Exam 1 Extra Credit

55. Contains ribosomes and enzymes

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

53. Composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement

Both flagella and cilia

28. Peptidoglycan; cell membrane

Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells

50. Cell membrane

Bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded

50. Cell wall

Rigid structure found in fungal and plant cells which provides structure and support

16. Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis? **

Robert Koch**

4. Phylum or division

Several of these make up a kingdom

50. Golgi Apparatus

Site of protein modification

4. Family

Specific level of taxonomy, but not included in the scientific name of the organism

50. Microtubules

Spindle fibers are an example of these cytoskeletal elements

33. The term used to describe a cluster of spherical bacteria is _________.

Staphylococci

31. This arrangement is formed when rod shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other

Streptobacilli

30. Inclusion bodies

This structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce

26. Polar

This type of flagella can be found at either or both ends of a cell.

47. If you observe rod shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been gram stained, you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.

True

64. Eukaryotic mitochondria have their own 70 S ribosomes and circular DNA.

True

50. Nuclear membrane with pores

Unique envelope with openings through which ribosomal subunits are transported

50. Lysosome

Vesicle originating from the Golgi Apparatus involved in intercellular digestiom

42. The bacterial chromosome

is part of the nucleoid.

12. Spontaneous generation is the belief that

living things arise from nonliving matter.

14. Helminths are

parasitic worms.

6. Disease-causing microorganisms are called

pathogens

35. Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).

37. The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is

peritrichous

36. The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called

sex pili.

3. In the late 1600s, __________ designed several simple ________.

van Leeuwenhoek; microscopes

31. This arrangement is formed when two rod shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate

Diplobacilli

31. This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached

Diplococci

4. Kingdom

Five of these Taxa were proposed by Whittaker

53. Found in certain protozoa and some algae

Flagella

44. In the Gram stain, the mordant is

Iodine

3. _______ was the first surgeon to introduce aseptic techniques into the operating room in an effort to reduce microbes and prevent infection.

Lister

52. Please select the cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoskeleton

33. If the Gram's iodine step was skipped in this technique, what would likely be seen under the microscope?

Most cells would appear red/pink The iodine forms a complex with the purple dye molecules, helping it stick in the thick gram-positive cell wall. Without it, the alcohol would most likely wash the crystal violet from all cells and they would stain pink/red in the last step.

4. Domain

Most general taxomic level

50. Nucleus

Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells

31. This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side by side cells

Palisades arrangement

3. As a leading microbiologist during the Golden Age of microbiology, _______ disproved the theory of __________ and completed several studies leading to the germ theory of disease.

Pasteur; abiogenesis

24. Please order the following choices to reflect the generalized anatomy of bacterial cells with "1" being the innermost cell component and "4" being the outermost cell component.

1. Cytoplasmic matrix 2. Cell membrane 3. Cell wall 4. Glycocalyx

32. Please select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea.

1. Prokaryotic 2. Circular chromosome 3. Contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane Explanation: Archaea are prokaryotic cells which share many characteristics with bacteria but are perhaps more closely related to eukaryotes. They contain a circular chromosome like bacteria but unlike bacteria they do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall. The lipids in the cell membrane of archaea are also different that other bacteria. Instead of lipids containing fatty acids, the archaea contain lipids with long-chain, branched hydrocarbons. Genetically, the archaea share many sequences with eukaryotes. Please refer to section 4.6 in the textbook for additional information.

49. A prokaryotic ribosome has a 70 S size composed of two smaller subunits of which the smaller subunit is _____ S size and the larger one is _____ S size.

30 s, 50 s

61. The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is

80 S

50. Microfilaments

Actin filaments that are involved in cytoplasmic streaming and locomotion

33. After Gram's iodine is added, what color do the cells appear under a light microscope?

All cells appear purple

11. The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

29. Acid-fast cells

Cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor

29. Gram-positive cells

Cells which contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

29. Gram-negative cells

Cells which contain both an inner and outer membrane as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan

29. Mycoplasms

Cells which lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan but contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane

48. Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed _____.

Chemotaxis

34. Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages, except

Cilia

53. Found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure

Cilia

50. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Closed tubular network without ribosomes involved in nutrient processing and the synthesis of lipids and other molecules

30. Ribosome

Composed of RNA and protein, this structure synthesizes new proteins

25. Flagella

Composed of a filament, hook and basal body, these cell appendages provide movement to the cell.

50. Intermediate filaments

Cytoskeletal elements that are larger in size that microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

51. Protozoa

Eukaryotes which are always unicellular

51. Fungi

Eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms

51. Helminths

Eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular

55. Contains a nucleus and undergoes mitosis

Eukaryotic cells

33. True or False: Bacteria are larger than human cells

False

33. True or False: Bacteria are only visible with an electron microscope.

False

45. Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

False

46. If during the Gram stain procedure, the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.

False

33. True or False: The thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet-iodine complex to leave the cell.

False Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer that traps the crystal-violet-iodine complex inside the cell.

33. True or False: All bacteria can be classified as either gram-positive or gram-negative

False Some bacteria are classified as acid-fast and others lack cell walls completely.

33. True or False: The presence of flagella can be determined by a Gram stain.

False Special stains are needed to visualize flagella.

19. The names of the three proposed Domains are: Bacteria, Protista, Eukarya.**

False**

18. Which scientist discovered heat resistant bacterial spores?

Ferdinand Cohn

28. Lipopolysaccharide; outer membrane

Gram-negative cells

28. Teichoic acid

Gram-positive cells

15. The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was **

Joseph Lister**

3. Also, during this Golden Age, ________ established four proofs that could be used to determine an organism's pathogenicity and related disease. He also developed many of the laboratory techniques that are still used today.

Koch

63. The group of protozoa that have flagella are the

Mastigophora.

53. Involved in the horizontal transfer of genetic material

Neither flagella nor cilia

33. Why must fresh cells be used when performing a Gram stain?

Old cells may not Gram stain properly

50. Chloroplast

Organelle found in plant and algal cells photosynthesis takes place

50. Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes

Organelle originating from the nuclear envelope and containing major organelles of protein synthesis

50. Mitochondrion

Organelle that generates ATP energy from glucose

50. Flagellum

Organelle used for locomotion in some cells

50. Centrioles

Organelles that play a role in chromosome separation during cell division

50. Glycocalyx

Outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells that plays a role in protection, adherence and reception of signals

51. Algae

Photosynthetic eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include seaweed

55. Does not contain organelles but can replicate independently via binary fission

Prokaryotic cells

55. Contains nucleic acid

Prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses

13. A scientist discovers a new microbial species. It is a single-celled eukaryote without cell walls. In which kingdom will it likely be classified?

Protista

33. When ethanol is applied correctly, gram-positive cells appear ____ and gram-negative cells appear _____.

Purple; colorless

4. Class

Taxon is divided into several orders

31. This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells

Tetrad

4. Genus

The first word in an organism's scientific name

4. Order

The level of taxonomy above family

4. Species

The most specific taxonomic level

50. Nucleolus

The site of ribosomal RNA synthesis within the nucleus

30. Chromosome

The structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell

30. Plasmid

The structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell

25. Axial filaments

These long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes.

25. Pili

These long, tubular appendages allow cells to conjugate to other cells.

25. Fimbriae

These short, bristle-like projections are used to attach the cell to other cells or surfaces.

27. Glycocalyx **

This is the general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell**

27. Capsule

This layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins is tightly bound to the cell and contributes to the cell's pathogenicity

27. Slime layer

This loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients

26. Peritrichous

This pattern consists of flagella randomly distributed around the cell.

26. Amphitrichous

This pattern has flagella at both poles of the cell.

26. Lophotrichous

This pattern has groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell.

26. Monotrichous

This pattern has one flagellum attached at one end of the cell.

30. Cytoskeleton

This structure is a network of protein polymers that helps stabilize the shape of the cell from within

30. Granules

This structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate

55. Does not contain organelles and cannot replicate independently

Viruses

43. Sarcinae refers to

a cuboidal packet of cells.

33. Rod-shaped bacteria

can be either gram-positive or gram-negative Rod-shaped bacteria can be gram-positive, gram-negative or acid-fast.

41. The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells is/are the

cell membrane.

39. Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial

cell walls.

33. What general type of stain is used to separate types of bacteria based on their cellular structures?

differential

33. The differential stage of the Gram stain is the application of _____.

ethanol Ethanol is the first step in the staining process that shows differences between the two types of bacteria. After its application, the gram-positive bacteria will be purple and the gram-negative bacteria will be colorless.

57. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the ____ with a thin, segmented body and the ____ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.

flatworms; roundworms

59. Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of

fungi

40. A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is

gram-positive.

58. The eukaryotic cell organelle that most resembles a bacterial cell is the

mitochondria.

56. Of the microscopic fungi, ____ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while _____ are round or oval-shaped.

molds; yeast

7. The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called

prokaryotes

38. The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be

protein synthesis would stop.

60. Cell walls are not found on typical cells of

protozoa

62. When buds remain attached, they form a chain of yeast cells called

pseudohyphae.

5. The major groups of microorganisms studied by microbiologists include bacteria, algae, helminths, ____ (acellular particles), ____ (unicellular eukaryotes), and ____ (molds/yeasts).

viruses; protists; fungi

54. The cell ____ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ____ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.

wall; membrane