Nutrition- Ch 1-4, 9

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as a. glycogen b. ketone bodies c. certain B vitamins d. fiber

glycogen

Which of the following is not a function of fat in the body? a. Build scar tissue b. Lubricate body tissues c. Pad vital organs d. Provide energy

Lubricate body tissues

Which of the following are considered to be functions of lipids in the body? a. Energy source b. Protection of vital organs c. Means of absorption for certain vitamins d. Temperature regulation e. All of the above

All of the above

All proteins are composed of a. Amino acids b. Hormones c. Antibodies d. Enzymes

Amino acids

A macronutrient made of C, H, and O which is the body's preferred source of energy

Carbohydrates

Which type of fat structurally contains no double bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain? a. Unsaturated fat b. Polyunsaturated fat c. Saturated fat d. Trans fat

Saturated fat

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate? a. Soluble fiber b. High-fructose corn syrup c. Glucose d. Lactose

Soluble fiber

Which of the following factors makes carbohydrates an important nutrient? a. They are inexpensive b. They provide muscle growth c. They are a super nutrient d. They can be stored and are broken down into energy more easily than other nutrients

They can be stored and are broken down into energy more easily than other nutrients

Essential amino acids are those a. Available from grains b. Essential to a healthy heart c. Manufactured by the body because they are essential to life d. Unable to be synthesized in adequate amounts by the body

Unable to be synthesized in adequate amounts by the body

Fiber is non-digestible by humans because it contains a branched chain. Comparatively, starch is digestible by humans because it is unbranched. True/false

false

Glycemic load is the ratio of blood glucose response of a given food versus a standard, like white bread. Glycemic index takes portion sizing into account. true/false

false

Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids. true/false

false

Peristalsis is a voluntary response. true/false

false

Energy for the body cells is provided by a. Fructose b. Glucose c. Galactose d. Sucrose

glucose

Nervous system cells burn mostly ________ for energy. a. glucose b. fructose c. lactose d. fiber

glucose

The storage form of glucose; found in skeletal muscle and the liver.

glycogen

Major functions of lipids include all of the following EXCEPT _________. a. help in the production of steroid hormones b. stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals c. cushioning of the body against bumps and blows d. serving as an energy source

help in the production of steroid hormones

Process of converting an unsaturated fat to a saturated fatty acid by replacing the double bonds with hydrogen

hydrogenation

A food item that does not contain all of the essential amino acids

incomplete protein

One of the three accessory organs involved in digestion

liver

Broad term defining a nutrient that is needed in small quantities for normal growth and development and includes vitamins and minerals

micronutrient

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of this type of carbohydrate

monosaccharide

Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance. a. positive b. activated c. inverted d. negative

positive

A macronutrient made of C, H, O, and N. The body's only source of nitrogen.

protein

A macronutrient that is primarily responsible for the building and repair of muscle and tissue

protein

Type of fat that contains no double-bonds, solid at room temperature, and comes from animal sources

saturated fat

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a small amount of _________ to be digested in the mouth. a. fat b. starch c. vitamin D d. protein

starch

Insulin: a. helps glucose enter cells b. stimulates cells to break down glycogen for energy c. is released during fasting periods, such as between meals d. increases blood glucose levels after meals

stimulates cells to break down glycogen for energy

A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment. true/false

true

Refined carbohydrates do not satisfy hunger as well as proteins and fats, which may lead to an excessive consumption of calories. true/false

true

The difference between one triglyceride and another resides in the type of fatty acids attached to each glycerol. true/false

true

Person who consumes plant-based diet and does not consume meat or poultry

vegetarian

Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin? a. Oral cavity b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Large intestine

Oral cavity

The Hepatic Portal Vein is the main vessel involved in nutrient transport after digestion. It carries nutrients from the _____________ to the ________________. a. Stomach; small intestine b. Small intestine; kidneys c. Liver; small intestine d. Small intestine; liver

Small intestine; liver

Fat-like waxy structure found in blood and body tissue; excess amounts can contribute to heart disease

cholesterol

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract? a. Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth b. Salivary amylase breaking down starch in the mouth c. Pancreatic lipase breaking down fat in the small intestine d. Gastrin stimulating HCl production in the stomach

Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

The alimentary canal starts at the ______________ and ends at the ______________. a. Esophagus; small intestine b. Oral cavity; anus c. Oral cavity; rectum d. Pylorus; anus

Oral cavity; anus

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid? a. Polysaccharides b. Triglycerides c. Phospholipids d. Sterols

Polysaccharides

Bile is made in the liver from _______. The bile is then stored in the _______ until needed. a. cholesterol; gallbladder b. cholesterol; duodenum c. lecithin; gallbladder d. lecithin; duodenum

cholesterol; gallbladder

A/an __________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions. a. conditionally essential b. essential c. dispensable d. indispensable

conditionally essential

Which of the following statements about dietary fiber is correct? a. Soluble fiber dissolves in oil but not in water b. Insoluble fiber increases intestinal excretion of cholesterol c. Soluble fiber attaches to other waste products in the intestine to stimulate peristalsis d. Fiber is the portion of plants the human body cannot digest

Fiber is the portion of plants the human body cannot digest

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate? a. Starch b. Fiber c. Fructose d. Glycogen

Fructose

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system? a. Liver b. Brain c. Pancreas d. Gallbladder

Brain

Which of the following statements is true? a. Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition. b. In the United States, teenagers have the greatest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. c. Compared to children in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the United States have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. d. Protein-energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding.

Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

Basic building block of protein

amino acids

The liver uses cholesterol to make ___________. a. vitamin A b. bile c. water d. fatty acids

bile

The RDA for protein in g/kg of body weight/day

0.8

Number of calories in one gram of fat

9

The end products of digestion for carbohydrates, protein, and fat, include what, respectively? a. Polysaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids b. Fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides c. Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids d. Fiber, unsaturated fat, enzymes

Fiber, unsaturated fat, enzymes

The presence of this lipoprotein (a cholesterol transporter) is associated with a reduction in heart disease risk

HDL

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues? a. LDL b. HDL c. Insoluble fiber d. Insulin

HDL

The unique function of protein in the human body is to a. Aid in digestion and absorption of fats b. Modify the passage time to excretion of selected medications c. Provide energy d. Serve as building materials for tissue repair

Serve as building materials for tissue repair

What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber? a. Soluble fiber is in animal foods, whereas insoluble fiber is in plant foods. b. Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water c. Soluble fiber provides no health benefits to humans, whereas insoluble fiber reduces the risk of heart disease d. Soluble fiber can be digested by humans, whereas insoluble fiber cannot be digested

Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water

Which of the following is NOT considered a major function of proteins in the human body? a. Synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen b. Synthesis of clotting compounds in blood c. Synthesis of certain hormones d. As enzymes to speed chemical reactions

Synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen

The monosaccharide most commonly found in fruit

fructose

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are a. glucose, galactose, and mannose b. fructose, lactose, and hexose monophosphate c. galactose, glucose, and fructose d. maltose, ribose, and galactose

galactose, glucose, and fructose

Number of calories in one gram of carbohydrate and protein

4

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true? a. Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries. b. Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child. c. Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein. d. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following best describes an essential amino acid? a. An amino acid that must be consumed in the diet b. An amino acid that is used to form a low-quality protein c. An amino acid that limits protein synthesis d. An amino acid that can be made by the body from other substances

An amino acid that must be consumed in the diet

Which of the following would be a good source of insoluble fiber? a. Apple skin b. Whole milk c. Green peas d. Banana

Apple skin

The descriptive name for fats of all kinds is a. Complete b. Essential c. Lipids d. Saturated

Lipids

Why do manufacturers use hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated fats in their products? a. They increase shelf life and stability b. They improve the look and presentation of the product c. They increase the amount of oxidation d. They decrease the product's caloric content

They increase shelf life and stability

Broad term for defining a nutrient that can supply energy to the body

macronutrient

The enzyme ________ breaks the disaccharide maltose into its two molecules of glucose. a. maltase b. sucrase c. amylase d. lipase

maltase

The process of digesting food begins in the a. colon b. liver c. mouth d. esophagus

mouth

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n)________ fatty acid. a. polyunsaturated b. monounsaturated c. saturated d. essential

saturated

Fiber is easily digested by the human body. true/false

true

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food. a. villi b. arteries c. neurons d. veins

villi

Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of complete protein? a. Low-fat milk b. Soybean oil c. Avocado d. Sesame seed crackers

Low-fat milk

A primary function of the digestive system is the a. production of red blood cells b. transmission of nervous impulses c. destruction of toxic metabolic by-products d. breakdown of food into nutrients

breakdown of food into nutrients

Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid ____________. a. has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond b. contains no double bonds c. has a kink in its molecular structure that keeps it from being straight d. is comprised of glucose molecules

has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond