Exam 1 - Intro to Nutrition
organic
(chemistry) compounds that contain carbon
process of bomb calorimetry in order from start to finish
1) spark ignites food 2) food is burned 3) water heats up 4) water temp is measured to determine temp changes
___ is a major factor that influences food choices
age
functional food
contain nutrient or phytochemical ingredients; manufactured to boost nutrient intakes and address health problems
three factors to determine if a nutrient is essential
deficiency disease; problems corrected by adding nutrient; plays specific role in the body
inorganic
does not contain carbon
other risk factors that contribute to ill health
environment; psychological; stress; lack of health care; age; unhealthy lifestyle
a nutrient that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by food is considered a:
essential nutrient
The dietary supplement and health education act of 1994 allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as ____
food
example of risk factor
genetics
kilocalorie (kcal) or Calorie
heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000g water 1 degree C
major function of vitamins
immune; maintenance of cells; protect against cell damage; regulate body processes
the body makes ___ amounts of conditionally essential nutrients.
inadequate
minerals and water do not contain carbon which makes them ___ substances
inorganic
cognitive factors that influence food choices involve the ___ process
learning
nutrients
life-sustaining substances in food
what is the term used to describe the intake of a vitamin and mineral that is 10 times the recommended amount?
megadose
examples of inorganic nutrients
minerals and water
phytochemicals
not nutrients, but have healthful benefits and are produced by plants
body breaks food down into ___ such as carbohydrates, fat and protein
nutrients
cells need ___ in food to carry out their ___ activities
nutrients; metabolic
98% of human body is made up of five elements
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium
signs
physical changes associated with a disease state that are observable or measurable
major function of protein
production of structural components; cellular development; energy; regulating body processes; transporting substances in blood
3 nutrients that provide energy are
proteins, fats, and carbs
nutrition
scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
vitamin c deficiency disease
scurvy
malnutrition
state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished; includes undernutrition and overnutrition
metabolism
total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
true or false: water is a micronutrient
true
bomb calorimeter
used to determine calories in food
diet
usual pattern of food choices
which are likely to be taken as a dietary supplement?
vitamin, mineral, amino acid, and herb
the most essential nutrient for the human body
water
though ___ is required in large amounts in the body, it does not provide energy.
water
gram of carbs and protein each supply ___ kcal
4kcal
how much of human body is water
50-70%
there are ___ kilocalories in one gram of alcohol
7
alcohol is not a nutrient, but is a source of energy and 1 gram of pure alcohol supplies __ kcal
7 kcal
gram of fat provides ___ kcal
9 kcal
diet is a: a) practice of restricting energy intake b) usual pattern of food choices c) method of reducing portion sizes d) technique to reduce carbohydrate intake
B
biological and physiological factors that influence food selections
age; external sensory information; hunger and thirst
metabolism is...
all chemical processes that occur in living cells
physiological dose
amount of a nutrient that is within the rage of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
energy density (calorie density)
amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food
calorie
amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C
when defining the word malnutrition, "mal" means ___
bad
dietary supplements are intended to ___
be taken in addition to the diet
empty calories (SoFAS)
calories from unhealthy types of fat and added sugars
macronutrients
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, necessary because body requires large amounts
examples of organic nutrients
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins
the six classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
a substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical or physical means is a ___
element
foods that have high water content tend to be low in ___
energy
major function of lipids
energy; cell development; regulating of body processes; growth and brain development; absorbing fat-soluble vitamins
major function of carbs
energy; normal blood glucose levels; eliminate solid waste
alpha-linolenic, folate, iron, and glucose are all ___
essential nutrients for humans
obesity
excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat
true or false: all energy-dense foods are unhealthy
false
ways grocery stores market products
flooring material; positioning on shelves; end of aisle displays
major function of water
fluid balance; regulate temp; eliminate waste; transport substances; chemical reactions
list seven foods rich in phytochemicals
garlic, oranges, soybeans, grapes, egg yolks, blueberries, raspberries
nutrients are necessary for the ___, ___, and ___ of the body's cells
growth; maintenance; repair
leading causes of death from lifestyle choices
heart disease, cancer, stroke, kidney disease, influenza, accidents, lower respiratory infections, suicide, diabetes
obesity is a risk factor for chronic conditions including ___ and ___.
heart disease; diabetes type 2
a nutritionally balanced diet with nutrient-dense foods should ___ empty-calorie items.
limit
chronic disease
long-term condition that takes many years to develop and have complex causes
___ supply energy for cells, whereas ___ are not sources of energy
macronutrients; micronutrient
dietary supplement health and education act of 1994
manufacturers can classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as foods
micronutrients
minerals and vitamins, because body needs small amounts
nutritional genomics
new area of nutrition research exploring complex interactions of gene function, diet, lifestyle, and environment
conditionally essential nutrients
nutrients not normally essential but become essential under certain conditions (illness or pregnancy)
___ is a form of malnutrition
obesity
What disorders have become more common over the past 30 years?
obesity and type 2 diabetes
dietary moderation
obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet one's needs while avoiding excess
essential nutrient
one that must be supplied by food, because body cannot synthesize the nutrient or make enough it needs
risk factor
personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a chronic disease
what foods are Americans buying more of than they should?
red meats, candies, cheese, sugary beverages, sugar-sweetened fruit, soft drinks, and refined grain products
major function of minerals
regulate body processes; form chemical messengers; cell development; form structural and functional components
healthy people 2020
report from department of health and human services focusing on disease prevention goals
lifestyle
routine of living, which includes dietary practices and exercise habits
deficiency disease
state of health characterized by abnormal physiological changes (rash, failure to grow, etc)
element
substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means (carbon or oxygen)
nutrient-dense foods
supply more key beneficial nutrients compared to total calories per serving, no solid fats, no added sugars, not refined (broccoli, fat-free milk, etc)