Exam 2
Running burns approximately 600 Calories per hour. If you ate four hard-boiled eggs, how long would you have to run to burn them off?
30 minutes
The metabolic processes that produce acid in your muscles are similar to the processes that produce soy sauce, pepperoni, and bread. What is the similarity?
All involve anaerobic respiration.
Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
The molecules needed for photosynthesis are __________ and ________
carbon dioxide ... water
Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?
carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to support aerobic metabolism
Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ________.
chemical energy into kinetic energy
Which transition describes a possible order of cell respirations activities?
a product of glycolysis enters the electron transport chain
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Most enzymes are
proteins
The Golgi apparatus mainly functions to modify __________
proteins
Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?
proteins and phospholipids
A product of glycolysis is __
pyruvic acid
Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?
vacuole ... storage
An object at rest has no ________ energy, but it may have ________ energy resulting from its location or structure.
kinetic; potential
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will ____
lose water by osmosis and shrivel
Digestion of organic matter inside the cell takes place in what organelle?
lysosomes
Which makes up portions of the cytoskeleton?
microtubules
During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?
mitochondria
Electron transport takes place in the _____
mitochondria
Enzymes work by _____.
reducing activation energy
Which is a function of the plasma membrane?
regulate traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
substrate
Which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support?
Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.
__________ is used as fuel and __________ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.
Glucose ... carbon dioxide
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ___
oxygen
When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. Diffusion across a biological membrane is called
passive transport
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.
active
Examine the figure. Which of these stages receive input from more than one other stage?
electron transport
What is the correct label for "A"?
energy of activation
Where is this molecule normally found in a eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
Using the figure for a reference, approximately how many times larger is the smallest bacteria compared to an atom?
1,000 times larger
In the absence of oxygen the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule during glycolysis is approximately _________
2 ATPs
When the circulatory system cannot deliver oxygen fast enough to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ________.
ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product
A glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. What other energy carrier(s) that can be used to synthesize more ATP is/are also generated during these processes?
NADH and FADH2
What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?
active transport
Chemical reactions that require oxygen are called __________, and those that do not require oxygen are called__________
aerobic ... anaerobic
What processes, if any, provide energy for the developing chick?
aerobic respiration
The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________
chromatin
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________.
conservation of energy
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________
decreasing activation energy
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
ethyl alcohol
Examine the figure above. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?
glycolysis
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
Which one of the following is considered the oldest mechanism to generate ATP?
glycolysis
In osmosis, water moves across a selectively permeable membrane toward the __________ solution; that is, toward the solution with the __________ solute concentration.
hypertonic ... greater
An enzyme
is an organic catalyst
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
is unchanged
When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are ___ to where they are ____.
more concentrated; less concentrated
Where does protein synthesis take place?
on ribosomes
Which of these molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth?
phospholipids
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell
plant
Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________
plant cells and animal cells
Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ________
potential energy called chemical energy
If the amount of oxygen required by your muscles during a workout exceeds your aerobic capacity, your muscle cells will __________
switch to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid
The electron transport chain of cellular respiration is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where are these molecules located in eukaryotic cells?
the inner membrane of the mitochondria
The waste products of cellular respiration include _
water and carbon dioxide
