exam 2
Recommended therapies for smoking cessation
-Bupropion: non-nicotine based anti-depressent that helps reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms and the urge to smoke. Prescription -Varenicline: interferes with nicotine receptors in the brain to lessen the pleasurable physical effects from smoking and to reduce symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Prescription -Nicotine gym: chewing gym that releases nicotine into the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth OTC -Nicotine Lozenges: lozenges available in 2 strengths. OTC -Nicotine Patch: Patch supplies a steady amount of nicotine to the body through the skin. either OTC or a prescripton
What is cancer?
-Cancer is a larger group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. -Neoplasm: a new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function. -tumor: a clumping of neoplasmic cells -malignant: means cancerous -benign: means noncancerous -biopsy: a microscopic examination of cell development -metastasis: malignant tumors spread to other organs. cancercous cells may also spread to different parts of the body through direct invasion or through blood and lymph channels.
Congestive Heart Failure
A damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally Damage to the heart muscle may result from rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problems. Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation
steroids
Anabolic steroids are artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone. They include ergogenic drugs, which are substances that enhance athletic performance. There are two forms of anabolic steroids: Injectable solutions Pills Effects of steroids include mood swings, acne, liver tumors, elevated cholesterol levels, hypertension, and kidney disease.
key cardiovascular diseases
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste produces, calcium, and fibrin build up within arteries and clog them. Hyperlipidemia is a key factor in its development. Coronary heart disease (CHD) kills 16 percent of all Americans. It includes new and recurrent heart attacks as well as silent heart attacks. Myocardial infarction, a heart attack, is caused by an area of the heart that suffers permanent damage due to a reduced supply of blood. The blockage causing this is a coronary thrombosis. If the thrombosis moves, it becomes an embolus. Stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. Ischemic strokes are caused by plaque formation or a clot; a hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a weakening of the blood vessel that causes it to bulge or rupture. An aneurysm is a life-threatening hemorrhagic stroke. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief interruption of blood flow to the brain. It usually precedes a stroke by days, weeks, or months. Hypertension-sustained high blood pressure-is an asymptomatic disease affecting one third of Americans. Systolic pressure measures the working pressure of the heart when it contracts. Diastolic pressure measures the amount of pressure maintained in the arteries during the heart's relaxation period. Angina pectoris is pressure or squeezing in the chest or pain in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or even back. Arrhythmia is an irregularity in heart rhythm that may result in symptoms such as cardiac fluttering, palpitations, or racing. Fibrillation is a sporadic, quivering type of heartbeat, whereas can be fatal. Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heartbeat, bradycardia, an abnormally slow one. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a progressive, incurable disease in which the heart becomes weak and unable to keep the blood circulating. CHF responds well to treatment. Congenital cardiovascular defects—about 36,000 children are born with congenital cardiovascular defects each year.
surgical options: bypass surgery, angioplasty, and stents
Coronary bypass surgery takes a blood vessel from another site and implants it to bypass blocked arteries and transport blood. Angioplasty involves threading a thin catheter through the blocked arteries Following angioplasty, some people have a stent inserted to hold the blood vessel open. A stent is a stainless steel mesh-like tube that is inserted to prop open the artery
ETS is the reason for what?
ETS is the reason why people who have never smoked cigs get chronic bronchitis or emphezyma -ETS is: environmental tobacco smoke A) Mainstream smoke: smoke that is drawn through tobacco while inhaling B) sidestream or secondhand, smoke emitted from the burning end of a cig or exhaled by a smoker C) involuntary or passive smokers: break smoke from someone else's smoking product
estimated new cases and death in both males and females?
Estimated New Cases Males: prostate (180,890) Females: breast (246,660) estimated deaths: males: lung and bronchus (85,920) females: lung and bronchus (72,160)
Females are thought to smoke more or less?
Females are thought to smoke MORE.
what is the HIGHEST percentage gender that smokes?
HIGHEST percentage gender that smokes are MALES 18.8%
What is hyperextension?
Hypertension refers to sustained elevated blood pressure
coronary heart disease
Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack The blood supply to the heart is disrupted. Coronary thrombosis This is caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery. Embolus Occurs when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system. Collateral circulation An alternative or collateral route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor.
emergency treatment for opioid overdose:
NARCAN- reversal drug that reverses an opiate overdose
what happens if prostate cancer is detected early>
VERY CURABLE
What do many college students identify themselves at?
Many college students identify themselves as "social smokers"- who smoke only when they are with people rather than when they are alone. Which can still lead to a complete nicotine dependence and same health risks as those who smoke regularly.
Tobacco use prevention policies:
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of 1998 -tobacco industry to pay states $206 billion over 25 years -various measure to support antismoking education and advertising -forbidden to use billboard advertising, cartoon characters in advertising, and market cigs to children.
what is monitoring the future?
Monitoringthefuture.org is a website that is used to study the behavior and attitudes of young americans
what is cologuard?
cologuard is a home screening test for colon cancer and it is prescription only
breast cancer
detection involves mammograms and regular breast self-exams (BSE) treatment involves: lumpectomy, radical mastectomy, radiation and chemotherapy best to self exam after 2-3 days when menstrual period ends because breast tissues have a lot of hormones during periods
inhalants
inhalants are chemicals that produce vapors capable of causing hallucinations and creating intoxicating and euphoric effects ex: rubber cement, rubber glu, gasoline, lighter fluid
skin cancer
long-term exposure of the sum can result in skin cancer the sum emits three types of harmful UV rats: UVA, UVS, and UVS use suncreen of SPF 15 or higher look at moles to determine irregularities
Drug Interactions:
polydrug use: where several substances are taken simultaneously Synergisim (potentiation): where the effects of two or more drugs are multiplied beyond what is expected if each were taken alone inhibition: where the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug Cross-tolerance: where tolerance to one drug transfers to a second drug.
What are the two lower chambers that pump the blood out again?
the VENTRICLES.
College male 's smoking rate are higher or lower than females?
College male's smoke rates are HIGHER than females.
What is in situ cancer?
cells stay in one place
tobacco related cancers
-Lung cancer is directly linked to cig smoking (number 1 cause of cancer deaths in the US) Leukoplakia: a condition characterized by white patches inside the mouth due to chewing tobacco -Benzo[a]pyrene, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, causes mutations in lung cells that are identical to those found in many patients with lung cancer.
Caffeine?
-Most popular and widely consumed drug in the US. -Made from xanthines, caffeine is a mild CNS stimulant that enhances mental alertness and reduces feelings of drowsiness 8oz= 1 cup
Marijuana
-active ingredient= tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive substance in marijuana -most widely used illegal drug in the US -physical effects: dialtion of blood vessels in the eyes, dryg mouth, increased appetite, lowered blood pressure, mild muscular weakness severely anxiety, panic, paranoia,
Health hazards of tobacco products
-cancer -cariovascular disaease -stroke -respiratory disorders (chronic bronchities, emphysema) -sexual dysfunction -gum disease -ulcers -erectile dysfunction -reproductive health problems -dental diseases
Hookah
-carries the same risk as smoking cigs -Hookahs are marketed as a safe alternative to cigarettes because they reduce your risks from hazardous chemicals by filtering the smoke through water before you inhale. In fact, water pipes may cool the smoke; however, they do not eliminate or filter out harmful substances such as nicotine, carbon monoxide, or tar. In addition to the health risks associated with all tobacco products, unique risks associated with hookah use include hygiene and sanitation concerns from sharing the pipe and the possibility of infectious disease transmission.
club drugs or designer drugs
-ecstasy -mescaline: one of the chemicals derived from the peyote cactus. powerful hallucinogen and a CNS stimulant -psilocybin -PCP -ketamine Research has shown that club drugs can produce hallucinations, paranoia, amnesia, dangerous increases in heart rate and blood pressure, coma, and in some cases death.
Arrhythmias
-people can be born with arrthymia conditions -Arrthymias are irregularities in heart rhythm -Tachycardia is a racing heartbeat in the absence of exercise or anxiety. Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heartbeat Fibrillation is a sporadic heartbeat with a quivering pattern
types of drug
-prescription -over the counter (OTC) -recreational drug (help people relax, or socialize. Alcohol, tobacco, caffeine) -herbal preparations -illicit (illegal) drugs -commercial preparations (sharpies, whippits)
1 Lip/Dip has 10x more amount of nicotine than in
1 cigarette
What is tar?
1. Tar is condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs. In its condensate form, tar is a sticky brown substance that is the main cause of lung and throat cancer in smokers. 2. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of damaging chemical substances. Smoke from an unfiltered cigarette contains 5 billion particles per cubic millimeter, or 50,000 times more than in an equal amount of polluted urban air. When condensed, these particles form a sticky mass called tar.
of adult smokers, what percent started to smoke by the age of 21?
80% of adult smokers started by the age of 21 and half became regular smokers by the age of 18.
What is a stroke?
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. A thrombus is a stationary blood clot. An embolus is a free-flowing clot. An aneurysm is a bulging or burst blood vessel. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief interruption of the blood supply that causes temporary impairment. This may be felt as a sudden numbness or weakness in the face or in an arm or leg, especially on one side of the body.
Atherosclerosis/ Coronary Artery Disease
Atherosclerosis is characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery. Arteriosclerosis, or thickening and hardening of the arteries, is a type of atherosclerosis. It underlies many cardiovascular health problems and is believed to be the biggest contributor to disease burden globally. Hyperlipidemia: an abnormally high blood lipid level Plaque is formed by fatty deposits inside the vessels. Sclerosis is hardening of the vessels.
What are some modifiable risks?
Avoid tobacco smoke. Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol. Strive for a heart-healthy diet. Maintain a healthy weight. Exercise regularly. Control diabetes if you have it. Control your blood pressure. Manage stress.
Quitting tobacco
Breaking the nicotine addiction: withdrawal Nicotine replacement products: Nicotine gum (OTC), nicotine, patch (OTC), nasal spray (prescription), nicotine inhaler (OTC), Buproprion (Zyban) Prescription
Angina Pectoris
CAD- Cordinary Artery Disease Ischemia A reduction in the heart's blood and oxygen supply The more serious the oxygen deprivation, the more severe the pain. Nitroglycerin Drug used to relax (dilate) the veins Beta blockers control potential over-activity of the heart muscle.
What is carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide is a gas found in cigarette smoke; it binds at oxygen receptor sites in the blood. -Tobacoo smoking is by far the largest determinant of CO levels in the blood, with smokers typically having blood COHb levels around 10x more higher than non-smokers.
Tar is:
Carcinogenic aka cancer causing
COPD means
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, means the person has chronic bronchitis ( a more serious condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, often due to smoking) or emphezyma ( destroys alveoli, which are air sacs in the lungs and makes it harder for you to breath especially during exercise) or BOTH - no cure for either condition, but treatments are available.
Infectious diseases and cancer risk
Chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver cancer Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer- genital warts Helicobacter pylori - Causes ulcers, which are a major factor in the development of stomach cancer.
Nicotine is a what?
Nicotine is a DRUG
What is nicotine classified as?
Nicotine is classified as a central nervous STIMULANT
Routs of drug administration
Oral ingestion: taken by mouth Inhalation: sniffed, smoked, or inhaled (reaches brain quicker) -most common Injection: administered either intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously (skin) -slowest route to bloodstream Transdermal: absorbed through the skin, vagina, or anus aka inunction
treatment approaches
Outpatient behavioral treatment: Residential treatment Therapeutic communities 12-step programs: Alcoholics Anonymous Cocaine Anonymous Crystal Meth Anonymous Pills Anonymous
What are phenols?
Phenols are chemical irritants in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to development of lung cancer think of lung cancer
what happens to pregnant women who smoke?
Pregnant women who smoke are at higher risk for stillbirth, miscarriage, delivering low birth weight babies and babies with abnormalities of the nervous system
What are some nonmodifiable risks?
Race and ethnicity African Americans tend to have the highest overall rates of CVD and hypertension. Heredity A family history of heart disease appears to increase the risk for CVD significantly -age gender: men are at greater risk until about age 60, when women catch up and surpass them
What environment and occupation risk?
Radiation from X rays, UV rays (the sun)
Congenital Cardiovascular Defects
Such conditions may be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development. Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever, which affects the heart's connective tissue. -what causes this? untreated strep throat infection can cause rheumatic heart disease
Aspirin and other drug therapies
Taking an aspirin a day does not prevent a heart disease especially over the age of 65. -shows result of brain and stomach bleeding
diagnosing, treating, and recovering from cardiovascular disease
Techniques for diagnosing heart disease: -Electrocardiogram (ECG): a record of the heart's electrical activity Angiography: aka cardiac catheterization, is more accurate than ac ECG. A needle-thin tub called a catheter is threaded through heart arteries, a dye is injected and an X ray is taken to discover blockages. Positron emission tomography (PET): produces 3D images of the heart as blood flows through it. During a PET scan, a patient, both at rest and during exercise, receives an intravenous injection of a radioactive tracer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses power magnets to look inside the body. Computer generated pictures can show the heart muscle and help identify problems Ultrafast computed tomography (CT): fast form of heart xray designed to evaluate bypass grafts, diagnose ventricular function and measure calcium deposits Cardiac Calcium score:
depressents: benzodiazepines and barbiturates
The Facts Benzodiazepines are sedative-hypnotics. Rohypnol is the "date rape" drug. How Users Feel Low doses reduce or relieve tension but may cause rapid mood changes, impaired judgment, and impaired social and occupational functioning. High doses produce slurred speech, drowsiness, and stupor. Side Effects Physical and psychological dependence within 2 to 4 weeks Cross-tolerance is a complication Mood and behavior changes, slurred speech, poor coordination, unsteady gait, involuntary eye movements, impaired attention or memory, and stupor and coma Synergistic effect when used in combination with alcohol Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GBH) is a CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic effects. Its use can result in loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, and even death.
What is the HIGHEST percentage of population that smokes?
The HIGHEST percentage of population that smokes is the NATIVE AMERICAN/ALASKA NATIVE 32.0%
What happens after 1 year of not smoking?
The risks for lung cancer and stroke decrease.
where is blood collected in the the heart?
The upper chambers, the ATRIA, from the rest of the body.
How do drugs affect the brain?
Without the drug, people go through withdrawl symptons -people also grow a tolerance and need a higher dosage.
synthetic marijuana
also known as K2 or "spice" -mimics marijuana intoxication but with longer duration and poor detection on urine drug screens -most common way of smoking K2 is in a "joint" followed by a hookah use -People smoking K2 may experience several adverse health effects such as hallucinations, severe agitation, extremely elevated heart rate and blood pressure, coma, suicide attempts, and drug dependence, which is not common among cannabis users.
BSE, PAP TEST, TSE, PSA
breast self examination: breast, mammograms cervix: pap test (smear) colon and rectum: fecal occult blood test (test can detect tiny amounts of blood in the stool) sigmoidscopy: checks the rectum and lower part of the body for polyps coloscopy: checks the rectum and entire colon for polyps and cancer prostate: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test
Types of Cancer
carcincomas: skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands. (most common kind of cancer) sarcomas: bones, muscles, and blood vessels- forms in the supporting or connective tissues of the body Lymphomas: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-hodkin's lymphoma- arises in the cells of the lymph system- the network in the body that filters out impurities leukemias: bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen- arises in the blood forming tissues
Risks from ETS
sidestream smoke contains more carcinogenic substances than mainstream smoke -contains 2x more tar and nicotine, 5x more carbon monoxide, 50 times more ammonia. -nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are 20-30% more likely to have a coronary heart disease than those who are not exposed to smoke.
common heart attack symbols and signs
sign or symptom: -crushing or squeezing chest pain (men) -pain radiating down arm, neck or jaw (men) -chest discomfort or pressure with shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, or lightheadedness (more women) -shortness of breath without chest pain; discomfort in beack, neck or jaw or in one or both arms (women), -unusual weakness (women) -unusual fatigue (women) -sleep disturbances (women) -Indigestion, flulike symptoms (women)
hallucinogens: what is synesthesia
synesthesia: occurs when sensory messages are mixed. One smells colors or hears tastes.
3 categories: opiate, opioid, narcotic
synthetic opiate= opioid natural= opium opiate and opium= narcotic -Opioids cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria. -heroin is highly addictive, oxycontin is another powerful opiate
medical factors
women with breast cancer should never take menopause medicine or anything that contains estrogen or progesterone because it contributes to multiple cancer risks. -chemo used to treat one form of cancer may increase the risk for another type of cancer.