Exam 1 Oral Communication

Thomas Reed

"Humans are gullible because they are trustful" -audience always looking for evidence for the claim that the speaker is making

Teachers in time of Aristotle as well as today have stressed that a speaker understands and gets better at public speaking by doing three things:

-practicing and having good role models to emulate -studying and understanding the expectations of audiences -planning or preparing speeches in advance

3 elements

-speech situation -personal interest -interest of the audience

Cultivate three character traits: Aristotle

1. Practical Wisdom◦ 2. Expertise: formal study or experience, what a speaker does for a living and crediting others ◦ 3. Goodwill: expressing your concern for the audience's well being as individuals.

Building of coalitions

A coalition is a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of collective social or political advocacy.

As part of their introduction, a speaker explains why they are speaking on a given topic. Which statement expresses the advisability of doing so?

A speaker should express their reason for speaking in their thesis statement. Speakers should explain why they are speaking in their introduction. This is expressed in their thesis statement.

Response-ability"

According to Diane Davis, our self-identities are fundamentally based on our response to the calls of others.

I.A. Richards

According to I.A. Richards, what should rhetoric be the study of: misunderstanding

Predicting Audience Reaction

According to psychologist Milton Rokeach, an audience's understanding of the world is three basic elements beliefs, attitudes, and values

Defining "public"

All forms of public speaking are about bringing people together.

Age:

Aristotle argued that understanding the age of one's audience is tremendously beneficial to the speaker

Prepare for Technology Failures

Avoid hyperlinks

Tips for Effective Online Presentations

Be energetic, Because certain information is lost in online environments, online speaking requires more vocal variety and gesturing.

Celebratory Genre

Celebratory Genre is a contemporary speech genres that is focused on the present

Common knowledge

Common knowledge is BEST defined as information that:• • is widely known.

Consciousness raising

Consciousness raising is the attempt to make others more aware of cultural and political problems and challenges.

Who is Thomas Reid

Eighteenth-century philosopher Thomas Reid argued that people are gullible due to which human trait? • a trusting nature • Hoaxes often work because they sound logical on the surface. • Speeches that provide information or include factual claims that can be proven or disproven require:. • basic research to confirm information.

According to Aristotle, what is the key to engaging an audience?

Eunoia literally translates to mean "well mind or beautiful thinking" in the original Greek. Aristotle thought this was the key to engaging an audience.

2. Organize

Even for the short speeches, it important that you write down the structure.Extemporaneous speaking appears to be spontaneous.

•Assessing reliability •Who is the information provider?

Fact Checking •FactCheck.org

Focus on feelings

How the audience feels about you, your topic, and the occasion for which your are speaking

Informative

How the mind of a person with autism works

Harnessing The Power of love

In any speaking situation, you are revisiting what Sigmund Freud and others have determined is the human tension between independence and connection

Informative Genre

Informative Genre is a contemporary speech genre that is focused on the past or something known.

Formal:◦ Using tools and specific methods

Interviews Focus groups Surveys

confrontational vs invitational speakers

Malcom X vsMLK

• Database of peer-reviewed academic research.

Many are available as full text (PDF files).

Freedom of Speech

May be Perceived as threatening to those in power The study of public speaking assumes free speech ◦ Public persuasion ◦ Criticism and critique

Whose model of beliefs and attitudes is a predictor of how audiences tend to process and respond to messages?

Milton Rokeach Social psychologist Milton Rokeach's model notes that what an audience hears is filtered through their beliefs, attitudes, and values.

1. Research

Part of the research step is audience analysis: how will they react to what you say and how will you specifically appeal to your audience.

Persuasive

People with autism have rights that need protection

Laney asks a friend to listen to her speech and give feedback. In her speech, Laney opens with a direct quote from a well-known activist, states her thesis, gives a preview of what she plans to cover, enumerates each point as she moves through her speech, concludes by repeating her thesis word for word, and then says, "Thank you." What feedback should her friend give her?

Rather than repeating your thesis exactly, try stating it another way.

If by

Richard Kipling

Social Agitation

Rosa Parks

Sit-Ins

Sit-Ins is a group of individuals that plant their bodies(sitting of course, but also standing, lying, or even camping) in a physical location.

SOFTEN

Smile Open Posture Forward Leaning Touch Eye Contact Nod your head

Crafting Your Speech! Most of what we know and teach about public speaking come from ancient Greek manuscripts.

Sophists like Gorgias boasted they could teach public speaking like a science.

Robert K. Merton

Speakers who envision failure or who get caught up in gloomy scenarios can lead themselves to a self-fulfilling prophecy, "whereby fears are translated into reality."

Citing Sources

Standard formats •MLA (Use in this class at WSU)

Persuasive Genre

The Persuasive Genre is a contemporary speech genre that is focused on the future. Example: A speech that argues that people should adopt animals from rescue shelters rather than buy from pet stores.

The Craft of Speech

The ancient Greeks describe public speaking or oratory as a oratory as a techne, or a craft,

Confrontational approach

The confrontational approach to civility argues that the civil norms of politeness and courtesy assume equality, and people may need to sacrifice civility to attract the attention of those in power.

Invitational approach

The invitational approach to civility argues that it is better to be polite and courteous and observe the norms of a given culture because it reduces the potential for suffering and violence.

Which statement about judicial speeches is true?

They seek to persuade. The goal of forensic speaking was persuasive in nature, as the speaker was speaking on behalf of their own innocence or guilt.

4. Deliver

Think of your audience as an ally.

A Substitute for Violence

Violence is the use of physical or psychological force to injure, harm, or alter something or someone in order to cause or stop change.

Visualize Success

Visualization is easier if you are prepared

A nonprofit organization has asked Michal, a martial arts instructor, to give a speech on self-defense. The organization told him he will be speaking to a group of about forty college women who want to feel more confident walking on campus at night. Which basic question should Michal ask himself to better define his topic?

What is the speaking situation? Michal will need to know the speaking situation to determine which topics he will be able to discuss. For example, if he is presenting in a gym, he may be able to do a demonstration. However, if he will be on stage, there may be certain presentation constraints.

Verbally Cite Your Sources in the Speech!

When listing bibliographic information for a source, it is unnecessary to note the: database searched

Choosing an Informative Topic

Winnowing down approach •Guiding questions: •Why have I been asked to speak? OR •Why have I volunteered to speak?

extemporaneous speech

a form of public speaking that appears to require little or no preparation

techne

a habit of mind and body that is cultivated to make something; a craft

screencast

a live or recorded broadcast of a speaker's computer desktop to others online.

Martin posts a picture to Instagram while eating dinner at his favorite restaurant. Several of his Instagram followers like the photo and comment that they love the restaurant as well. This scenario is an example of:

a moment of identification.

online presentation

a prepared speech, podcast, or video that is broadcast on a computing device.

webinar

a seminar with three or more people conducted over the Internet using software created for this purpose.

Active Listening

a technique of observing and responding to a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages with the goal of mutual understanding.

videocast

a video sent to and from others, either as part of a video conversation or as a monologue.

Henry David Thoreau

advocated civil disobedience; citizens help injustice through non-violent means but sometimes have to use violence (Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority)

A speaker demonstrates goodwill toward an audience by ordering a speech in a manner that:

aligns with the audience's level of comprehension and interests. A speaker showing an audience that they care about them is the basis of cultivating goodwill with them. This can be expressed in multiple ways, including how a speaker arranges their speech and what information they include in it.

Aristotle

always need proof

amorphous

an audience that you know exists but whose size and demographic information are unknown.

Practice

and have good role models to emulate!

Gorgias

believed public speaking could be taught like a science, specifying certain principles and magical techniques that could help speakers manipulate audiences -compared the exciting and fearful effects of a good speech to "witchcraft" or "spell binding," which references public speaking's exciting and fear-inspiring power. -in varied cultures around the world, shamans and spiritual guides have used spells or rituals to heal people of physical or psychological pain, while in other cultures, those who use incantations are feared as sinful or harmful. Similarly, the craft of speaking, or "speech craft," can be used as an artful tool to soothe or hurt, to help or harm -Gorgias considered public speaking the most important of all the arts

asynchronous communication

communication that is either written or prerecorded before it reaches an audience.

What does communication do?

connects people

Speech support is dependent on what?

context

Diane Davis

created concept of "RESPONSE-ABILITY" -In fact, Davis argues that our self-identities are fundamentally based on our responses to the calls of others, and that the foundation of all communication is response-ability. -Davis links the condition of listening and speaking to ethics: our ability to respond to the speech of others (listening) is the basis of our responsibility to others (ethics). In short, listening is an unavoidable ethical orientation toward others.

When speakers introduce, order, and conclude a speech in a manner that has the audience's level of comprehension and interests at heart, they are:

demonstrating goodwill

Jiaping is working on a speech about audio engineering. Her audience is a social club in which members work on improving their communication skills. How can Jiaping make her speech personally relevant for her audience?

discussing the audio engineering work that goes into concerts Most of the people in her audience have personal experience with audio systems at concerts.

Ingrid was born in Sweden. However, she moved to the United States as a child, speaks English fluently, and enjoys watching baseball in the summer. She views herself as an American. American would be considered Ingrid's:

ethnic identity. Ethnic identity refers to identification with particular groups or populations of a shared ancestry

Angelina is picking out kale at the grocery store. An older woman whom Angelina does not know approaches and says, "This store has the best kale." Angelina smiles and nods because she thinks the same thing. Which of Burke's ideas does this exemplify?

flattery Burke defines flattery as the moment when someone who is unknown becomes known and alike to someone else.

When giving a forensic speech, the speaker would focus on:

guilt or innocence. The traditional genre of forensic or judicial speaking focuses on guilt or innocence.

While giving a speech, Marcus makes a joke involving a popular-culture reference, and the audience laughs and claps. What is this shared moment an example of?

identification Moments of identification can also be called finding common ground or, as Aristotle put it, fostering goodwill with the audience. The audience appreciates something similar to Marcus and expresses it by clapping and laughing.

visualization

imagining the outcome of a possible course of action or behavior

Importance of Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values

inconsequential beliefs are easy to change but values are impervious to change

Creg Wood (2 approaches to civic engagement)

invitational vs confrontational approach

Key light

is directed at the subject of a camera.

Backlight

is located behind the subject of the camera.

Fill light

is located beside the subject of the camera.

Determining which types of support are appropriate for a given speech depends on the:

larger context of the speech's delivery.

An impression formation is the process by which people create

mental images of one another. Research on the process by which people perceive and create mental images of one another is termed "impression formation," and it generally supports claims first advanced by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1940s.

What is a key difference between an informative speaker and a persuasive speaker?

objectivity Informative speakers are expected to be objective, whereas persuasive speakers are not.

When Regina states her thesis, she is giving the audience an ______________ of what her speech will be about. This will help the audience organize Regina's speech in their minds.

oral cue

Rhetorical critic Kenneth Burke concluded that people hunger for things that are:

patterned. Drawing on observations about people's enjoyment of music, Burke concluded that people derive a sense of pleasure from reading or hearing things repeated.

The final component of a speech introduction is the place or moment in which the speaker tells the audience what they will hear in the speech. This is called the:

preview. The final component of a speech introduction is the place or moment in which the speaker gives a preview about what the audience is going to hear.

synchronous communication

real-time communication

Freud says that people desire love because they are inherently:

separate. Each person is a discrete animal with their own brain, blood type, and body, making them separate entities from everyone else.

Good speeches reveal __________________

something about the speaker

Write Your purpose statement

statem ent

Speakers should appeal to their audiences based on what ties them together but avoid:

stereotypes. Speakers should appeal to audiences based on what ties them together but try not to stereotype. The best way to avoid making bad assumptions about an audience is to think, formally or informally, about who is in that audience.

Public Speaking is _______________

story telling

Selena really wants to give an informative speech about the most common dog breeds. However, she's fearful that this topic may have been covered extensively already. If she moves forward with this speech, she should:

structure her speech in a nontraditional manner. By using a different structure, she would be making the speech unique.

Isocrates

study of public speaking cannot make you a good person

Making contextual judgments does not simply concern how a speaker orders their main points or avoids contradictions; it is also a matter of assessing the occasion and choosing appropriate:

supporting materials. Making contextual judgments is a matter of choosing support that is appropriate for the occasion.

This group is likely to respond to appeals to individualism; they are unlikely to respond to chastisement.

teenage crisis

communication apprehension

the anxiety or fear experienced by communicators

speech anxiety

the communication apprehension specific to speech making

publicity

the distribution and circulation of information or a message for promotional purposes.

Chronemics

time

Protests

type of civil obedience that is one of the most visible forms of activism used in the United States.

Aristotle

was not as harsh as Plato and said that although public speaking is a highly context-dependent craft, there are a number of general guidelines and principles that could be helpful to beginners and seasoned pros alike, especially the study of audience psychology, the effect of evoking emotions, and the rules of reasoning -Aristotle argued that an ethical speaker must cultivate three character traits to model responsible and credible speaking, traits that we still believe more than two thousand years later: (1) practical wisdom, (2) expertise, and (3) goodwill toward the audience. -Aristotle called this the establishment of goodwill (see Chapter 2), whereas more recent thinkers might describe the connection as establishing "common ground." (identification)

• The Librarians at WSU can be more helpful than a Google search:

• Nowadays, with their expertise concerning where to look for information, librarians are thought of as: information scientists

Define Your General Speech Purpose:

• Three general purposes to inform, to persuade and to celebrate.

The Three "Hecks" Of Internet Source Reliability

• Who the heck wrote it? • Who the heck paid for it? • When the heck was it published?

In-depth Research for Public Speaking• When speakers move out of the preliminary research phase into in-depth research, they should take detailed notes about their sources that include:

• bibliographic information and relevant direct quotes.

What does the term "search bias" describe?

• how search engines alter the way user searches are conducted • After you pick a timely informative speech topic • First step: Research and do Audience Analysis

Observing the K.I.S.S. Rule

•Avoid jargon •Avoid overly technical language •Reduce the quantity of information •Do not over- or underestimate the audience's knowledge •Use visual aids (PowerPoint slides) •Keep things concrete •Teach; don't browbeat •Rinse, repeat

Using the Library •Large selection

•Books •Periodicals •Pop culture artifacts •Research databases •Expert resources•The librarian! • A librarian can be more helpful than a Google search in determining where to find information.

Why Research Matters

•Credibility •Common Trust •Truth •Misinformation

To Wikipedia or Not to Wikipedia?

•Crowd source D entries •Multiple authors •Anyone can edit

Informative Strategies

•Description •Definition •Explanation •Demonstration •Narration

Concept Mapping

•Draw a circle •Label it with your initial concept •draw more circles •Label Those with related concepts •Use arrows to indicate relationships

Popular Research Databases

•EBSCO Academic Search Complete•Gale Academic OneFile•LexisNexis Academic•JSTOR

Developing a Dynamite Topic

•Invention •Discovering materials and arguments

Tips for Informing

•Keep it simple, students (K.I.S.S.) •Make your speech unique •Make your speech personally relevant

Speech constraints:

•Location of the Speech •The Size •Audience demographics (age, etc.)

Word Association

•No right or wrong Answers •Helps begin the process

Types of Informative Speeches

•Objects •About a specific thing •Abstract or concrete •People •About a person or group •Events •About an important event

The Research Interview

•Prepare ahead of time •Secure recording permissions •Listen actively Transcribe your recording

Research

•Searching materials for: •Information•Background•Context

Making Your Speech Unique

•Select a unique topic •Talk to others •Present in a new manner •Research online

Thesis Statement

•Single declarative sentence •May overlap with Speech purpose •Written after the purpose is defined

The Speech Situation

•Speech Context •Why you are giving the speech

The Audience

•What are the audience's interests? •Where do those interests intersect with yours? •How can you build a sense of community?

Guiding Questions

•What is the speaking situation? •What topics are interesting and relevant to me? •What topics will be interesting and relevant to my audience?

Poor descriptions

◦ "Not speaking" ◦ Hearing Hearing ≠ processing Not required (e.g., deaf community)