Exam 1

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How much sleep do toddlers to early teens need?

10 hours

Who were the two 19th century advocates of oneirology?

Marquis de Harvey and Alfred Maury

What are the stages of sleep?

NREM 1,2,3, REM

Who discovered REM sleep?

Nathaniel Klietman and Eugene Aserinsky

How does REM sleep help brain development?

REM sleep actively converts waking experiences into lasting memories and abilities in young brains.

What is melatonin?

a hormone produced in the pineal gland linked to the onset of seasonal estrus; produces around 10pm and peaks at 3am

What is narcolepsy?

a major disorder that is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, hallucinations, and sudden paralysis

What is sleep?

a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness, inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles with reduced interactions with surroundings

What is one thing that one night without sleep can do to you?

challenges in regulating body temperature

What is insomnia, and what are the two types?

difficulty initiating sleep or staying asleep or both Primary Insomnia-damage to the thalamic neurons that keep the brain awake Secondary Insomnia-caused by medical and emotional issues

What is the Life-History Theory?

gestation length, number of offspring, and length of life are influenced by social contest and contribute to reproductive fitness

The brain grows the most during the__________________________ stages.

infancy and childhood

What does REM sleep consist of?

loss of muscle tone, dreaming

Extra Credit: What is the difference between night terrors and nightmares? (mentioned in lecture; not in slides)

night terrors-episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while asleep; happen in NREM 3; usually no recollection nightmares-disturbing dreams associated with negative emotions that awaken you; happen in REM; usually vivid recollection

What are some REM parasomnias?

nightmare disorder, REM behavior disorder, sleep paralysis

What is unihemispheric sleep?

one part of the brain is awake, and the other part is asleep

What are some reasons teens and adults are sleep deprived?

school, social pressures, smartphones, work, stress at work or home.

What are some non-REM parasomnias?

sleepwalking, sleep sex, night terrors, sleep talking

The elderly experience much less of ________ sleep.

slow-wave (SWS)

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

the brain region that acts as the master circadian rhythm clock

What is hypermorphosis?

the extension of growth times within each normal phase of development

What is oneirology?

the scientific study of sleep and dreams

What is the function of the retinohypothalamic tract?

transmits light information from the optic nerve to the geniculate nucleus

The REN-NREM cycle is a form of the __________________ cycle.

ultradian

What kind of sleep do aquatic mammals have?

unihemispheric sleep

What is sleep apnea, and what are the two types?

when an individual's airway is blocked during sleep Central Sleep Apnea-when the problem is located within the CNS such that the respiratory muscles do not respond properly Obstructive Sleep Apnea-obstruction of the airflow


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