Exam 1

Algae

(Do not directly infect humans so not a major focus): Photosynthetic, plant like organisms that generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environment, glaciers, and hot springs

4 major macromolecules of life

Carbohydrates Lipids (fats) Proteins Nucleic acids(Building nucleic acids) -DNA -RNA -ATP

Koch's Postulates

Determine whether a specific microorganism (MO) caused a particular disease 1. MO associated with disease 2. MO must be isolated----> pure culture 3. Reproduce disease from pure culture of MO 4. Re-isolate the same MO Sometimes you can't isolate the culture

Robert Koch

Developed a series of postulates that verified the germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused

building blocks of lipids

Fatty acids (Building blocks of the cell) Fats/Lipids/Membrane (Larger units of the cell)

Bionomial nomenclature

Names derive from Latin or Greek words International group overseeas naming

Membrane lipids are phospholipids

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers Phosphate lipid molecule: Hydrophilic Nonpolar tails: Hydrophobic

Immunology

Study of body defenses that protect against infection

Epidemiology

Study of factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community

Physiology

Study of function

Food Microbiology

Study of microbes that inhabit, create, or contaminate food

Chemical Analysis of a Cell

•97% of dry weight is organic compounds •96% of cell is composed of six elements (CHOPSN; Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen) •"Simple" E. coli contains 5000 different compounds

Bacterial timeline

Bacteria- type organisms have been on the planet for about 3.5 billion yrs (Last Common Ancestor) •prokaryotes have no true nucleus (pre-nucleus) •Eukaryotic organisms arose about 1.8 billion years ago -eu-kary means true nucleus

Bacteria vs. Archaea

Bacterial cells walls contain peptidoglycan Archaeal cells walls do not The bacteria and archaea, along with eukaryotic cells, differ not only in the complexity of their cell structure but also in content and function In general, bacterial and archaeal cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells, they lack many of the eukaryotic cell structures such as organelles All bacteria and archaea are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are microorganisms

Morphology list

Cocus Bacillus Virbrio Spirillum Spirochete Random

Germ theory

The theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes A microorganism can cause disease

Prokaryotes

-10 times smaller than eukaryotes -lack organelles -all prokaryotes are microorganisms Prokaryotic cell: Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryotic cells Biologic life falls into these three categories (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) known as domains Animals & plants are in one category (Eukarya) These three domains all emerged from a single common cell type

Viruses

-SMALLEST, NOT an independently living cellular organisms -Composed of hereditary material and a protein coat -Inside a host organism, they exist as a form of genetic material that gives instructions (hijacks the system!) Viruses either have DNA or RNA, but NOT both, and they can be either single or double stranded Viruses have genetic material (Viral genome) Single or Double stranded DNA or RNA... positive or negative genome chromosome) Viruses have special lipid membranes

The three-domain system

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya

What the six major groups of microorganisms that colonize humans?

1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Helminths (Parasitic worms) 4. Protozoa 5. Fungi 6. Archaea

The seven-kingdom system

1. Bacteria (Prokaryote) 2. Archaea (Prokaryote) 3. Protozoa (Eukaryote) 4. Chromista (Eukaryote) 5. Plantae (Eukaryote) 6. Fungi (Eukaryote) 7. Animalla (Helminths)(Eukaroyte)

What are some microbiology related causes of death?

1. Lower respiratory diseases 2. Diarrheal diseases 3. HIV/AIDS 4. Turberculosis 5. Malaria Microbial associated diseases are colon and renal diseases, diabetes, and kidney disease

Woese-Fox System

3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Kingdoms (Breaks down the categories of Eukarya): Plantae, Animalla, Fungi, Protozoa, Chromita Genetics are a critical tool since bacteria look very much the same

Chitin

A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides Cell walls of fungi, insects, crustaceans

Protists

A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms Ex: Algae, Protozoa, & Slime molds

Parasite-Host Relationship

A parasite lives in or on the body of a larger organism, the host A parasite derives most of its requirements from the host A parasite's actions can cause damage to the host A pathogen is a parasite that can cause disease in the host

Pathogen

A pathogen is a microorganism that has the potential to cause disease "True" pathogen causes disease in a healthy patient "Opportunistic" pathogen creates the immune system dampening

Microbiology

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small without magnification Microscopic organisms are collectively referred to as microorganisms Microorganisms include 1. Bacteria 2. Alagae 3. Fungi 4. Protozoa 5. Helminths (parasitic worms) 6. Viruses 7. Archaea

Helminth

A term that designates all parasitic worms (Eukaryotic) Ex: Tapeworms & Roundworms

Building blocks of proteins

Amino acids (Building blocks of the cell Proteins (Larger units of the cell) Twenty amino acids form the building blocks for proteins. Amino acids chemically stick together by forming peptide bonds. You can call any string of two or more amino acids a peptide. Thus, a polypeptide is a type of peptide.

Common pathogens

An agent that can cause disease Pathogens and non-pathogens can be determined by proteins

Infection

An infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population Septics (infection in the blood stream) An infection does NOT always result in disease

Mortality

Another term for death. A mortality rate is the number of deaths due to a disease divided by the total population.

Morbidity

Another term for illness/disease. A person can have several co-morbidities at the same time.

Can Bacteria be DNA or RNA?

Bacteria have BOTH DNA and RNA

What are the three domains of living things?

Biologic life falls into these three categories (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) known as domains Animals & plants are in one category (Eukarya) These three domains all emerged from a single common cell type

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Single-celled organisms. Size: 0.1-10um Prokaryotic cells have: The cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Genetic material Chromosome Glycocalyx (Capsule vs. Slime layer (Depends on the type of Bacteria) Cell wall (Maybe almost all prokaryotes have a cell wall. This includes bacteria and archaea) Flagella (Maybe) Pili (Maybe) Fimbriae (Maybe) Examples of Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea

Steroids

Complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones Example: Cholesterol -Reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells -Mycoplasmas special bacteira (use cholesterol instead of a cell wall) Example: ergosterol -Cell membrane of yeast

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes. Uni-cellular or multicellular. Size: Most 10-100um Can be > 1mm Eukaryotic cells have: A nucleus Genetic material A cell membrane Ribosomes Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Chromosome (cell wall; maybe) (flagellum;maybe) (chloroplast; maybe) Examples of Eukaryotess Animals Plants Fungi (yeast, etc.) Protists (algae, plankton, etc.)

Eukaryotes

Contain organelles - small, double-membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions -nucleus, mitochondria, and (chloroplasts) Only some eukaryotes are microorganisms; many are complex organisms that can be seen with the naked eye -some are included in the study of infectious diseases because of the way they are transmitted and the way the body responds to them, though they are not microorganisms Humans are eukaryotes Note: Eukaryotes may or may not have cell walls because humans do not, but plants and fungi do

Genetic Engineering

Deliberate alterations of the genomes of microbes, plants and animals

Ferdinand Cohn

Discovered endospores Endospores: Bacteria that survive in harsh conditions

Disease

Disease is when the infection causes damage to the individual's vital functions or systems

What are the 8 major taxa (groups) in descending order?

Domain (Very broad) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (Most specific)

Lipids

Eukaryotes: Membrane-bound organells Membranes of achera (lipid membrane linkage to glycerol backbone) and bacteria (composed of peptidoglycan and amino acids) Saturated & Unsaturated fat

Agar

From seaweed, Used in solid culture media

Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose Table sugar

Lactose

Glucose + Galactose Milk sugar

Maltose

Glucose + Glucose Important breakdown product of starch

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. (More salt)

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (Less salt)

Amphipathic

Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution. (Same concentration of salt

Place the following organisms in order from largest to smallest: a. Bacterium b. Helminth c. Viruses d. Protozoan

Helminth (Ranges from less than one millimetre to over one meter) Protozoan (Eukaryote; Range from micrometers to milimeters mm) Bacterium (Prokaryote; 0.1-0.10 micrometers) Virus (10 mm-100 nm; 0.01- .1 micrometer) 1 milli is 1000x larger than 1 micro

Pasteur's Experiment 1864

Hypothesis: AIr itself does not produce microbes Laid to rest the theory about spontaneous generation

Prions

Infectious protein particles that do not have a genome

Cellulose

It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers. Cell walls of plants and algae

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipid + polysaccharide -Molecule in bacterial cell wall which causes fever

Unsaturated fats

Liquid at room temperature (oils)

Biogenesis

Living things can only arise from other living things

Spirullum

Loose spiral shaped bacteria

Fungi

Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic (does not produce its own food) eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multicellular Ex: Yeasts & Molds

The Nature of Microorganisms

Microbes reproduce rapidly, cannot be seen directly, microscopes and other indirect means are used to study them Microbes are ubiquitous (everywhere) and occur in large numbers

Virus

Microscopic, acellular (containing no cells) agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

Building blocks of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (Building blocks of the cell) Disaccharides (Larger units of the cell) Polysaccharides (Larger unites of the cell)

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (single ringed carbon), Disaccharides, Polysaccharides Glucose= monosarcharide Sucrose= disacharide starchpolysarcharide

Morphology

Morphology Microbiologists can also identify bacteria through their colony morphology, or the appearance and characteristics of the bacterial colony

Building blocks of nucleotides

Nucleotide (Building blocks of the cell)(RNA, DNA, ATP) Nucleic acids (Larger units of the cell)

Bacteria

One of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese containing all non archaea prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan (Single cellular organism) Peptidoglycan (Peptides & polysacharides) is the main component of the cell wall in most bacteria. Cross-linking between amino acids in the layer of peptidoglycan forms a strong mesh-like structure that provides structure to the cell. Bacteria can be antibiotic resistant Both bacteria and archaea have different Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA). Ex: Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Glycoprotein

Polysaccharide + protein -"Sugar coating" found on outside of many cells

Archaea

Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized, the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese Both bacteria and archaea have different Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA). Archea have three RNA polymerases like eukaryotes, but bacteria have only one. Archaea have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan and have membranes that enclose lipids with hydrocarbons rather than fatty acids (not a bilayer). These lipids in the membranes of archaea are unique and contain ether linkages between the glycerol backbones rather than ester linkages. Archaea resemble eukaryotes more than bacteria. Their ribosomes work more like eukaryotic ribosomes than bacterial ribosomes. Ex: Methanogens

Agricultural microbiology

Relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

Peptidoglycan

Small chains of amino acids (peptides) + polysaccharides -Provides support for bacterial cell wall Protects against lysis: The disintegration of a cell by reupture of the cell wall or membrane) Peptides+Polysacharides

Organelles

Small, double-membrane-bound structures in eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions and include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Saturated fats

Solid at room temperature

Cocus

Spherical

Abiogenesis

Spontaneous generation: The belief that invisble vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

Glycogen

Stored in animal cells and some bacteria

Starch

Stored in plants, algae, some fungi

Aseptic techniques

Techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

The importance of aseptic techniques and hand washing by physicians attending patients

Binomial nomenclature rules

The method of assigning a scientific or specific name is called the binomial system of nomenclature. The scientific name is always a combination of the genus name followed by the species name. The genus part of the scientific name is capitalized, and species part begins with a lowercase letter. Both should be italicize or underline if using handwriting

Taxonomy

The science of classifying living beings is taxonomy Taxa taxonomic categories Nomenclature (naming) is the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organism Classification is the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy Identification is the process of discovering and recording of the traits of organisms so that they may be recognized her name and placed in an overall taxonomic scheme •The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things -Classification -Nomenclature (naming) -Identification •Based on degree of relatedness among organisms, or phylogeny (Closeness and distance to an organism) •Classification systems change as new information and organisms are discovered

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Spirochete

Tight Spiral shaped bacteria

Why do we classify organisms?

To group organisms according to similarities and proposed relationships Prevents chaos in scientific studies Provides a universal language for living things Allows sharing of scientific information between countries

Biotechnology

Use of microbes or their products in the commercial or industrial realm

Louis Pasteur

Used a series of experiments with swan-necked flasks to disprove abiogenesis (spotaneous generation)

Joseph Lister

Used aseptic techniques in surgery This mainly involved disinfecting the hands and the air with strong antiseptic chemicals, such as phenol, prior to surgery.

Limitations of Koch's Postulates

Vibiro cholera (Comes from dirty water which comes from diarrhea going into the waterway) was isolated from cholera patients, but also found in healthy subjects (toxins) Mycobacterium leprae, the etiologic agent of leprosy, cannot be isolated in pure culture (Viruses cannot be taken as pure culture) Some microbes cannot be grown alone (require a host tissue) -Viruses -Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) HIV is restricted to humans Some microbes are capable of a carrier state or subclinical infection (Streptacocus pyagonus) (Susceptible host)

Virus structure

Viruses are small particles that are at a level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells Viruses are much simpler than cells [Viruses] outside their host, they are composed of a small amount of hereditary material (either DNA or RNA BUT NEVER BOTH) wrapped up in a protein covering. Some viruses have an additional layer, a lipid membrane that is exterior to the protein part. [Viruses] when inside their host organism, in the intracellular state, viruses usually exist only in the form of genetic material. Contains genetic material either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat. Size 10 nm-100 nm Viruses are dependent on host cell's machinery for their activities VIRUSES ARE NOT ALIVE

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Hydrophillic

Water loving

The standard by which we identify whether an organism is capable of causing disease and which it causes is known as a. Koch's postulates b. the theory of evolution c. germ theory d. aspetic technique

a. Koch's postulates (Includes germliine theory, but goes a step further by knowing which disease it causes)

Fundamental Characteristics of a cell

•Cells tend to be spherical, polygonal, cubical, or cylindrical •Cytoplasm is encased in a membrane •Have chromosomes containing DNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis •Exceedingly complex in function (Despite the shape being simple)

Proteins

•Enzymes- catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells •Antibodies •Bacterial toxins Cell Receptors- receive signals from external environment

Phylogeny and Evolution

•Evolution states that living things undergo gradual changes over billions of years in response to their environment -Assumes all new species originate from preexisting species -Assumes that closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestors •Evolutionary patterns show a treelike branching from simple to complex life forms •Phylogeny is the evolutionary relatedness between organisms

Nucleic acids

•Phosphate, sugar, base -Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) •Stores chemical energy in cells •adenine, ribose, and three phosphates

Microbes Harming Humans

•The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 10 billion new infections caused every year by microbes •The death toll from infectious diseases is approximately 13 million people per year worldwide •The CDC reports that a child dies from malaria every 30 seconds Pathogens: Any agent *usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease Any disease caused by a microorganism is termed an infectious disease (Many diseases are not caused by microorganisms, but by genetic defects, imbalances in body systems, exposure to chemicals in the environment, among others Many diseases that used to be considered noninfectious probably do involved microbial infection (gastric ulcers, multiple sclerosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, coronary artery disease, and even obesity have been linked to chronic infections with microbes). The majority of microorganisms that associate with human cause no harm