Exam 2

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Running burns approximately 600 Calories per hour. If you ate four hard-boiled eggs, how long would you have to run to burn them off?

30 minutes

The metabolic processes that produce acid in your muscles are similar to the processes that produce soy sauce, pepperoni, and bread. What is the similarity?

All involve anaerobic respiration.

Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?

Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

The molecules needed for photosynthesis are __________ and ________

carbon dioxide ... water

Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?

carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to support aerobic metabolism

Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ________.

chemical energy into kinetic energy

Which transition describes a possible order of cell respirations activities?

a product of glycolysis enters the electron transport chain

Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Most enzymes are

proteins

The Golgi apparatus mainly functions to modify __________

proteins

Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?

proteins and phospholipids

A product of glycolysis is __

pyruvic acid

Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?

vacuole ... storage

An object at rest has no ________ energy, but it may have ________ energy resulting from its location or structure.

kinetic; potential

An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will ____

lose water by osmosis and shrivel

Digestion of organic matter inside the cell takes place in what organelle?

lysosomes

Which makes up portions of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules

During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?

mitochondria

Electron transport takes place in the _____

mitochondria

Enzymes work by _____.

reducing activation energy

Which is a function of the plasma membrane?

regulate traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?

substrate

Which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support?

Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

__________ is used as fuel and __________ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.

Glucose ... carbon dioxide

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ___

oxygen

When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. Diffusion across a biological membrane is called

passive transport

The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.

active

Examine the figure. Which of these stages receive input from more than one other stage?

electron transport

What is the correct label for "A"?

energy of activation

Where is this molecule normally found in a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

Using the figure for a reference, approximately how many times larger is the smallest bacteria compared to an atom?

1,000 times larger

In the absence of oxygen the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule during glycolysis is approximately _________

2 ATPs

When the circulatory system cannot deliver oxygen fast enough to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________.

ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

A glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. What other energy carrier(s) that can be used to synthesize more ATP is/are also generated during these processes?

NADH and FADH2

What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

The concentration of calcium in a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?

active transport

Chemical reactions that require oxygen are called __________, and those that do not require oxygen are called__________

aerobic ... anaerobic

What processes, if any, provide energy for the developing chick?

aerobic respiration

The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________

chromatin

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________.

conservation of energy

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________

decreasing activation energy

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?

ethyl alcohol

Examine the figure above. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?

glycolysis

Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?

glycolysis

Which one of the following is considered the oldest mechanism to generate ATP?

glycolysis

In osmosis, water moves across a selectively permeable membrane toward the __________ solution; that is, toward the solution with the __________ solute concentration.

hypertonic ... greater

An enzyme

is an organic catalyst

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.

is unchanged

When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are ___ to where they are ____.

more concentrated; less concentrated

Where does protein synthesis take place?

on ribosomes

Which of these molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth?

phospholipids

You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell

plant

Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________

plant cells and animal cells

Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ________

potential energy called chemical energy

If the amount of oxygen required by your muscles during a workout exceeds your aerobic capacity, your muscle cells will __________

switch to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid

The electron transport chain of cellular respiration is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where are these molecules located in eukaryotic cells?

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

The waste products of cellular respiration include _

water and carbon dioxide


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