Exam 1
How much sleep do toddlers to early teens need?
10 hours
Who were the two 19th century advocates of oneirology?
Marquis de Harvey and Alfred Maury
What are the stages of sleep?
NREM 1,2,3, REM
Who discovered REM sleep?
Nathaniel Klietman and Eugene Aserinsky
How does REM sleep help brain development?
REM sleep actively converts waking experiences into lasting memories and abilities in young brains.
What is melatonin?
a hormone produced in the pineal gland linked to the onset of seasonal estrus; produces around 10pm and peaks at 3am
What is narcolepsy?
a major disorder that is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, hallucinations, and sudden paralysis
What is sleep?
a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness, inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity, and inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles with reduced interactions with surroundings
What is one thing that one night without sleep can do to you?
challenges in regulating body temperature
What is insomnia, and what are the two types?
difficulty initiating sleep or staying asleep or both Primary Insomnia-damage to the thalamic neurons that keep the brain awake Secondary Insomnia-caused by medical and emotional issues
What is the Life-History Theory?
gestation length, number of offspring, and length of life are influenced by social contest and contribute to reproductive fitness
The brain grows the most during the__________________________ stages.
infancy and childhood
What does REM sleep consist of?
loss of muscle tone, dreaming
Extra Credit: What is the difference between night terrors and nightmares? (mentioned in lecture; not in slides)
night terrors-episodes of screaming, intense fear, and flailing while asleep; happen in NREM 3; usually no recollection nightmares-disturbing dreams associated with negative emotions that awaken you; happen in REM; usually vivid recollection
What are some REM parasomnias?
nightmare disorder, REM behavior disorder, sleep paralysis
What is unihemispheric sleep?
one part of the brain is awake, and the other part is asleep
What are some reasons teens and adults are sleep deprived?
school, social pressures, smartphones, work, stress at work or home.
What are some non-REM parasomnias?
sleepwalking, sleep sex, night terrors, sleep talking
The elderly experience much less of ________ sleep.
slow-wave (SWS)
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
the brain region that acts as the master circadian rhythm clock
What is hypermorphosis?
the extension of growth times within each normal phase of development
What is oneirology?
the scientific study of sleep and dreams
What is the function of the retinohypothalamic tract?
transmits light information from the optic nerve to the geniculate nucleus
The REN-NREM cycle is a form of the __________________ cycle.
ultradian
What kind of sleep do aquatic mammals have?
unihemispheric sleep
What is sleep apnea, and what are the two types?
when an individual's airway is blocked during sleep Central Sleep Apnea-when the problem is located within the CNS such that the respiratory muscles do not respond properly Obstructive Sleep Apnea-obstruction of the airflow
