Exam 1: audition/vestibular senses, olfaction, gestation
Stereocilia
Hairs of the inner ear, can open an ion channel changing its own potential, and found in dermis and hypodermis
Vestibule
detection of balance and orientation
vertigo
dizziness- over stimulation o hair cells. Over 45 years of age
Sensory receptors
do not have an on or off switch. Only goes in one direction at a time
lymphadema
enlarged lymph nodes (built up fluid)
Tectorial membrane
sits on top of spinal organ of corti. This is where outer ciliary hair cells are embedded in. Receives information from the hair cells
What is the evolutionary function of the amygdala? (animals)
1. Reproduction 2. Recognizing a threat
How do olfactory neurons depolarize?
1. combination of molecules or single molecules that activate a G-coupled protein receptor 2. Adenylate cyclase takes ATP and converts into cAMP and cAMP holds open a cation channel for sodium and calcium. Neurons then depolarizes the cell and signals the mitral cell
Functions of Amygdala:
1. sexual behavior 2. Emotion, specifically fear
Bone elabrynth
A maze of openings within the temporal lobe
Utricle and saccul
A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head. Contains a macula.
Range of movement of the head
Benign: localized paroxysmal: acute positional: location of the body vertigo: dizzy
Action Potential
Cells of the nervous system
What becomes difficulty for the elderly to hear?
Higher frequencies because the hair cells are located closest to the oval window, where lots of sound becomes transduces allowing for more wear and tear there
Ciliary Hair cells
If stationary, channels are closed. If moving to the right or left, channels are open. This creates a depolarized membrane releasing a neuron transmitter onto a neuron where the axon is part of the cochlear nerve. All this information gets sent to the inferior colliculus in the brain. Has stereocilia (consistency of jello) that promote movement
Where does olfactory information go?
Information goes to the cortex- inferior part of temporal lobe, associated with the amygdala. It is able to be associated with emotional memory
What happens when the hair cells move in one direction or the other?
Moves the stereocilia, which will open cation channels, depolarizing the membrane, and releasing neurotransmitter glutamate, activating the cell
Fungiform papillae
Mushroom-like protuberances often containing taste buds and located on the sides and tip of the tongue.
What happens to the shape of cells as they move away from the oval window?
Proximal end- stiff and narrow also where hair cells respond to highest frequencies. At distill end, it is wider and easier to vibrate, also where hair cells respond to lower frequencies. People loose the higher frequencies first due to repeated loud noise
Stapes ossicles
Pushes into oval window causing the fluid to displace moving through scala vestibuli connected to the oval window and eventually displaced into scala tympani going out the round window, which then vibrates the basalar membrane
basalar membrane
Rests under cells and transduces sound waves based on frequency and amplitude. Hair cells respond to different levels of frequency and amplitude as the cells move along the membrane (lower frequency).
Macula
Specialized spot in epithelial tissue
What are the different taste buds?
Sweet, sour, bitter, umami, and salty
Ampula:
Swelling at the bottom of supporting cells
Vallate Papillae
These are large circular papillae with a depression in the middle
Otolithic
Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull; aka otolithic membrane
What happens when the stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium and away from the kinocilium?
Toward (left): hair cells depolarize and release more glutamate, causing potassium channels to open and depolarizing the cell Away (right): hair cells hyper polarize and release less glutamate
dynamic equilibrium
a state of balance between continuing processes
acceleration/declaration
ability to check speed or velocity over time
Menieres disease
an inner ear disorder causing severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing of ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and a feeling of congestion in the ear
Gustatory pathway
an ipsilateral pathway all on the right side. Projects to the solitary nucleus, thalamus, and cortex
ACE 2
angiotensin converting enzyme; common for regulating high blood pressure
Where odes the vestibular sensation synapse?
at the vestibule nucleus oblongata
Where is the function of throwing up/vomiting found?
at the vestibulochochlear nerve VIII
Loss of hair cells
caused from repeated exposure to loud sound
dorsal root ganglion
cluster of cell bodies
scala media
contains endolymph
Scala vestibuli
contains perilymph around the cochlear duct; separated from the scala media by the vestibular membrane; connected to scala tympani
Scala tympani
contains perilymph; connects with scala vestibuli
Cochlear duct
contains perilymph; round cochlear duct; aka scala media; contains a collection of cells that transduces sound waves which makes up the organ of corti or spiral organ
Cochlea
contains the modiolus of which it wraps around, the oval window, round window, endolymph, and axons that receive hair cells from the organ of corti
Fluid of the semicircular canals:
continuous and shared
Signal transduction:
converting a signal from the inside to the outside
Endolymph
fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
Otolithic membrane
gelatinous substance in the utricle and saccule of the inner ear that contains calcium carbonate crystals and into which the stereocilia of hair cells are embedded
Membranous labrynth
good for balance and acceleration
What are the specialized receptor cells?
gustatory receptors, photoreceptors, and hair cells of the inner ear
Cochlea duct
in cochlea, filled with endolymph
Vesitbuloochular Reflex
keeping eyes on a fixed point
Taste pore
opening in taste bud
Primary Auditory Cortex
located in the temporal lobe of the brain.
Anosmia
loss of smell, due to an infection of the supporting cell known as sustentacular cell
Emesis
nausea
Foliate papillae
on side walls of tongue
Which lobe is the primary cortex located?
parietal lobe
Supporting cells and basal cells
provide protection, nourishment, and physical support to the olfactory neuron; aka sustentacular cells
Tinnitus
ringing of the ear
Gustatory cells
specific cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva, Tate cells
Sound waves
the increase in frequency also causes the increase in amplitude and vise versa ; vibrates the tympanic membrane of the ear drum due to the pressure on both sides of the ears. Do not ravel well through liquid medium, but can easily travel through gas and air. Ossicles increase the sound waves through the different mediums.
Lymphatic system
the network of vessels through which lymphatic fluid drains from the tissues into the blood
What do the olfactory neurons pass through?
there axons pass through the ethmoid plate/bone and synapse with mitral cells.
Mitral cells
there cell bodies are located in the olfactory bulb
semicircular canals
three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance
Ampula
tissue that recognizes movement (acceleration/deceleration)
What are the three primary cranial nerves that send information about the different taste categories of the central nervous system?
tongue receptors: cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal, cranial nerve VII facial nerve taste receptors: vagus nerve X Project in the nucleus of the medulla known as the solitary nucleus
Myringotomy
tube inserted into tympanic membrane
Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract
ventral surface of the brain; severs the cranial nerve I. Receives information from the olfactory neuron
Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
where auditory information goes to, aka thalamic nucleus
Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
where visual information gets sent to. Located in the occipital lobe