Exam 1: audition/vestibular senses, olfaction, gestation

Stereocilia

Hairs of the inner ear, can open an ion channel changing its own potential, and found in dermis and hypodermis

Vestibule

detection of balance and orientation

vertigo

dizziness- over stimulation o hair cells. Over 45 years of age

Sensory receptors

do not have an on or off switch. Only goes in one direction at a time

lymphadema

enlarged lymph nodes (built up fluid)

Tectorial membrane

sits on top of spinal organ of corti. This is where outer ciliary hair cells are embedded in. Receives information from the hair cells

What is the evolutionary function of the amygdala? (animals)

1. Reproduction 2. Recognizing a threat

How do olfactory neurons depolarize?

1. combination of molecules or single molecules that activate a G-coupled protein receptor 2. Adenylate cyclase takes ATP and converts into cAMP and cAMP holds open a cation channel for sodium and calcium. Neurons then depolarizes the cell and signals the mitral cell

Functions of Amygdala:

1. sexual behavior 2. Emotion, specifically fear

Bone elabrynth

A maze of openings within the temporal lobe

Utricle and saccul

A small, fluid-filled sac in the vestibular system above the saccule that responds to static positions of the head. Contains a macula.

Range of movement of the head

Benign: localized paroxysmal: acute positional: location of the body vertigo: dizzy

Action Potential

Cells of the nervous system

What becomes difficulty for the elderly to hear?

Higher frequencies because the hair cells are located closest to the oval window, where lots of sound becomes transduces allowing for more wear and tear there

Ciliary Hair cells

If stationary, channels are closed. If moving to the right or left, channels are open. This creates a depolarized membrane releasing a neuron transmitter onto a neuron where the axon is part of the cochlear nerve. All this information gets sent to the inferior colliculus in the brain. Has stereocilia (consistency of jello) that promote movement

Where does olfactory information go?

Information goes to the cortex- inferior part of temporal lobe, associated with the amygdala. It is able to be associated with emotional memory

What happens when the hair cells move in one direction or the other?

Moves the stereocilia, which will open cation channels, depolarizing the membrane, and releasing neurotransmitter glutamate, activating the cell

Fungiform papillae

Mushroom-like protuberances often containing taste buds and located on the sides and tip of the tongue.

What happens to the shape of cells as they move away from the oval window?

Proximal end- stiff and narrow also where hair cells respond to highest frequencies. At distill end, it is wider and easier to vibrate, also where hair cells respond to lower frequencies. People loose the higher frequencies first due to repeated loud noise

Stapes ossicles

Pushes into oval window causing the fluid to displace moving through scala vestibuli connected to the oval window and eventually displaced into scala tympani going out the round window, which then vibrates the basalar membrane

basalar membrane

Rests under cells and transduces sound waves based on frequency and amplitude. Hair cells respond to different levels of frequency and amplitude as the cells move along the membrane (lower frequency).

Macula

Specialized spot in epithelial tissue

What are the different taste buds?

Sweet, sour, bitter, umami, and salty

Ampula:

Swelling at the bottom of supporting cells

Vallate Papillae

These are large circular papillae with a depression in the middle

Otolithic

Tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in response to changes in gravitational pull; aka otolithic membrane

What happens when the stereocilia bend towards the kinocilium and away from the kinocilium?

Toward (left): hair cells depolarize and release more glutamate, causing potassium channels to open and depolarizing the cell Away (right): hair cells hyper polarize and release less glutamate

dynamic equilibrium

a state of balance between continuing processes

acceleration/declaration

ability to check speed or velocity over time

Menieres disease

an inner ear disorder causing severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing of ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and a feeling of congestion in the ear

Gustatory pathway

an ipsilateral pathway all on the right side. Projects to the solitary nucleus, thalamus, and cortex

ACE 2

angiotensin converting enzyme; common for regulating high blood pressure

Where odes the vestibular sensation synapse?

at the vestibule nucleus oblongata

Where is the function of throwing up/vomiting found?

at the vestibulochochlear nerve VIII

Loss of hair cells

caused from repeated exposure to loud sound

dorsal root ganglion

cluster of cell bodies

scala media

contains endolymph

Scala vestibuli

contains perilymph around the cochlear duct; separated from the scala media by the vestibular membrane; connected to scala tympani

Scala tympani

contains perilymph; connects with scala vestibuli

Cochlear duct

contains perilymph; round cochlear duct; aka scala media; contains a collection of cells that transduces sound waves which makes up the organ of corti or spiral organ

Cochlea

contains the modiolus of which it wraps around, the oval window, round window, endolymph, and axons that receive hair cells from the organ of corti

Fluid of the semicircular canals:

continuous and shared

Signal transduction:

converting a signal from the inside to the outside

Endolymph

fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

Otolithic membrane

gelatinous substance in the utricle and saccule of the inner ear that contains calcium carbonate crystals and into which the stereocilia of hair cells are embedded

Membranous labrynth

good for balance and acceleration

What are the specialized receptor cells?

gustatory receptors, photoreceptors, and hair cells of the inner ear

Cochlea duct

in cochlea, filled with endolymph

Vesitbuloochular Reflex

keeping eyes on a fixed point

Taste pore

opening in taste bud

Primary Auditory Cortex

located in the temporal lobe of the brain.

Anosmia

loss of smell, due to an infection of the supporting cell known as sustentacular cell

Emesis

nausea

Foliate papillae

on side walls of tongue

Which lobe is the primary cortex located?

parietal lobe

Supporting cells and basal cells

provide protection, nourishment, and physical support to the olfactory neuron; aka sustentacular cells

Tinnitus

ringing of the ear

Gustatory cells

specific cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva, Tate cells

Sound waves

the increase in frequency also causes the increase in amplitude and vise versa ; vibrates the tympanic membrane of the ear drum due to the pressure on both sides of the ears. Do not ravel well through liquid medium, but can easily travel through gas and air. Ossicles increase the sound waves through the different mediums.

Lymphatic system

the network of vessels through which lymphatic fluid drains from the tissues into the blood

What do the olfactory neurons pass through?

there axons pass through the ethmoid plate/bone and synapse with mitral cells.

Mitral cells

there cell bodies are located in the olfactory bulb

semicircular canals

three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

Ampula

tissue that recognizes movement (acceleration/deceleration)

What are the three primary cranial nerves that send information about the different taste categories of the central nervous system?

tongue receptors: cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal, cranial nerve VII facial nerve taste receptors: vagus nerve X Project in the nucleus of the medulla known as the solitary nucleus

Myringotomy

tube inserted into tympanic membrane

Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract

ventral surface of the brain; severs the cranial nerve I. Receives information from the olfactory neuron

Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

where auditory information goes to, aka thalamic nucleus

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

where visual information gets sent to. Located in the occipital lobe