubs in the early twentieth century? Inventionists Baby boomers International Youth Club Child protectionists

Child protectionists

Which three of the following problems are commonly associated with adolescence? Depression PTSD Delinquency Drug and alcohol abuse

Depression Delinquency Drug and alcohol abuse

Which of the following puts early-maturing girls at risk for depression and problem behaviors? Avoiding older boys Experiencing stressful life events Attending an all-female school Having sisters but no brothers

Experiencing stressful life events

Which of the following interventions in adolescence has been shown to enhance an individual's performance on standardized tests of intelligence? Single-sex schooling Homeschooling Vocational education Extended schooling

Extended schooling

True or false: Eating disorders are most common among affluent, suburban White and Asian American girls.

False

True or false: Educating adolescents in how to make "better" decisions is the best approach for reducing risk taking.

False

True or false: Piaget's theory has stimulated very little research on how young people think.

False

(Foreign/Native) ____________-born adolescents generally have had better mental health, exhibited less problem behavior, and performed better in school.

Foreign

With regard to adolescent boys, which pair of groups is most likely to report feeling a desire to be thin? Athletes and performers Gay and bisexual youth Asians and Whites Blacks and Latinos

Gay and bisexual youth

Which of the following has been shown to prevent childhood and adolescent obesity? Having a good relationship with parents Using fad diets Regular medical appointments Having normal-weight friends

Having a good relationship with parents

The secular trend has primarily been affected by improvements in which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Health and nutrition Education and literacy Better sanitation Better parenting

Health and nutrition Better sanitation

Which of the following remains a point of debate among researchers? Whether schools should help socialize adolescents Why schools are tasked with educating adolescents If schools really need to keep students busy How schools should prepare adolescents for adulthood

How schools should prepare adolescents for adulthood

According to the inventionist view, when did adolescence as we know it today begin? In the 1960s In the Industrial Revolution In the late 1850s During the Great Depression

In the Industrial Revolution

Which statements about brain maturation in adolescents is true? (Choose every correct answer.) All individuals follow one of three basic patterns of brain maturation. Individuals experience large differences in the timing and extent of brain maturation. Individuals undergo brain maturation differences that are likely caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Individuals from early to mid-adolescence who regularly engage in prosocial behavior were found to delay the thinning of the cortex during that period.

Individuals experience large differences in the timing and extent of brain maturation. Individuals undergo brain maturation differences that are likely caused by both genetic and environmental factors.

Which of the following adolescent girls is at greatest risk for body dissatisfaction? Maleeka, who plays softball and volleyball Mae, who spends a lot of time talking about her looks with friends Val, who began puberty at age 15 Lei, who avoids looking at fashion magazines

Mae, who spends a lot of time talking about her looks with friends

Identify the two anthropologists who were among the most important in the study of adolescence. Glen Elder Margaret Mead G. Stanley Hall Ruth Benedict Thoma Hine

Margaret Mead Ruth Benedict

True or false: According to the inventionists, adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood or adulthood.

True

True or false: Contemporary scientists no longer believe that adolescence is inherently problematic.

True

True or false: During late childhood, children in some societies are expected to start sleeping in households other than their own.

True

Which of the following would Bronfenbrenner argue is most relevant to understanding how school affects adolescent development? How the federal education system is set up Where schools are located How students feel about the idea of school What ages do schools serve

Where schools are located

Which of the following is an example of a boundary of adolescence under the chronological perspective? Entrance into a period of training for a ceremonial rite of passage The onset of puberty Development of intimacy Reaching the designated age of adulthood

Reaching the designated age of adulthood

According to research on ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction, which of the following girls is LEAST likely to diet or worry about body image? Kayla, who is Brazilian Camilla, who is German Hae-won, who is Korean Renee, who is African American

Renee, who is African American

In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, experiences in which of the following domains were closely linked to changes in well-being? (Select all that apply.) Romance Citizenship School Work Finance

Romance Citizenship Work

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to benefit from a mentoring program? Li, who has demonstrated very poor social skills Piper, who has no friends and a very strained relationship with her parents Tanner, whose relationships with family and friends are good but not great Yani, who has excellent relationships with parents, teachers, and peers

Tanner, whose relationships with family and friends are good but not great

"______" is a term popularized about 75 years ago to refer to young people. Youth Emerging adult Teenager Millennial

Teenager

Which of the following is a standardized intelligence test? The WISC-IV The Gardner Scales The Sternberg Scales The CAT

The WISC-IV

In the United States, which of the following is dictated by the age of majority? The age at which individuals may date without parental permission The age at which individuals may marry with parental permission The age at which individuals may marry without parental permission The age by which individuals must marry

The age at which individuals may marry without parental permission

What is epiphysis? The closing of the ends of the bones in the body A duct in the male reproductive system An endocrine gland found in the brain A marker for the beginning of the final stage of puberty

The closing of the ends of the bones in the body

Which of the following result from adrenarche? (Select all that apply.) The development of body odor The beginning of sexual maturation The creation of the HPG axis A decline in melatonin

The development of body odor The beginning of sexual maturation

Which of the following explains why globalization has lengthened the transition from adolescence to adulthood? The global average for the length of the transition is much higher than for the United States alone. People in some areas of the world enter adolescence much later than in other areas. Different countries have different laws regarding the ages at which adolescents transition. Participation in the workforce now requires extended formal education.

Participation in the workforce now requires extended formal education.

Which of the following is the first stage of adolescence? Puberty Independence Graduation Entering school

Puberty

____________ begins when several different signals, one being genetic, the second being environmental, both instruct the brain to change the set point.

Puberty

How will the high birthrate in poor and developing countries change adolescence around the world? The number of adolescents in the developed world will increase in response. The length of adolescence will shrink considerably. The birthrate among adolescent parents will decline. The distribution of the world's adolescents will change dramatically.

The distribution of the world's adolescents will change dramatically

When do researchers now define adolescence as ending? The late teens The late 20s The early 20s The mid teens

The early 20s

How would G. Stanley Hall characterize adolescence? A period of pervasive upheaval A mysterious process of evolution A phase of internal drama A time of spiritual awakening

A period of pervasive upheaval

___________ is the stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adult roles.

Adolescence

When does synaptic pruning begin? Soon after birth In the first trimester of pregnancy Not until adolescence In the preschool years

Soon after birth

The minimal amount of energy used by the body during a resting state is called the ___________ __________ rate.

basal metabolism

Magazines geared toward adolescent girls and women tend to promote the message that ______. curves are beautiful beauty is associated with thinness all shapes and sizes are attractive thinness is no longer the ideal body type

beauty is associated with thinness

Stress is thought to be one cause of ______ puberty. gradual late indeterminate early

early

The impact of being bullied is greater for (early/late) ________ maturing adolescents.

early

Jerome recently got his own car. When friends ride in the car, Jerome is reckless. He speeds excessively, flies through stoplights, and cuts drivers off by weaving in and out of traffic. Jerome's friends are now reluctant to ride with him, complaining that he is too dangerous and something bad is going to happen. Jerome just laughs them off, saying, "Seriously? I know how to drive. I'm never going to crash because I know what I'm doing. People who wreck don't know what they're doing." Jerome is demonstrating characteristics of the ______. sarcasm burst idealistic teenager imaginary audience personal fable

personal fable

Which of the following are questions that young people who are exploring their sexual development would likely ask? (Choose every correct answer.) "What are my values and morals with respect to physical contact?" "Will I ever be independent enough to have an adult relationship?" "How does my sexuality fit into my identity?" "What is my sexual orientation?"

"What are my values and morals with respect to physical contact?" "How does my sexuality fit into my identity?" "What is my sexual orientation?"

Which of the following is a question that an adolescent engaged in identity development would ask? "Will I ever find true love?" "What makes me special?" "How can I convince my parents to lighten up?" "Am I doing my very best right now?"

"What makes me special?"

G. Stanley Hall viewed adolescence as a period of ______. "storm and stress" "the baby blues" "mismatched emotions" "calm and tranquility"

"storm and stress"

Put the following secondary sex characteristics for boys in the order in which they first appear. body growth change in voice growth of pubic hair facial and underarm hair growth of testes

1. Growth of testes 2. Growth of pubic hair 3. Body growth 4. Change in voice 5. Facial and underarm hair

Researchers now define adolescence as beginning at age _____ and continuing until the early 20s.

10

In the United States and in Western Europe, the median age for menarche ranges from about ______ to ______ years. 10; 12 12; 13 1/2 9; 11 1/2 13; 15

12; 13 1/2

The median age for menarche in Africa ranges from about ______ to ______ years. 10; 12 12; 14 13; 16 14; 17

14; 17

In the United States, the process of social redefinition typically begins at what age? 21 or 22 15 or 16 12 or 13 18 or 19

15 or 16

Nighttime increases in melatonin start about ______ hour(s) later among adolescents who have completed puberty than among those who have not yet begun. 3 2 1 4

2

In the United States, about ______% of adolescents are obese. 12 20 34 28

20

Which of the following age ranges would be part of emerging adulthood? 18 to 21 14 to 17 21 to 24 10 to 13

21 to 24

At what time are adolescents likely most alert and ready to learn? 11:00 p.m. 11:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m.

3:00 p.m.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, adolescence lasted about ______ year(s). 5 1 10 15

5

Today, about ______% of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups. 50 25 65 5

50

Erikson proposed ______ stages of psychosocial development. 12 14 4 8

8

Which of the following phenomena does a quinceañera represent? A cohort bonding experience Evidence of the existence of emerging adulthood A legal status change A moment of entering adolescence

A cohort bonding experience

______ is a pattern of sleep characterized by later sleep and wake times, which usually emerges during puberty. Melatonin irregularity Narcolepsy The feedback loop A delayed phase preference

A delayed phase preference

Select all the correct statements related to stress during puberty. Adolescents can experience excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol because of hormonal changes. Adolescence is a period of elevated vulnerability to stress. Adolescents become more responsive to stress because of the hormonal changes of puberty. Adolescence is an inherently stressful period of life.

Adolescents can experience excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol because of hormonal changes. Adolescence is a period of elevated vulnerability to stress. Adolescents become more responsive to stress because of the hormonal changes of puberty.

Which of the following are typical puberty-related changes involving an adolescent's interaction with others? (Select all that apply). Adolescents see themselves as more grown up, leading them to seek greater independence from parents An adolescent's brain interprets the behavior of others differently. Adolescents find that as they become more adultlike that the way their parents treat them becomes more warm and more strict. An adolescent's change in appearance may begin to attract sexual interest from others.

Adolescents see themselves as more grown up, leading them to seek greater independence from parents An adolescent's brain interprets the behavior of others differently. An adolescent's change in appearance may begin to attract sexual interest from others.

Of the following individuals, who is a social learning theorist? Sigmund Freud Albert Bandura Charles Darwin Urie Bronfenbrenner

Albert Bandura

Which of the following best describes how adolescents view social conventions? Antisocial Exploitative Arbitrary Illegal

Arbitrary

Which of the following best describes how sociological theories treat adolescents? Outside of their historical context Within the boundaries of their genetics As unique individuals As a large group

As a large group

Identify all of the major psychosocial developments of adolescence. Abstract thinking Idealism Autonomy Identity Intimacy Intelligence Puberty Sexuality Achievement

Autonomy Identity Intimacy Sexuality Achievement

______ is an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes. Social-processing theory The risk-resilience model Juvenile delinquency Behavioral decision theory

Behavioral decision theory

Which of the following is an outcome of synaptic pruning? (Select all that apply.) Better organization Cognitive restriction Neural proliferation Increased efficiency

Better organization Increased efficiency

______ is characterized by a pattern of binge eating that is not accompanied by drastic attempts to lose weight. Body dissatisfaction Body dysmorphia Bulimia Binge eating disorder

Binge eating disorder

In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that students who wanted to form a Bible study group had the right to meet on campus because high school students are mature enough to understand that a school can permit the expression of ideas that it does not necessarily endorse? Hodgson v. Minnesota Hazelwood v. Kihlmeier Roper v. Simmons Board of Education v. Mergens

Board of Education v. Mergens

Kendra and Philip are both early-maturing adolescents. Which statement is true, according to research? Both Kendra and Phil are at risk for becoming involved in problem behavior. Neither Kendra nor Phil is at risk for becoming involved in problem behavior. Kendra is more likely than Phil to become involved in problem behavior. Phil is more likely than Kendra to become involved in problem behavior.

Both Kendra and Phil are at risk for becoming involved in problem behavior.

(Boys/Girls) _________ are usually fertile before they have developed an adult-like appearance.

Boys

Which of the following is true of development in most adolescent girls? Menarche precedes the growth of pubic hair. Breast development precedes the appearance of pubic hair. The growth spurt occurs before breast development. Development of oil- and sweat-producing glands precedes breast growth.

Breast development precedes the appearance of pubic hair.

Which of the following statements about historic trends in adolescence is true? By 1970, the average age at which girls reached puberty was 15; the average for boys was 17. In 1900, adolescence lasted approximately 11 years. By 2010, it took 15 years for the average girl to go from menarche to marriage. In 1950, the average age of puberty began to rise.

By 2010, it took 15 years for the average girl to go from menarche to marriage.

Professor Dawson is interested in the influence of the broader environment on the timing and tempo of puberty. Which two sets of findings would be most helpful in his research? Changes in the average age of menarche over time Changes in the average age of marriage over time Comparisons of the average age of menarche across countries Comparisons of pubertal timing among adolescent boys and girls

Changes in the average age of menarche over time Comparisons of the average age of menarche across countries

Which of the following is the most common approach for reducing adolescent risk taking? Zero-tolerance policies Parental supervision More severe punishments Classroom-based education programs

Classroom-based education programs

Identify the three key elements of the transition to adulthood during the 1960s. (Select all that apply.) Political involvement Completing one's education Parenthood Moving out of the parents' home Owning one's own home Getting married

Completing one's education Moving out of the parents' home Getting married

Who of the following is likely is in Piaget's concrete operational stage? Diedre, who is 3 Hadrian, who is 15 Sammy, who is 1 Corinne, who is 8

Corinne, who is 8

Identify the consequences associated with adolescents' exposure to neighborhood violence. (Select all that apply.) Depression Decreased association with gangs Precocious sex Early marriage Increased awareness of violence prevention programs Callousness Substance abuse Posttraumatic stress disorder

Depression Precocious sex Callousness Substance abuse Posttraumatic stress disorder

Which of the following is a biological transition associated with adolescence? (Select all that apply.) Changes in thinking abilities Development of the ability to conceive children Changes in social status Changes in appearance

Development of the ability to conceive children Changes in appearance

Which of the following best describes the changes in family relationships that occur in adolescence? Dramatic Ineffective Random Negligible

Dramatic

Select the two situations with the highest risk for adolescent drivers of getting in an automobile accident. Primarily driving with parents Driving alone Driving with adults Driving with teenage passengers

Driving alone Driving white teenage passengers

Select all the mental health problems that are more likely to have onset during adolescence than at another age. Schizophrenia Eating disorders Mood disorders Substance abuse

Eating disorders Mood disorders Substance abuse

Early-maturing boys are more likely than their later-maturing peers to do which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.) Avoid settings where delinquency is likely to occur Engage in antisocial activities Be truant from school Avoid drugs and alcohol

Engage in antisocial activities Be truant from school

Which of the following best explains why the changes of adolescence are not uniform for all people? Environment Human cognition Human biology Evolutionary psychology

Environment

Which of the following is an aspect of autonomy that emerges during adolescence? Establishing a personal code of values and morals Becoming involved in a sexual relationship Being able to resist peer pressure Living outside of the family home

Establishing a personal code of values and morals

Which of the following are the sex hormones released by the ovaries? GnRHs Estrogens Androgens HPGs

Estrogens

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral change caused by hormone levels at puberty? Exhibiting emotional and behavioral problems Developing new secondary sex characteristics Showing more feminine or masculine behaviors Demonstrating sex-based differences in aggressive behavior

Exhibiting emotional and behavioral problems

True or false: Late-maturing boys experience psychological difficulties beyond the adolescent years due to their late maturation.

False

True or false: Learning theorists have much to say specifically about adolescence as a developmental period.

False

True or false: Social redefinition in contemporary society gives adolescents a clear indication of when their responsibilities and privileges begin.

False

Which of the following individuals is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence? Charles Darwin G. Stanley Hall Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud

G. Stanley Hall

Which of the following would a historian of adolescence be least likely to do? Theorize about how different social conditions change adolescent development patterns Investigate the changing political climate in which adolescents develop Look at the economic forces that shaped different generations Generalize about the nature of intergenerational relations

Generalize about the nature of intergenerational relations

According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, neighborhoods and communities are embedded in a broader context that is shaped by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Genetics Geography History Cognitive development Culture

Geography History Culture

Which of the following is an example of the differential treatment of adolescent boys and girls in non-Western cultures? Boys are encouraged to marry at younger ages than girls. Girls' behavior is more subject to the control of adults than boys' behavior. Premarital sexual activity is more likely to be tolerated in girls than boys. Boys are more likely than girls to receive an initiation ceremony.

Girls' behavior is more subject to the control of adults than boys' behavior.

______ are organs that stimulate particular parts of the body to respond in specific ways. Hormones Gametes Glands Neurons

Glands

Which of the following plays a part in stimulating the adolescent growth spurt? (Select all that apply.) Growth hormones Androgens Epiphysis Thyroid hormones

Growth hormones Androgens Thyroid hormones

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? Fat accumulation Changes in muscle mass Growth of facial and body hair Menarche

Growth of facial and body hair

Identify the outcomes associated with growing up in impoverished urban communities. (Select all that apply.) Few if any friends High school drop out Poor academic achievement Attending segregated private schools Early sexual activity Early marriage Involvement in criminal activity

High school drop out Poor academic achievement Early sexual activity Involvement in criminal activity

Which of the following topics did Hall emphasize in his theory of adolescence? (Select all that apply.) Hormonal influences Parenting strategies Media influences Brain maturation Changes in sleep patterns Mentoring

Hormonal influences Brain maturation Changes in sleep patterns

Which of the following are highly specialized substances that are secreted by one or more endocrine glands? Hormones Neurotransmitters Proteins Sex cells

Hormones

Which factors have specifically contributed to an increase in the tendency for teenagers to go to bed later over the past 30 years? (Choose every correct answer.) Increases in exposure to natural light Increases in the availability of electronic media during late-night hours Increases in poor nutrition during the late-night hours Increases in late-night computer use

Increases in the availability of electronic media during late-night hours Increases in late-night computer use

Which of the following strategies had led to the greatest declines in the rate of teen smoking? Increasing the cost of cigarettes Holding parents legally accountable for teens purchasing tobacco products Anti-tobacco education Making teens pay for health insurance

Increasing the cost of cigarettes

Gains in social cognition are related to advances in which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Intimacy Autonomy Deviant thinking Identity development Neuroticism Achievement Sexuality

Intimacy Autonomy Identity development Achievement Sexuality

Which of the following is cited as a cause of adolescent marginality? Isolating adolescents from adults Creating shame around sexual development Using the dual systems approach Inciting intergenerational conflict and disagreement

Isolating adolescents from adults

Which of the following best explains why inadequate sleep is associated with delinquent behavior among adolescents? It adversely affects self-control. It affects the majority of adolescents. It makes adolescents more nocturnal. It has a negative effect on appearance.

It adversely affects self-control

Why do researchers often use menarche to study group differences in pubertal maturation? It signals the start of puberty. It can be measured more reliably than other indicators. It is determined solely by genetics and not the environment. It can be applied equally to boys and girls.

It can be measured more reliably than other indicators.

How useful is cognitive behavioral therapy for treating bulimia? It has shown poor clinical outcomes for most adolescents. It has been found to be effective only when combined with hospitalization. It has been found to be more successful than similar treatments for anorexia. It is less effective than the use of antidepressant medications.

It has been found to be more successful than similar treatments for anorexia.

Which of the following is reported by about half the young Americans who live at home with their parents? It has improved their relationship. It has negatively affected their relationship. It is by choice and not affected by the economy. It has not affected their relationship.

It has not affected their relationship.

Which of the following best characterizes how sensitivity to others' mental states changes in adolescence? It briefly decreases before returning to normal at the end of adolescence. It decreases consistently over the course of adolescence. It rarely changes, unless an adolescent is particularly hormonally imbalanced. It increases, though these increases are variable for different adolescents.

It increases, though these increases are variable for different adolescents.

According to research on environmental factors that contribute to the timing and rate of pubertal maturation, which of the following girls is likely to experience delayed puberty? Margie, who is an inch shorter than most of her friends Allison, who plays volleyball in the winter months Jen, a gymnast, who has cut her daily caloric intake to 750 calories Shayla, who is 50 pounds overweight

Jen, a gymnast, who has cut her daily caloric intake to 750 calories

According to research, which of the following girls is at risk for early pubertal development? Westasia, whose mother experienced menarche at age 14 Cashmire, who has three older sisters Katie, who lives in a father-absent family Danica, who is an only child

Katie, who lives in a father-absent family

In contemporary society, schools have become responsible for which of the following? Keeping students occupied Educating students Socializing students Dictating rites of passage for students

Keeping students occupied Educating students Socializing students

According to research on differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation among different groups, which of the following girls is likely to mature at the earliest age? Britney, who is Latina Samantha, who is White Khandyce, who is Black

Khandyce, who is Black

Which of the following increases an impoverished adolescent's likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors? Having impoverished neighbors Living in an affluent neighborhood Living in a rural community Lacking any affluent neighbors

Lacking any affluent neighbors

Which of the following theories begins to shift the emphasis from biological views to environmental ones? Learning Dual systems Biosocial Organismic

Learning

______ theories have helped us understand how the specific environment in which an adolescent lives shapes his or her behavior. Dual systems Psychoanalytic Learning Biosocial

Learning

______________ theorists are at the center of the theoretical continuum between the extreme biological views and extreme environmental ones.

Learning

What is now the most common living arrangement for Americans between the ages of 18 and 34? Living with relatives or friends Living independently as a renter or homeowner Living in a college dormitory Living with parents

Living with parents

Maria is 19 years old and her great-great-grandmother Luisa grew up in the mid-1900s. Which of the following statements is most likely true? Luisa was expected to feed, dress, and care for her younger siblings. Maria has had better preparation for adult roles than Luisa had. Maria has more household responsibilities than her grandmother did at the same age. Like Maria, Luisa experienced an extended adolescence.

Luisa was expected to feed, dress, and care for her younger siblings.

Why is the baby boom generation—whose members were adolescents in the 1950s and 1960s—used a point of reference in comparing other generations? Many Americans have an idealized concept of modern family life drawn from that time. Many Americans believe that today's most serious social problems originated during that time. Most researchers have determined that American society has been in general decline since that time. Most researchers have determined that American society was at its lowest point at that time.

Many Americans have an idealized concept of modern family life drawn from that time.

Into which of the following categories of adolescent influence does social media fall? Schools Mass media Peer groups Families

Mass media

_______________ often involves monitoring your own cognitive activity during the thinking process.

Metacognition

Which of the following are adolescents still developing after the age of 15? More sophisticated cognitive skills Logical reasoning abilities Working memory Attention

More sophisticated cognitive skills

Which of the following is the most important to adolescents' understanding of sarcasm? Multidimensional thinking Relativistic thinking Egocentric thinking Metacognition

Multidimensional thinking

Identify the consequences associated with inadequate sleep in adolescence. (Select all that apply.) Obesity Schizophrenia Depression ADHD Bipolar disorder Poor self-control Alcohol and drug use

Obesity Depression Poor self-control Alcohol and drug use

What has been shown generally to significantly improve adolescents' well-being? One additional hour of sleep each night Reduced hours of sleep on weekends Thirty-minutes less sleep each night Additional sleep on weekends

One additional hour of sleep each night

____________ theorists take into account how contextual forces affect the biological changes of adolescence.

Organismic

Eighteen-year-old Shayla is trying to make decisions about her schooling and career. She is most likely to receive direction and advice from which of the following sources? (Select all that apply.) Parents Teachers Friends Government officials

Parents Teachers Friends

Identify all of the major contexts in which young people spend time, according to the ecological perspective on human development. (Select all that apply.) Peer groups Gender exploration Sexual experimentation Families Schools Illegal activity Work and leisure settings

Peer groups Families Schools Work and leisure settings

_____________ are a class of chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate certain behaviors in other members of the species.

Pheromones

Theorists who adopt a cognitive-developmental view of intellectual development have a ______ perspective. Piagetian narrow Freudian relativistic

Piagetian

Which of the following concepts illustrates why the adolescent brain is more vulnerable to damage from physical and psychological harms than the adult brain? Relativism Hypothetical thinking Plasticity Egocentrism

Plasticity

______ is the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience. Inhibition Plasticity Synaptic pruning Myelination

Plasticity

Which of the following is an example of an adolescent behavior that affects brain development? (Select all that apply). Practicing with a musical instrument Ignoring facial expressions Participating in a training program Using drugs

Practicing with a musical instrument Participating in a training program Using drugs

Which of the following brain structures is most important in adolescents' ability to weigh risks and rewards? Cerebellum Hippocampus Prefrontal cortex Corpus callosum

Prefrontal cortex

Select all the statements about adolescence and stress that are correct. Puberty by its nature is a stressful experience. Puberty makes the brain more malleable. Puberty is more likely to be stressful for early-maturing girls. Puberty makes the brain more vulnerable to stress.

Puberty makes the brain more malleable. Puberty is more likely to be stressful for early-maturing girls. Puberty makes the brain more vulnerable to stress.

Which of the following refers to a physiological level of setting that the body attempts to maintain through a self-regulating system? HPG axis Feedback loop Puberty Set point

Set point

Which of the following is an adolescent development expert most likely to argue? There is no reason that adolescents should ever be sent to single-sex schools. There are no sex differences between male and female adolescents; therefore, single-sex schools are inappropriate. Sex differences in brain development should not be used to justify the creation of single-sex schools. Single-sex schools can help facilitate learning based on sex differences among adolescents.

Sex differences in brain development should not be used to justify the creation of single-sex schools.

Coming to terms with the sorts of romantic relationships into which an adolescent is prepared to enter is related to which dimension of psychosocial development? Intimacy Autonomy Sexuality Identity

Sexuality

Liv, age 16, has developed the ability to see things as relative. How will this most likely affect Liv's relationship with her parents? She may question everything her parents say. She will expect yes-or-no answers on issues related to curfew, dating, and school. She may shut down and avoid talking to her parents. She will become more agreeable with her parents.

She may question everything her parents say.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following types of tasks fall within the zone of proximal development? Slightly above-level Never-before-seen Below-level Extremely challenging

Slightly above-level

Dissatisfaction with body shape and weight is likely to lead to which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Early-onset puberty Smoking Vomiting after eating Using diet pills Fasting

Smoking Vomiting after eating Using diet pills Fasting

Select all the issues that often negatively impact a teenager's transition into adulthood in poor, rural communities. A cultural "be prepared" mentality Social isolation Drug addiction Economic insecurity

Social isolation Drug addiction Economic insecurity

In traditional societies—in contrast to contemporary societies—which of the following are commonly used to help members of the community distinguish between initiated and uninitiated young people? (Select all that apply.) Licenses or other documentation Special types of clothing Surgical operations Scarification

Special types of clothing Surgical operations Scarification

Which of the following is an outcome of the intergenerational conflict? Improved behavioral outcomes for adolescents Lack of generational ties Ambivalence toward members of the same cohort Tension between adolescents and adults

Tension between adolescents and adults

What was a characteristic of early adulthood at the beginning of the twentieth century? The proportion of 25- to 34-year-olds living at home was comparable to what it was in the 1950s. The average age of first marriage for females was younger than it is today. The transition from adolescence was brief and clearly defined. The average age at first marriage for males was lower than it was for females.

The average age of first marriage for females was younger than it is today.

The length of transition from adolescence to adulthood most similar in which of the following pairings? The 1950s and the 2010s The early 1900s and the 2010s The early 1900s and the 1950s The 1850s and the 1950s

The early 1900s and the 2010s

Around what time did adolescence come to be viewed as a lengthy period of preparation for adulthood? The early twentieth century The late nineteenth century The mid-twentieth century The early nineteenth century

The late nineteenth century

Which of the following social changes is most closely linked to the lengthening of adolescence? The trend toward urbanization The tendency to delay work and marriage until the mid-20s The increasing rate of globalization The instability of economic markets and job opportunities

The tendency to delay work and marriage until the mid-20s

According to Hill, which of the following features of adolescent development gives this period its special flavor and significance? (Choose every correct answer.) The peak in risk taking and sexual promiscuity The interest in forming a religious identity The transition to new roles in society The onset of puberty The emergence of more advanced thinking abilities

The transition to new roles in society The onset of puberty The emergence of more advanced thinking abilities

Ali is a 15-year-old who has been involved in underage drinking and destruction of property. Which of the following would an inventionist cite as the most influential cause of these delinquent behaviors? The lack of moral values instilled by Ali's school The way that young people like Ali are treated by society The way that Ali's parents raised him Ali's genetic characteristics, including the age of puberty

The way that young people like Ali are treated by society

Select all the factors affecting transitional problems experienced by many immigrant youth today. Their well-being is negatively affected when they do not have acceptance from their peers. They are significantly more likely to be bullied than nonimmigrants from similar ethnic backgrounds. They tend to lack critical school support when they are not welcomed into their receiving country. They do not experience the anti-immigrant sentiment that is directed toward their parents.

Their well-being is negatively affected when they do not have acceptance from their peers. They are significantly more likely to be bullied than nonimmigrants from similar ethnic backgrounds. They tend to lack critical school support when they are not welcomed into their receiving country.

Cameron and Theo are both 19 years old. Cameron matured early, whereas Theo matured late. According to research on the psychological consequences of early versus late maturation among boys, which statement is true? Both young men will be popular among their peers. Theo will score higher than Cameron on measures of social initiative. Cameron will score higher than Theo on measures of intellectual curiosity. Cameron is more likely than Theo to suffer from severe depression.

Theo will score higher than Cameron on measures of social initiative.

Research on pubertal timing shows that which of the following are true of early-maturing boys compared to their later-maturing peers? (Select all that apply.) They are often popular They are awkward in other-sex interactions They feel better about themselves They are cognitive and socially immature They tend to have elevated rates of depression

They are often popular They feel better about themselves They tend to have elevated rates of depression

Which of the following is a common stereotype of adolescents? They are bright and motivated. They are troubling and troubled. They are more mature than their parents' generation. They are responsible and morally mature.

They are troubling and troubled.

True or false: During the Industrial Revolution, adolescents were among those most dramatically affected by changes in work, education, and family life.

True

True or false: Research indicates that differences between the genders in brain structure and function are very small.

True

Tanner is 12 years old and Tyrone is 15 years old. Which of the following statements about processing speed is true? Tanner will process information faster than Tyrone. Tanner has not yet gained the cognitive skills to efficiently process information. Tyrone will process information faster than Tanner. Both Tanner and Tyrone will process information at a similar speed.

Tyrone will process information faster than Tanner.

Identify all the following outcomes that are associated with poverty. Unemployment Failure in school Later age of first marriage Delinquency Increased motivation to succeed Teen pregnancy Later age of parenthood

Unemployment Failure in school Delinquency Teen pregnancy

Which of the following best describes ethnic differences in disordered eating among adolescents? Moderately important Virtually nonexistent Highly pronounced Not as important as economic differences

Virtually nonexistent

Which of the following questions would an information-processing researcher ask? What is it about the way adolescents think that makes them better problem solvers than children? Why are adolescents more emotional than children and adults? Why are some children better at academic tasks than others? How many cognitive stages do children and adolescents go through before adulthood?

What is it about the way adolescents think that makes them better problem solvers than children?

Which of the following has research failed to establish? Whether there is a distinct psychological state of emerging adulthood That the transition between adolescence and adulthood has been lengthened Whether adolescence is experienced the same in all parts of the world That the onset of adolescence is occurring earlier than ever before

Whether there is a distinct psychological state of emerging adulthood

Parents who live in poor neighborhoods often monitor their children more vigilantly than those in more affluent neighborhoods. What phenomenon does this help explain? Why adolescents who move to affluent neighborhoods from poor neighborhoods often have worse outcomes Why adolescents in poor neighborhoods often experience more discrimination that those in affluent neighborhoods Why adolescents born in poor neighborhoods often have better outcomes than adolescents born in affluent neighborhoods Why adolescence is becoming longer for adolescents in affluent neighborhoods compared to poor neighborhoods

Why adolescents who move to affluent neighborhoods from poor neighborhoods often have worse outcomes

______ memory is the ability to remember something for a brief period of time. Working Long-term Recognition Autobiographical

Working

Which of the following features of modern adolescence is most similar to adolescence in previous eras? Experiencing an extended adolescence Working at unpaid internships Enjoying semi-independence early in life Waiting until the late 20s to leave the home

Working at unpaid internships

In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, ______ of the sample experienced a substantial change in mental health between age 18 and their mid-20s. the vast majority a negligible percentage about half a small but significant portion

a small but significant portion

Evaluations of mentoring programs indicate that they have ______. a small, positive effect on youth development a negative impact on community partnerships virtually no impact on youth development greater benefits for the mentors than the adolescents

a small, positive effect on youth development

Having complex discussions about politics and religion requires ______. metacognition deductive reasoning concrete thinking abstract thinking

abstract thinking

Chase is 9 years old and Bethany is 14 years old. In their friendships, Chase is likely to value a sharing of ______, whereas Bethany is likely to value an exchange of confidences. activities secrets ideas feelings

activities

Many of the crucial decisions about schooling and careers are made based on achievement during ______. late childhood adolescence the late 20s middle childhood

adolescence

Harsh, punitive parenting is linked to ______. lower teen birth rates adolescent misbehavior lower dropout rates mature adolescent behavior

adolescent misbehavior

Maturation of the adrenal glands is called ____________.

adrenarche

Imagining that your behavior is the focus of everyone else's attention results in a belief in ______. hypothetical reasoning an imaginary audience adolescent idealism a personal fable

an imaginary audience

The Joneses are a White family with two children entering puberty. They can expect ______. an increase in conflict with their son but not their daughter an increase in family conflict a decrease in family conflict an increase in conflict with their daughter but not their son

an increase in family conflict

Environmental exposure to ______ can suppress melatonin levels and hasten puberty. leptin environmental pollution kisspeptin artificial light

artificial light

Sixteen-year-old Quentin fondly remembers the first time he went fishing with his grandfather. Although he was only 4 years old, Quentin caught a 6-pound catfish. Quentin's recollection is an example of ______. autobiographical memory the reminiscence bump assisted recall working memory

autobiographical memory

As he approached his senior year in high school, De'Juan became less emotionally dependent on his parents, learned to function independently, and established a personal code of values and morals. De'Juan has been developing a sense of ______. identity intimacy privacy autonomy

autonomy

Over the past 100 years, the role of the peer group in the socialization and development of teenagers has ______. remained largely the same become increasingly important become less important proven negligible

become increasingly important

One study of delinquent youths found that adolescents' criminal activity was more strongly related to their ______. perceptions of the activity's riskiness than to their beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity parents' beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their peers' beliefs about the rewards understanding of the potential risks than to the actual consequences of being arrested and going to jail beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their perceptions of the activity's riskiness

beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their perceptions of the activity's riskiness

In adolescence, children become ______. less combative less idealistic better arguers black-and-white thinkers

better arguers

The onset of puberty is when adolescence begins. Adolescence ends when the young person is capable of sexual reproduction. These boundaries are an example of the ________________ perspective.

biological

Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in ______ and ending in ______. biology; culture biology; biology culture; biology culture; culture

biology; culture

The _____________ view of adolescence stresses the hormonal and physical changes of puberty as the driving forces.

biosocial

In some cultures, adolescents undergo scarification during the process of social redefinition. A related practice in Western nations, such as the United States, is ______. (Select all that apply.) body piercing applying makeup cutting hair shaving the legs and face circumcision tattooing

body piercing applying makeup shaving the legs and face tattooing

Because anorexia and bulimia are far more common in females than males, ______ are probably the main factor in the development of these disorders. genetics hormonal differences race and ethnicity broader social forces

broader social forces

Sophie wants to determine whether or not she is overweight. The best way to determine this is to ______. calculate her body mass index measure the size of her waist and hips compare her size to that of her peers analyze her basal metabolism rate

calculate her body mass index

The endocrine system receives its instructions to increase or decrease hormone levels from the ___________ ___________ __________.

central nervous system

According to Piaget, development is best understood by examining ______. biological traits and hormones the presence of a crisis changes in the nature of thinking moral understanding

changes in the nature of thinking

In traditional cultures, social redefinition during adolescence is very (clear/unclear) _____________.

clear

A(n) ____________ is a group of peers of approximately the same age who move through a series of status transitions together.

cohort

The extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community is referred to as _______________ _______________.

collective efficacy

Sociological theories of adolescence attempt to understand how adolescents, as a group, _________. respond to positive reinforcement and punishment develop physically and sexually develop mature moral values come of age in a society

come of age in a society

In Piaget's theory, adolescence marks the transition from ______. abstract to concrete thought concrete to abstract thought childhood to adulthood asexual to sexual

concrete to abstract thought

Unlike biosocial theorists, organismic theories ______. emphasize the role of culture and socialization on the onset and termination of puberty consider the impact of contextual factors on the development view development as a period of "storm and stress" emphasize that environmental factors play a greater role in shaping development than biological factors

consider the impact of contextual factors on the development

The extent to which the adolescent's transition into adulthood is gradual or abrupt is known as ______. redefinition psychosocial well-being continuity separation

continuity

Gradual transitions, in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit, are referred to as ______ transitions. discrete discontinuous overt continuous

continuous

The ______ is the receiving part of the neuron, and the ______ carries information away from the cell body to other cells. dendrite; axon cell body; dendrite axon; dendrite cell body; axon

dendrite; axon

One of the most common problems that first occurs in adolescence is ______. depression schizophrenia bipolar disorder PTSD

depression

The rapid increase in many of the hormones associated with puberty may contribute to ______ in girls. delinquency sexual promiscuity depression aggression

depression

Among boys, going through puberty especially rapidly is associated with ______. good grades inflated self-esteem sexual promiscuity depression and anxiety

depression and anxiety

Research suggests that hormone levels at puberty affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' ______. tendency toward promiscuous sexual relationships interest in social media and online relationships academic achievement and future vocational plans desire for highly rewarding, exciting activities

desire for highly rewarding, exciting activities

If the ______ hypothesis is accurate, both girls and boys should experience more difficulty if they mature early than if they are on time or late, but the difficulty should be temporary. cultural relativity developmental readiness puberty storm-and-stress

developmental readiness

In contemporary society, the transition into work roles is fairly (continuous/discontinuous) ___________________ for many young people.

discontinuous

Witnessing gun violence ______ an adolescent's risk for committing violence in the future. slightly increases has no effect on doubles slightly decreases

doubles

According to ____________ systems theory, two different brain systems develop simultaneously in adolescence, resulting in a maturational imbalance.

dual

The higher incidence of problems among youths from wealthy communities usually emerges in ______. early adolescence middle childhood emerging adulthood late adolescence

early adolescence

The connection between hormonal changes at puberty and adolescent moodiness is strongest ______. early in puberty in young males late in puberty among low-SES teens

early in puberty

Adolescent ______ can be described as periods of extreme self-absorption. idealism cognition egocentrism argumentativeness

egocentrism

The period during which individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood is referred to as _______________ adulthood.

emerging

Emilio is 23 years old. In industrialized societies, Emilio would be categorized as a(n) ______. emerging adult millennial adolescent youth

emerging adult

Malcolm, age 24, is currently exploring possible identities in work, romance, and politics. He is a college graduate but has had four jobs in the past two years. He has dated several women, with none of his relationships lasting more than five or six months. He is currently living at home to get on his feet and save money. Malcolm is demonstrating characteristics of ______. storm and stress emerging adulthood adolescence the youth movement

emerging adulthood

At 14, Ashleigh often lashes out at her siblings and peers, even when they are simply teasing her. Ashleigh's behavior reflects an increase in ______. internalizing problems functional connectivity executive function emotional reactivity

emotional reactivity

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on human development, we cannot understand development without examining the ______. genetic influences inner workings of the brain environment theoretical biases of the researcher

environment

As she has moved through adolescence, 18-year-old Lara has experienced significant gains in self-control and advanced thinking. These gains reflect changes in ______. interpersonal cognition metacognition the parietal lobes executive function

executive function

One possible explanation for the earlier maturation of girls in certain ethnic groups in the United States is differences in ______. their family's level of income exposure to environmental chemicals area of residence weight

exposure to environmental chemicals

Researchers use ______ to examine patterns of activity in various regions of the brain while individuals are performing different tasks. CAT scans EEG fMRI ERPs

fMRI

The rapid increase in body ____ among females in early adolescence frequently prompts girls to become overly concerned about their weight.

fat

A cycle through which two or more bodily functions respond to and regulate each other, such as that formed by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, is called a _____________ ____________, (One word per blank}

feedback loop

Until about eight weeks after conception, the human brain is (feminine/masculine) _____________.

feminine

In the United States, ______ adolescents regard being married as a necessary characteristic for adulthood. nearly all about two-thirds of about one-half of few

few

Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development is called the ______ stage. formal operational preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor

formal operational

Hill refers to the biological, cognitive, and social changes that characterize adolescence as the __________ changes of adolescence.

fundamental

Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment result chiefly from ______. genetic factors social class economic differences differences in weight

genetic factors

In the past 40 years, poverty has become more concentrated, leading to ______. higher rates of crime and delinquency in suburban communities. lower rates of crime and delinquency in rural communities. greater clustering of families into economically and racially segregated communities less clustering of families into economically and racially segregated communities

greater clustering of families into economically and racially segregated communities

Historical perspectives stress the fact that adolescence, as a developmental period, ______. has varied considerably from one historical era to another is characterized by puberty, hormonal changes, and emotional instability is universal across cultures is primarily recognized in Western cultures

has varied considerably from one historical era to another

Both anorexic and bulimic individuals ______. have an extremely distorted body image binge eat and purge are overweight before dieting have a history of childhood obesity

have an extremely distorted body image

Compared to teenagers in middle-class communities, adolescents in wealthy neighborhoods report (higher/lower) __________ levels of delinquency, anxiety, and depression.

higher

In many non-Western societies, adolescence is ______. non-gender-specific mainly a male phenomenon highly sex-differentiated mainly a female phenomenon

highly sex-differentiated

After his friend Mike was accused of cheating and received an F on his paper, Caleb remarked, "If I were Mike, I would be really mad. The teacher is convinced he cheated, but I was sitting right next to him and I didn't see anything." Caleb's comments are an example of ______ thinking. deductive egocentric inductive hypothetical

hypothetical

Sixteen-year-old Julissa often wonders, "Who am I" and "Who will I be in 10 years?" These questions indicate that Julissa is in the process of developing a(n) ______. identity secure attachment personality sexual orientation

identity

Among middle-class families in the Industrial Revolution, adolescents spent a great deal of time ______. working alongside their parents caring for younger siblings in school and with peers isolated from peers

in school and with peers

Low collective efficacy is most likely to affect ______. middle-income and affluent adolescents teenagers who live in rural communities or suburban neighborhoods adolescent girls and emerging adult males individuals who are impulsive or insensitive to the feelings of others

individuals who are impulsive or insensitive to the feelings of others

A(n) ____________ ceremony is a formal induction of a young person into adulthood.

initiation

Children's brains are characterized by a large number of relatively "local" connections, but as individuals mature through adolescence into adulthood, more distant regions become increasingly (interconnected/disconnected) ____________________.

interconnected

Some studies suggest that anorexia and bulimia are the results of an underlying psychological problem called ______. internalized distress paranoid schizophrenia bipolar disorder cultural distress

internalized distress

When we are ______, we are thinking about how we view ourselves. thinking hypothetically introspective self-conscious thinking realistically

introspective

Professor Noris believes that adolescence is not actually a period of the life cycle; rather, it is primarily a social invention. Professor Noris's beliefs are consistent with the ______________ perspective.

inventionist

The existence of emerging adulthood ______. is not apparent in all cultures is universal is limited to developing countries is entirely an economic phenomenon

is not apparent in all cultures

Today's transition to adulthood is best described as ______. much smoother than it used to be a century ago often short and abrupt compared to how it used to be just as disorderly and prolonged as it was in the nineteenth century marked by formal initiation ceremonies

just as disorderly and prolonged as it was in the nineteenth century

Nolan, age 13, was arrested for shoplifting. Nolan's crime will be adjudicated in the ______. family court probation department criminal justice system juvenile justice system

juvenile justice system

The brain chemical believed to trigger the onset of puberty is called ______. cortisol kisspeptin testosterone estrogen

kisspeptin

Robbie just turned 20. He would be classified as a(n) ______. early developer late developer late adolescent middle adolescent

late adolescent

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, boys often ______. had less schooling than girls learned work skills from their fathers attended at least two years of college married in their mid- to late 20s

learned work skills from their fathers

The sequence of development of sex characteristics among girls is (less/more) _______ regular than it is among boys.

less

Today, adolescent girls' attitudes toward menarche are _______ (more/less) negative than they appear to have been in the past.

less

Kelsie is a graduate student who is interested in how being early or late to mature affects a group of adolescents' psychological development over time. Kelsie's interests are best measured using the ______ design. longitudinal experimental developmental correlational

longitudinal

One issue that continues to face contemporary society is whether sexually active individuals who are not yet legal adults should be able to ______. make independent decisions about matters such as abortion choose sexual partners engage in other adult behaviors, such as drinking alcohol marry before the age of 21

make independent decisions about matters such as abortion

Adolescent ______ emphasizes the difference in power that exists between the adult and the adolescent generations. cognitive development behaviorism marginality psychosexual development

marginality

The age at which people ______ is even more reliably documented than the age of menarche. marry determine a sexual identity have children start having sexual intercourse

marry

According to the ______ hypothesis, youngsters who are far different from their peers in characteristics such as physical appearance may experience more psychological distress than adolescents who blend in more easily. maturational deviance cultural desirability developmental readiness storm-and-stress

maturational deviance

In most European countries, maturation has become earlier by about 3 to 4 ______ per decade. years days months weeks

months

Adolescents are (more/less) ________ likely to see things as relative.

more

Adolescents take (more/fewer) __________ risks than adults.

more

Early-maturing girls are generally (more/less) ________ popular than other girls.

more

In most species of mammals, including humans, individuals become (more/less) ________ social around the time of puberty.

more

Working memory may be (more/less) ________ important than long-term memory for the sort of problem-solving likely encountered in adolescence.

more

The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin is called _____________.

myelination

Marcus is an American adolescent who just experienced his first ejaculation. If he is similar to other boys his age, he will ______. not discuss it with parents or friends experience deep anxiety and embarrassment tell his father, followed by his friends experience confusion and even anger

not discuss it with parents or friends

Increases in sedentary behavior between childhood and adolescence, such as increased consumption of television and video games, have led to a rise in ______. adolescent-onset cancer adolescent violence early sexual behavior obesity

obesity

Adolescents are more likely than children to use mnemonic devices. This reflects gains in ______. metacognition working memory organizational strategies speed of information processing

organizational strategies

Over the past 100 years, the ______ has come to play an increasingly important role in the socialization and development of teenagers. government country of origin peer group family

peer group

Obesity is most prevalent among ______. affluent adolescents Asian American teenagers White adolescents poor youth

poor youth

Marcus is 3 years old. He is in Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development. formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor preoperational

preoperational

Mr. Martinez wants to make sure that his 10-year-old son Oliver reacts positively to puberty and his first ejaculation. Mr. Martinez should ______. talk to Oliver after the onset of puberty avoid discussing the topic prepare Oliver in advance wait until Oliver brings up the subject

prepare Oliver in advance

Child ________________ were individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents need to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace.

protectionists

Early-maturing adolescents are more likely to be ___________, which means they wish they were older and often hang out with older peers.

pseudomature

Social scientists use the word "_____________" to describe aspects of development that are both psychological and social in nature.

psychosocial

In modern societies, such as in the United States, parents of young people emphasize ______ as the defining feature of reaching adulthood. marriage and childrearing psychosocial maturity physical prowess academic achievement

psychosocial maturity

In societies that have formal rites of passage, ______ has long been used to indicate when people are no longer children. puberty childbirth marriage graduation

puberty

According to the operant conditioning framework, when a ______ occurs, a behavior is less likely to occur again. reward punishment random event logical event

punishment

For the child, what is possible is what is (possible/real) ___________; for the adolescent, what is real is just a subset of what is (possible/real) ____________.

real; possible

Improvements in intuitive decision-making abilities are associated with a lack of experience. systematic analysis of risk. greater risk taking. reduced risk taking.

reduced risk taking

Adults generally remember details about the people, places, and events they encountered during adolescence better than those from other years, a phenomenon called the _______________ ______________.

reminiscence bump

The suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required is called ______. synaptic pruning metacognition executive function response inhibition

response inhibition

Structuring a learning situation so that it is just within the reach of the student is known as ________________.

scaffolding

Researchers categorize the growth of pubic, facial, and body hair under the label of _____________ sex characteristics.

secondary

Martin is able to focus on his mother's voice among many in a crowded room. Martin is demonstrating ___________ attention.

selective

Individuals who are high in reward and ______________ seeking are more likely to engage in various types of risky behaviors than their peers.

sensation

Many of the most widely prescribed antidepressants affect the amount of ____________ in the brain circuits that control mood.

serotonin

When hormone levels reach the ______, the hypothalamus responds by inhibiting its stimulation of the pituitary gland. set point gonads median level HPG axis

set point

Our society distinguishes between people who are underage, or minors, and people who have reached the age of majority. This illustrates a set of changes called ______ changes. normative social biological cognitive

social

The growth of ______ thinking during adolescence is directly related to the young person's improving ability to think abstractly. social literal individual specific

social

In modern societies, attaining the age of legal majority, starting a full-time job, or moving out of one's parents' house are ______ that are used to draw the line between adolescence and adulthood. social indicators rites of passage pubertal events social inventions

social indicators

One group of theorists have an extreme position on adolescence, arguing that the way in which we divide the life cycle into stages is nothing more than a reflection of the political, economic, and social circumstances in which we live. This represents the idea of adolescence as a ______. sociological theory political tool psychosexual stage social invention

social invention

Recognition that an individual's status has changed from child to adult is an example of ______. social revolution psychosocial transformation identity transformation social redefinition

social redefinition

A ___________ ____________ refers to a behavior that is problematic because of the young person's status as a juvenile.

status offense

Theo, age 17, was recently arrested at an underage drinking party. Underage drinking is considered a(n) ______. criminal felony status offense adult crime conventional, but not legal, right

status offense

Changes in specific aspects of IQ performance during adolescence are correlated with ______ in brain regions known to play a role in those specific types of learning. plasticity synaptic pruning lateralization rapid myelination

synaptic pruning

The term (teenager/adolescent) _______________ suggests a more frivolous and lighthearted image than the term (teenager/adolescent) ______________.

teenager, adolescent

In males, the gonads are known as _________.

testes

When asked to describe herself, 16-year-old McKenzie replies, "I'm shy in big groups of people. But when I'm with my friends, I'm extroverted and outgoing." McKenzie's description reflects ______. the ability to think in multiple dimensions the personal fable adolescent egocentrism the initial stage of abstract thinking

the ability to think in multiple dimensions

Which is contributing to the lengthening of the transition from adolescence to adulthood? the decrease in the average age at which couples first marry the increase in jobs requiring more years of formal education the drive of have-nots in society to put off entering the labor force the continuing increase in the age at which adolescence begins

the increase in jobs requiring more years of formal education

Gerald arrived at the coliseum to buy concert tickets for himself and his girlfriend. Upon noticing a line with hundreds of people, Gerald pushes his way toward the front, mumbling, "I don't have time for this. I have places to go. People need to get out of the way and let me grab the tickets and go." Gerald is demonstrating ______. the personal fable cognitive dissonance abstract thinking the imaginary audience

the personal fable

According to inventionists, problems like delinquency in contemporary society are the result of ______. poor parenting biological and cognitive changes the way that adolescence is defined early pubertal development

the way that adolescence is defined

Rates of anorexia and bulimia are ______ prevalent in females compared to males. three times more slightly more slightly less three times less

three times more

Most studies show that the suicide rate among young adults is ______ what it is among teenagers. the same as twice only a fraction of half

twice

There are ______ types of brain plasticity. eight four two six

two

Adolescent boys are more likely to be teased for being (underweight/overweight) ______________, whereas adolescent girls are more likely to be teased for being (underweight/overweight) ____________.

underweight, overweight

Both Freud and Hall viewed adolescence as a time of ______. upheaval sexual deviance reflection tranquility

upheaval

In the agricultural world of the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the main distinction between children and adults was based on ______. their abilities chronological age their pubertal status whether they owned property

whether they owned property

Cells called "__________ __________" provide support and protection for neurons and compose a fatty substance, called myelin, that surrounds the axons of certain neurons.

white matter

When all other things are equal, children believe that is (OK/wrong) _________ to exclude peers from social activities.

wrong