Exam 1 Extra Credit
55. Contains ribosomes and enzymes
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
53. Composed of a cylinder of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
Both flagella and cilia
28. Peptidoglycan; cell membrane
Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells
50. Cell membrane
Bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded
50. Cell wall
Rigid structure found in fungal and plant cells which provides structure and support
16. Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis? **
Robert Koch**
4. Phylum or division
Several of these make up a kingdom
50. Golgi Apparatus
Site of protein modification
4. Family
Specific level of taxonomy, but not included in the scientific name of the organism
50. Microtubules
Spindle fibers are an example of these cytoskeletal elements
33. The term used to describe a cluster of spherical bacteria is _________.
Staphylococci
31. This arrangement is formed when rod shaped bacteria divide multiple times on their transverse planes and do not separate therefore the cells continue to be attached to each other
Streptobacilli
30. Inclusion bodies
This structure stores nutrients during periods of ample resources to compensate for times when nutrients are scarce
26. Polar
This type of flagella can be found at either or both ends of a cell.
47. If you observe rod shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been gram stained, you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.
True
64. Eukaryotic mitochondria have their own 70 S ribosomes and circular DNA.
True
50. Nuclear membrane with pores
Unique envelope with openings through which ribosomal subunits are transported
50. Lysosome
Vesicle originating from the Golgi Apparatus involved in intercellular digestiom
42. The bacterial chromosome
is part of the nucleoid.
12. Spontaneous generation is the belief that
living things arise from nonliving matter.
14. Helminths are
parasitic worms.
6. Disease-causing microorganisms are called
pathogens
35. Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called
periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
37. The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is
peritrichous
36. The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called
sex pili.
3. In the late 1600s, __________ designed several simple ________.
van Leeuwenhoek; microscopes
31. This arrangement is formed when two rod shaped bacteria divide on the transverse plane and do not separate
Diplobacilli
31. This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on a single plane and the two daughter cells remain attached
Diplococci
4. Kingdom
Five of these Taxa were proposed by Whittaker
53. Found in certain protozoa and some algae
Flagella
44. In the Gram stain, the mordant is
Iodine
3. _______ was the first surgeon to introduce aseptic techniques into the operating room in an effort to reduce microbes and prevent infection.
Lister
52. Please select the cellular structures that are present in ALL eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria Nucleus Cytoskeleton
33. If the Gram's iodine step was skipped in this technique, what would likely be seen under the microscope?
Most cells would appear red/pink The iodine forms a complex with the purple dye molecules, helping it stick in the thick gram-positive cell wall. Without it, the alcohol would most likely wash the crystal violet from all cells and they would stain pink/red in the last step.
4. Domain
Most general taxomic level
50. Nucleus
Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells
31. This arrangement is formed when bacilli that are attached end to end fold back on each other to form rows of side by side cells
Palisades arrangement
3. As a leading microbiologist during the Golden Age of microbiology, _______ disproved the theory of __________ and completed several studies leading to the germ theory of disease.
Pasteur; abiogenesis
24. Please order the following choices to reflect the generalized anatomy of bacterial cells with "1" being the innermost cell component and "4" being the outermost cell component.
1. Cytoplasmic matrix 2. Cell membrane 3. Cell wall 4. Glycocalyx
32. Please select all of the following that are characteristics of archaea.
1. Prokaryotic 2. Circular chromosome 3. Contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane Explanation: Archaea are prokaryotic cells which share many characteristics with bacteria but are perhaps more closely related to eukaryotes. They contain a circular chromosome like bacteria but unlike bacteria they do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell wall. The lipids in the cell membrane of archaea are also different that other bacteria. Instead of lipids containing fatty acids, the archaea contain lipids with long-chain, branched hydrocarbons. Genetically, the archaea share many sequences with eukaryotes. Please refer to section 4.6 in the textbook for additional information.
49. A prokaryotic ribosome has a 70 S size composed of two smaller subunits of which the smaller subunit is _____ S size and the larger one is _____ S size.
30 s, 50 s
61. The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is
80 S
50. Microfilaments
Actin filaments that are involved in cytoplasmic streaming and locomotion
33. After Gram's iodine is added, what color do the cells appear under a light microscope?
All cells appear purple
11. The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
29. Acid-fast cells
Cells which contain a thick layer of mycolic acid or cord factor
29. Gram-positive cells
Cells which contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
29. Gram-negative cells
Cells which contain both an inner and outer membrane as well as a thin layer of peptidoglyan
29. Mycoplasms
Cells which lack a cell wall with peptidoglycan but contain sterols to strengthen their cell membrane
48. Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed _____.
Chemotaxis
34. Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages, except
Cilia
53. Found in certain protozoa and animal cells; can serve as feeding/filtering structure
Cilia
50. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Closed tubular network without ribosomes involved in nutrient processing and the synthesis of lipids and other molecules
30. Ribosome
Composed of RNA and protein, this structure synthesizes new proteins
25. Flagella
Composed of a filament, hook and basal body, these cell appendages provide movement to the cell.
50. Intermediate filaments
Cytoskeletal elements that are larger in size that microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
51. Protozoa
Eukaryotes which are always unicellular
51. Fungi
Eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include mushrooms
51. Helminths
Eukaryotes whose adult forms are always multicellular
55. Contains a nucleus and undergoes mitosis
Eukaryotic cells
33. True or False: Bacteria are larger than human cells
False
33. True or False: Bacteria are only visible with an electron microscope.
False
45. Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
False
46. If during the Gram stain procedure, the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.
False
33. True or False: The thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet-iodine complex to leave the cell.
False Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer that traps the crystal-violet-iodine complex inside the cell.
33. True or False: All bacteria can be classified as either gram-positive or gram-negative
False Some bacteria are classified as acid-fast and others lack cell walls completely.
33. True or False: The presence of flagella can be determined by a Gram stain.
False Special stains are needed to visualize flagella.
19. The names of the three proposed Domains are: Bacteria, Protista, Eukarya.**
False**
18. Which scientist discovered heat resistant bacterial spores?
Ferdinand Cohn
28. Lipopolysaccharide; outer membrane
Gram-negative cells
28. Teichoic acid
Gram-positive cells
15. The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was **
Joseph Lister**
3. Also, during this Golden Age, ________ established four proofs that could be used to determine an organism's pathogenicity and related disease. He also developed many of the laboratory techniques that are still used today.
Koch
63. The group of protozoa that have flagella are the
Mastigophora.
53. Involved in the horizontal transfer of genetic material
Neither flagella nor cilia
33. Why must fresh cells be used when performing a Gram stain?
Old cells may not Gram stain properly
50. Chloroplast
Organelle found in plant and algal cells photosynthesis takes place
50. Rough endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes
Organelle originating from the nuclear envelope and containing major organelles of protein synthesis
50. Mitochondrion
Organelle that generates ATP energy from glucose
50. Flagellum
Organelle used for locomotion in some cells
50. Centrioles
Organelles that play a role in chromosome separation during cell division
50. Glycocalyx
Outermost boundary of most eukaryotic cells that plays a role in protection, adherence and reception of signals
51. Algae
Photosynthetic eukaryotes which can be either unicellular or multicellular; multicellular forms include seaweed
55. Does not contain organelles but can replicate independently via binary fission
Prokaryotic cells
55. Contains nucleic acid
Prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses
13. A scientist discovers a new microbial species. It is a single-celled eukaryote without cell walls. In which kingdom will it likely be classified?
Protista
33. When ethanol is applied correctly, gram-positive cells appear ____ and gram-negative cells appear _____.
Purple; colorless
4. Class
Taxon is divided into several orders
31. This arrangement is formed when a coccus divides on perpendicular planes and results in four cocci being attached as a cluster of cells
Tetrad
4. Genus
The first word in an organism's scientific name
4. Order
The level of taxonomy above family
4. Species
The most specific taxonomic level
50. Nucleolus
The site of ribosomal RNA synthesis within the nucleus
30. Chromosome
The structure which contains the essential DNA of the cell
30. Plasmid
The structure which contains the nonessential DNA of the cell
25. Axial filaments
These long, coiled threads provide movement to spirochetes.
25. Pili
These long, tubular appendages allow cells to conjugate to other cells.
25. Fimbriae
These short, bristle-like projections are used to attach the cell to other cells or surfaces.
27. Glycocalyx **
This is the general term which describes all the various coatings covering the surface of the cell**
27. Capsule
This layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins is tightly bound to the cell and contributes to the cell's pathogenicity
27. Slime layer
This loosely attached, thin mucoid layer protects the cell from drying out or losing nutrients
26. Peritrichous
This pattern consists of flagella randomly distributed around the cell.
26. Amphitrichous
This pattern has flagella at both poles of the cell.
26. Lophotrichous
This pattern has groups of flagella all originating from the same point on the cell.
26. Monotrichous
This pattern has one flagellum attached at one end of the cell.
30. Cytoskeleton
This structure is a network of protein polymers that helps stabilize the shape of the cell from within
30. Granules
This structure stores inorganic compounds, such as sulfur and polyphosphate
55. Does not contain organelles and cannot replicate independently
Viruses
43. Sarcinae refers to
a cuboidal packet of cells.
33. Rod-shaped bacteria
can be either gram-positive or gram-negative Rod-shaped bacteria can be gram-positive, gram-negative or acid-fast.
41. The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells is/are the
cell membrane.
39. Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial
cell walls.
33. What general type of stain is used to separate types of bacteria based on their cellular structures?
differential
33. The differential stage of the Gram stain is the application of _____.
ethanol Ethanol is the first step in the staining process that shows differences between the two types of bacteria. After its application, the gram-positive bacteria will be purple and the gram-negative bacteria will be colorless.
57. The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the ____ with a thin, segmented body and the ____ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.
flatworms; roundworms
59. Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of
fungi
40. A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is
gram-positive.
58. The eukaryotic cell organelle that most resembles a bacterial cell is the
mitochondria.
56. Of the microscopic fungi, ____ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while _____ are round or oval-shaped.
molds; yeast
7. The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called
prokaryotes
38. The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be
protein synthesis would stop.
60. Cell walls are not found on typical cells of
protozoa
62. When buds remain attached, they form a chain of yeast cells called
pseudohyphae.
5. The major groups of microorganisms studied by microbiologists include bacteria, algae, helminths, ____ (acellular particles), ____ (unicellular eukaryotes), and ____ (molds/yeasts).
viruses; protists; fungi
54. The cell ____ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell ____ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.
wall; membrane