Exam 1 - Intro to Nutrition

organic

(chemistry) compounds that contain carbon

process of bomb calorimetry in order from start to finish

1) spark ignites food 2) food is burned 3) water heats up 4) water temp is measured to determine temp changes

___ is a major factor that influences food choices

age

functional food

contain nutrient or phytochemical ingredients; manufactured to boost nutrient intakes and address health problems

three factors to determine if a nutrient is essential

deficiency disease; problems corrected by adding nutrient; plays specific role in the body

inorganic

does not contain carbon

other risk factors that contribute to ill health

environment; psychological; stress; lack of health care; age; unhealthy lifestyle

a nutrient that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by food is considered a:

essential nutrient

The dietary supplement and health education act of 1994 allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as ____

food

example of risk factor

genetics

kilocalorie (kcal) or Calorie

heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000g water 1 degree C

major function of vitamins

immune; maintenance of cells; protect against cell damage; regulate body processes

the body makes ___ amounts of conditionally essential nutrients.

inadequate

minerals and water do not contain carbon which makes them ___ substances

inorganic

cognitive factors that influence food choices involve the ___ process

learning

nutrients

life-sustaining substances in food

what is the term used to describe the intake of a vitamin and mineral that is 10 times the recommended amount?

megadose

examples of inorganic nutrients

minerals and water

phytochemicals

not nutrients, but have healthful benefits and are produced by plants

body breaks food down into ___ such as carbohydrates, fat and protein

nutrients

cells need ___ in food to carry out their ___ activities

nutrients; metabolic

98% of human body is made up of five elements

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium

signs

physical changes associated with a disease state that are observable or measurable

major function of protein

production of structural components; cellular development; energy; regulating body processes; transporting substances in blood

3 nutrients that provide energy are

proteins, fats, and carbs

nutrition

scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

vitamin c deficiency disease

scurvy

malnutrition

state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished; includes undernutrition and overnutrition

metabolism

total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells

true or false: water is a micronutrient

true

bomb calorimeter

used to determine calories in food

diet

usual pattern of food choices

which are likely to be taken as a dietary supplement?

vitamin, mineral, amino acid, and herb

the most essential nutrient for the human body

water

though ___ is required in large amounts in the body, it does not provide energy.

water

gram of carbs and protein each supply ___ kcal

4kcal

how much of human body is water

50-70%

there are ___ kilocalories in one gram of alcohol

7

alcohol is not a nutrient, but is a source of energy and 1 gram of pure alcohol supplies __ kcal

7 kcal

gram of fat provides ___ kcal

9 kcal

diet is a: a) practice of restricting energy intake b) usual pattern of food choices c) method of reducing portion sizes d) technique to reduce carbohydrate intake

B

biological and physiological factors that influence food selections

age; external sensory information; hunger and thirst

metabolism is...

all chemical processes that occur in living cells

physiological dose

amount of a nutrient that is within the rage of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

energy density (calorie density)

amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food

calorie

amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C

when defining the word malnutrition, "mal" means ___

bad

dietary supplements are intended to ___

be taken in addition to the diet

empty calories (SoFAS)

calories from unhealthy types of fat and added sugars

macronutrients

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, necessary because body requires large amounts

examples of organic nutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins

the six classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

a substance that cannot be separated into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical or physical means is a ___

element

foods that have high water content tend to be low in ___

energy

major function of lipids

energy; cell development; regulating of body processes; growth and brain development; absorbing fat-soluble vitamins

major function of carbs

energy; normal blood glucose levels; eliminate solid waste

alpha-linolenic, folate, iron, and glucose are all ___

essential nutrients for humans

obesity

excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat

true or false: all energy-dense foods are unhealthy

false

ways grocery stores market products

flooring material; positioning on shelves; end of aisle displays

major function of water

fluid balance; regulate temp; eliminate waste; transport substances; chemical reactions

list seven foods rich in phytochemicals

garlic, oranges, soybeans, grapes, egg yolks, blueberries, raspberries

nutrients are necessary for the ___, ___, and ___ of the body's cells

growth; maintenance; repair

leading causes of death from lifestyle choices

heart disease, cancer, stroke, kidney disease, influenza, accidents, lower respiratory infections, suicide, diabetes

obesity is a risk factor for chronic conditions including ___ and ___.

heart disease; diabetes type 2

a nutritionally balanced diet with nutrient-dense foods should ___ empty-calorie items.

limit

chronic disease

long-term condition that takes many years to develop and have complex causes

___ supply energy for cells, whereas ___ are not sources of energy

macronutrients; micronutrient

dietary supplement health and education act of 1994

manufacturers can classify nutrient supplements and herbal products as foods

micronutrients

minerals and vitamins, because body needs small amounts

nutritional genomics

new area of nutrition research exploring complex interactions of gene function, diet, lifestyle, and environment

conditionally essential nutrients

nutrients not normally essential but become essential under certain conditions (illness or pregnancy)

___ is a form of malnutrition

obesity

What disorders have become more common over the past 30 years?

obesity and type 2 diabetes

dietary moderation

obtaining enough nutrients from food to meet one's needs while avoiding excess

essential nutrient

one that must be supplied by food, because body cannot synthesize the nutrient or make enough it needs

risk factor

personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a chronic disease

what foods are Americans buying more of than they should?

red meats, candies, cheese, sugary beverages, sugar-sweetened fruit, soft drinks, and refined grain products

major function of minerals

regulate body processes; form chemical messengers; cell development; form structural and functional components

healthy people 2020

report from department of health and human services focusing on disease prevention goals

lifestyle

routine of living, which includes dietary practices and exercise habits

deficiency disease

state of health characterized by abnormal physiological changes (rash, failure to grow, etc)

element

substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means (carbon or oxygen)

nutrient-dense foods

supply more key beneficial nutrients compared to total calories per serving, no solid fats, no added sugars, not refined (broccoli, fat-free milk, etc)