While You Were Sleeping Exam I
google searches for the word ___________ have increased during 2020-2021 overall increase in sleep disorders worldwide in ________ was repeatedly documented
"insomnia" 2020
Von Economo found 2 different cerebral areas affected in the _____________ and __________________. He found excessive sleepiness in patients with damage in the _____________________ He found insomnia in patients with damage in the _____________________ Suggested that __________ was caused by lesions between these sites
"sleepiness form" , "insomnia-agitation form" central area of the brain preoptic area/basal forebrain and in the front of the hypothalamus narcolepsy
ACGME Resident work rules
-80 hour work week -at least 10 hours off between shifts -no more than 16 hour shifts for interns -no more than 24 hour shiift more residents -at least 1 day off in 7
Mu waves
-9-11 HZ -originate in the motor cortex, diminished with motor movement, intent to move, or observing others performing actions -may represent mirror neuron activity
What does BEARS stand for?
-Bedtime problems -Excessive daytime sleepiness -Awakenings during the night -Regularity of evening sleep time and morning awakenings -Sleep-related breathing problems or Snoring
neurotransmission can be described:
-anatomically - pathways -chemically- neurotransmitters -electrically
When you don't sleep there are documented increases in:
-automobile accidents -medial errors -weight gain -inattention/poor concentration -emotional instability -paranoia/confusion -depression and anxiety
Sleep metrics
-behavioral observations -neurophysiological measures -objective measures -subjective measures
Sleep debt: 8 hours/night with minimal sleep debt
-bounce out of bed -productive morning -enjoy early afternoon classes -peak performance in evening -little to no caffeine -no troublesome events/accidents
What did Thomas Willis say about sleep?
-coffee could prevent sleep -sleep is not a disease but a symptom of underlying causes -animal spirits undergo rest during sleep; those in the cerebellum, become active during sleep to maintain control over physiology and cause dreaming -restless legs syndrome was first described as an escape of these animal humors into the nerves of the limbs and a noted treatment was powdered opium
What did Frederic Bremer find?
-comatose after the resection of all the sensorial information for the body -normal sleep and wake pattern. -concluded that sleep is due to lack of stimulation of the cerebral cortex -- showing that sleep is a passive phenomenon (correct experiment, wrong conclusion)
if you're in sleep debt, what kind of sleep do you need?
-deep sleep so, if you normally sleep 7 hours but miss a full night of sleep, maybe you can sleep 10 hours the next night and catch up; thereby only making up the lost deep sleep
stage 2 sleep (N2, sleep spindle)
-defined by the presence of sleep spindles and/or K-complexes and the absence of slow waves -sleep spindles occurs about every 10-30 secs -sleep spindles occurs in NREM stages 2 and 3 but hard to see in stage 3
Randy Gardner
-didn't sleep for 264 hours -holds the guinness world record -reported to have suffered short term memory problems, paranoia, hallucinations, and confusion -after 14:40 hours recovery sleep on day #1 and 10:30 hours day 2 he was well and no subsequent sequelae have been observed
What did Kleitman and Dement find from all-night studies? What did the EEG show during REM sleep? What did they come up with?
-discovered sleep cycles and destroyed the notion of sleep as a passive state -a pattern close to wakefulness but people were difficult to awaken from REM than light sleep 4 sleep stages of NREM and REM
examples of neurophysiological measures: examples of objective measures: subjective measures:
-eeg, temperature -polysomnography, actigraphy -surveys, rating scales, and self report questionnaires
how do neurons respond to the world?
-electrically (ions like sodium and chloride pass in and out of neurons) -chemically releasing neurochemicals (neurotransmitters)
collective or interdependency cultures:
-emphasize the interdependence -stress the priority of group goals over individual goals -importance of cohesion within social groups -asian and latin countries rely on interdependency values
What did Alfred Loomis do?
-had his own private lab -guests had to submit to the ritual known as "putting on the electrodes" which was part of the preparation of the measurement of brain waves -describes 5 discreet recurring states A-E -A and B corresponds to N1; C to N2; D and E to N3
Complete sleep history questions
-how many hours do you sleep? -when do you go to sleep? -with whom do you sleep? -how long does it take to fall asleep? -any notable awakenings? -any rituals or practices used to help fall asleep? are you refreshed after sleep? -any sleep pathologies?
The Bell Commission
-investigation into medical resident work hours -80 hour work week -no more than 24 hours straight work -residents receive more attending physician supervision
history of children's sleep
-kids are getting 80 minutes less sleep each day -the rationale over >100 years has remained that children are overtaxed by the stimulation of modern living
Common myths related to sleep
-large lunch makes me sleepy -boring meeting makes me sleepy -a warm room makes me sleepy -these things may make you bored but not sleepy -when our sleep debt is low, we don't become sleepy after lunch or during a meeting
deleterious effects of sleep loss
-neurocognitive effects (attention, memory, academic) -physiological effects -mortality
Gamma waves
-observed by digital EEG -25-100HZ -originate in thalamus and involved in synchronizing consciousness and sensory processing
what is the point of theta?
-originate in cortex and hippocampus; show up with daydreaming, drowsiness, trance-like states, and repetitive tasks -theta waves proposed to be important in creativity and achieving "flow" (good ideas and mental wellbeing)
What is the point of alpha?
-originate in the occipital lobe during wakeful relaxation with eyes closed; disappear with onset of sleep -alpha waves indicate a lack of visual processing and focus
What's the point of sleep spindles?
-originate in the thalamus -thought to represent periods when the brain is inhibiting processing to keep the sleeper tranquil -seen in the brain as a burst of activity following a muscle twitch -probably important in memory consolidation
what's the point of N3 (delta)?
-originate in the thalamus or cortex -stimulate the release of several hormones and inhibit the release of TSH -important in declarative memory consolidation
what's the point of K-complexes?
-originate widely in the cortex -occur naturally and in response to external stimuli -thought to suppress cortical arousal and aid in sleep based memory consolidation.
How do you know if someone is sleeping?
-physical quiescence (elevated threshold for arousal and reactivity) -rapid awakening (with moderate stimulation) -rebound recovery (increased sleep following deprivation)
Cause of SIDS is unknown and possibly due to : SIDS kills _____ children per year and is the ____ leading cause of death among. infants in the US peak between _____ months of age boys more often than girls
-problems with the baby's ability to wake up -inability for the baby's body to detect a build up of carbon dioxide in the blood 2500, 3rd 2-4
individualism or independency culture:
-promote the exercise of one's goals and desires -value independence and self-reliance -autonomy and independence are core value of these cultures -Anglo-Saxon countries rely on independency and autonomy values
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
-saccadic eye movements -low voltage, mixed frequency EEG -very low level of below the brain EMG activity -characterized by saw-tooth waves
More on institue of medicine report
-sleep deprived individuals do not recognize their impairment -residents working 30 hour shifts make 36% more serious medical errors caring for ICU patients -168% increase risk of an MVA coming home from work -residents are 73% more likely to stab themselves with a needle/scalpel when performing a procedure after working 20 hours than during a 12 hour shift
Healthy women tend to:
-sleep longer than men -have fewer arousals -have more SWS throughout life and less light stage sleep -show less decline in SWS with age until menopause -complain more daytime sleepiness despite longer total sleep time -have more fragmented and disrupted sleep in the perimenopausal period, showing more alpha rhythm during sleep, in part secondary to hormonal changes and hot flashes -report more difficulties falling asleep and remaining asleep after menopause
What was the theory of stimulation in the mid-19th century?
-sleep was an inactive state of the brain. which occurred because of reduced sensory input (e.g darkness, quiet) -being awake occurred because of being in a loud, bright, stimulating environment
Risk factors for SIDs
-sleeping on the stomach -cigarette smoke -elevated room temperature -co-sleeping -soft bedding in crib -being a twin, triplet -premature birth -family history of SIDs -smoking or drug use by mother -short time period between pregnancies -late or no prenatal care -living in poverty
Evidence for hypnotoxins - Kuniomi Ishimori
-suggested that hypnotoxin accumulates during wakefulness and dissipates during sleep -injected cerebral-spinal fluid from sleep-deprived dogs into awake dogs who fells asleep -Adenosine=hypnotoxin
what was the theory of hypnotoxin in the mid-19th century?
-toxins and fatigue products accumulated during the day, ultimately causing sleep -these toxins were gradually eliminated during sleep
What was the Thomas Wehr Study?
-volunteers began with 8 hours sleep each night for a week -then they had 14 hours in darkness each night w 8 hours of sleep outside of the sleep lab daily -for the first 3 weeks, people averaged 12 hours of sleep each night -by the 4th week they settled into 8.25 hours of sleep each night sleep became biphasic: -people tended to sleep in two 4-hour blocks with 1-2 hours awake in between
Sleep debt: 8 hours/night with large sleep debt
-you need 3 snooze alarms -feel in a fog all morning -must struggle to stay awake in afternoon classes -in late evening, can't study but too tired to sleep -consume lots of caffeine -troublesome events/accident prone
hibernation is characterized by:
1. a drop in body temperature with abandonment of temp, regulation. 2. a loss of somatic reflexes 3. in placental mammals, hibernation always begins with NREM episode. But large NREM rebounds have been found after a hibernation bout, suggesting that hibernating animals are NREM deprived
What are the general rules for "scoring" EEGS?
1. score sleep stages in 30 second sequential epochs 2. assign a stage to each epoch 3. if 2 or more stages coexist during a single epoch, assign the stage compromising the greatest portion of the epoch
How many less hours are american adults and adolescents sleeping?
1.5-2 hours less
What did the National Sleep Foundation 2009 Sleep in American poll find?
1.9 million drivers had a car crash or near miss due to drowsiness
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates ___________ police reported crashes are the result of driver fatigue each year
100,000
Total sleep time in early childhood: Proportion of REM sleep decreases to adult levels: Highest percentage of _______ with especially high arousal thresholds High incidence of: dreaming starts?
11-12 hours 20-25% Slow wave sleep bedwetting, sleepwalking, night terrors
How much sleep do newborns get per day? how long are their sleep-wake cycles? They have shorter sleep cycles: REM sleep is ___% at 4 weeks: at 3 months:
16-18 hours 3-4 hours 50 mins 50 circadian rhythm of core body temperature circadian rhythm of melatonin and cortisol
Over the past 40 years, americans have reduced their average total sleep time by more than ________.
2 hours
An estimated ___% of motor vehicle accidents are linked to drowsy driving
20
Adolescents with parental set bedtimes of midnight or later were:
24% more likely to suffer depression 20% more likely to suffer suicidal ideation as compared to adolescents with set bedtimes of 10pm or earlier
In infants, unpredictability of waking episodes for about the first ___ months. rhythm with an approximately 25h period emerging at about ____ weeks. well consolidated waking and sleeping pattern at about ____ weeks. sleeping through the night achieved usually at _______ months.
3 5 15 6-9
What did the Gallup Poll find?
31% of adults reported falling asleep while driving 4% reported accidents due to falling asleep
what percent of adolescents get less than 8 hours of sleep? what percent go to sleep after 11pm? how many hours on average do 12th graders get? what percent of elementary school children report being tired?
45% 54% 6.9hours 40%
The average american adult sleeps ____________ weekdays and ________ weekends. 37% of adults say they are so tired during the day it___________________. 75% of adults experience at least one symptom of __________________. 55% of adults nap at least _________
6.8 hours, 7.4 hours interferes with daily activities a sleep disorder a few nights a week or more once during the week
greater. likelihood of sports injuries when adolescents sleep less than _____ hours.
8
a typical sleep duration of 4 hours per night was equivalent to aging ____________ in terms of overall cognition. What was impaired by too much or too little sleep?
8 years reasoning and verbal skills
what percent of adolescents have an electronic music player in their room? what percent have a tv in their bedroom? what percent have electronic/video games/cellphone in their bedroom? what percent have a computer?
90% 57% 43% 28%
REM periods every __________ minutes. First REM period is _______. Most _________ sleep occurs early. Most _______ occurs late. About 75% of sleep is _______ and 25% is _________.
90-120 shortest deep REM NREM, REM
Basic Rest Activity Cycle (BRAC)
A 90-minute cycle (in humans) of waxing and waning alertness controlled by a biological clock in the pons; during sleep, it controls cycles of REM sleep and slow-wave sleep.
what is REM density?
A function that expresses the frequency of eye movements per unit time during sleep stage REM
What defines EEG waves?
Amplitude and frequency
References of sleep and dreams appear in the : ______ and ______ are known to induce sleep
Bible, Veda, Koran opium poppy , alcohol
Sleep in Utero 24 weeks gestation: 28 weeks: 32 weeks: 34 weeks:
EEG activity emerges differentiation into sleep and wakefulness patterns Active sleep (REM) appears with body movements, irregular respiratory pattern and irregular heart rate, EEG is irregular low voltage quiet sleep (NREM) appears, limited body movements, regular heart rate, higher EEG voltage
What are sleep spindles?
EEG wave forms in which a sinusoidal rhythm of 12-14 cps waxes and wanes for 1-2 seconds
What data does polysomnography (PSG) collect?
EEG, EMG, and cardio respiratory functions
Why we aren't sleeping...
ELECTRONICS volitional sleep deprivation poor sleep habits circadian factors environmental disruptions untreated sleep problems/disorders
Examples of accidents due to fatigue:
Exxon Valdez -3rd mate piloting ship had 6 hours sleep in prior 48 hours Space Shuttle Challenger -NASA decision to launch despite inadequate data on O-ring function at low temperature Bronx Bus -casino tour bus, fatigue blamed for accident
Who was the 2017 Nobel Prize awarded to? what did they do? what did they show about this gene?
Hall, Rosbash, and Young for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm. isolate a gene that controls the normal daily biological rhythm encodes a protein that accumulates in the cell during the night and is degraded during the day
Birds have both _______________, shorter REM periods than mammals EEG and behaviorally defined sleep were reduced by 2/3 during ____________________
NREM and REM migratory seasons in migratory birds
Marine mammals have unilateral ________.
NREM sleep
We cannot do ______ or ______ in most animals. so ___________ become more important 3 possible exceptions:
PSG , EEG behavioral characteristics cockroaches, zebrafish, bullfrogs
What is the Stanford Sleepiness scale?
Questionnaire designed to identify patients who have excessive daytime sleepiness
What is considered present In all mammals except for marine mammals?
REM
Acetylcholine is elevated 4X as high during______________ as ________.
REM NREM
In newborns, active sleep becomes ___ sleep: quiet sleep becomes ___ sleep: indeterminant sleep
REM uneven respiration, muscle atonia, continuous EEG activity, rapid eye movements NREM even respiration, body is inactive, discontinuous EEG, no eye movements
how does sleep varies qualitatively and quantitatively across the lifespan?
REM and brain maturation circadian preference Reduction of slow wave sleeps
What's the point of REM?
REM may provide a "work out" or stimulation for the developing brain which leads to more growth than the baby would otherwise obtain our muscles are most relaxed during REM which provides a good opportunity for cell repair and immune system operations important for procedural memory
What is sleep onset REM period?
REM periods that occurs within 15 minutes of sleep onset
After you catch up on deep sleep, you tend to experience___________. Take home point:
REM rebounds (with may go on for a few nights) you need both REM and deep sleep when you're sleep deprived and your body will preferentially choose both
When the fur seal stays in seawater it goes without REM for days or weeks. After this it displays minimal or no REM sleep 'rebound' upon returning to baseline conditions. What are these findings consistent with? this warming of the brain can be seen as preparation for : How can the absence of REM sleep in dolphins and whales be explained?
REM sleep, shown to warm the brain, functions to reverse the reduced metabolism and brain cooling that occurs in bilateral NREM sleep waking half their brain is always awake, which keeps the brain warm and makes REM unnecessary
What does RU-SATED ask?
RU - going to bed and waking up at about the same time each day? S- do you make it into deep sleep or toss and turn all night? A- do you feel well rested and alert after a night's sleep? T- is the midpoint of your sleep about 2 - 4 AM? (It's the most healthy pattern for most people) E- are you able to fall and stay asleep for a consolidated period of time? D- how many consecutive hours are you getting each night?
_______ decreases during adulthood and may disappear completely by the age of 60. When do men begin losing SWS? Women? decreased night sleep time:
SWS 30yo + menopause 6-7 hours
In adolescence, proportion of ____ decreases to adult levels significant reduction in total sleep time due to: how much sleep do adolescents need? adolescents and young adults often become _________ during the week and tend to sleep in on weekends
SWS biological and lifestyle changes 9 hours sleep deprived
In later childhood, sleep architecture similar to adult with progressive decrease in ______ but still longer sleep time: Stable sleep and few difficulties falling asleep
SWS, 10-11 hours
What is the behavioral definition of sleep? what are the key characteristics of this definition?
Sleep is a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from, and unresponsiveness to, the environment. -observable -reversible
What was Alcmaeon's first scientific theory of sleep? (6th century BC)
Sleep secondary to blood drainage from vessels on the surface of the body.
stage 2 (N2, K-complex)
The K-complex is an EEG waveform with a well delineated negative sharp wave followed by a slower positive component K-Complexes can occur in response to a stimulus (external) but may be spontaneous as well (internal) accounts for about 45 - 55% of total adult sleep
what is REM latency?
The time between sleep onset and the first incidence of REM sleep.
Can you sleep it all back?
There is no way to get it all back
What did Kleitman and Aserinsky discover in infants sleep?
Used EOG and discovered periods of REM realized that dreaming was associated with REM
what is shift work disorder?
a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness, insomnia, or both as a result of shift work
What is the VLPO and what does it do?
a group of neurons in the hypothalamus active during NREM sleep and inhibit neurons that are involved in wakefulness VLPO neurons release the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA to inhibit the wakefulness centers
there is variability among animal classes in wake, sleep and rest cycles. this suggests:
a more complex brain leads to more complex sleep patterns
Wake promoting neurotransmitters
acetylcholine dopamine histamine norepinephrine orexin seratonin
If I drink a grande Starbucks coffee, I will feel more alert because it will block the action of _______________
adenosine
sleep promoting neurotransmitters
adenosine GABA melanin-concentrating hormone melatonin
In frogs, forebrain EEG is at a maximum voltage during ________ and at minimum voltage during _____________. has been claimed that captive bullfrogs _________ they have periods of ______________, though during this they can open their eyes, their _______________ is not significantly decreased , and there are no __________________
alert active states, rest states do not sleep quiescence, responsivity to stimuli, unequivocal EEG changes
Fruit flies show : gene expression and electrical activity between sleep and wakefulness are similar to :
all behavioral criteria of sleep tose observed in mammals
key anatomy terms
anterior posterior lateral sagittal coronal neurotransmitters-receptors - lock key principle destruction/death of neurons - lack of function executed by those neurons
According to Von Economo insomniacs had a lesion to _______________ hypersomnolents had a lesion to ____________________
anterior hypothalamus posterior hypothalamus
delta waves
asleep, characteristic of slow wave or deep sleep N3
What is the basis of a Psychomotor Vigilance Test
assess for medical, psychiatric, sleep, and SUDS related disorders 48 adults given two baseline days of 8 hours sleep then randomly assigned to either of two conditions: -8h, 6h, or 4h periods of nocturnal sleep for 14 days -total sleep deprivation for 88h neurobehavioral assessments were given every 2h when awake using the PVT : -the subject pushes a button as soon as a light appears on a computer screen, but rather a measure of sustained attention -the light flashes every 2-10 seconds for 10 minutes
What did an Artificial light at night (ALAN) study investigate?
association between levels of nighttime outdoor light and sleep and mental health
What are the 3 states of being?
awake non-REM (NREM) REM
alpha waves
awake, closed eyes and relaxed
beta waves
awake, open eyes and/or engaged intellectually awake or REM sleep
Stimulation of ARAS _________ sleeping individuals and _________________ in those already awake. The nuclei of the ARAS receive inputs from a large number of ________________ and send _____________________ to subcortical targets such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain
awakens , increases alertness sensory systems, excitatory signals
which insects show all behavioral characteristics of sleep? which insect has quiescent behaviors with elevated arousal thresholds? rest deprivation produced increase in __________ and___________ NO ________ demonstrated in insects
bees cockroaches. also have no rebound rest metabolic rate , mortality REM
reptiles exhibit signs of : REM appears to be reported only :
behavioral sleep and wakefulness Australian bearded dragon
In wakefulness, which waves predominate? when eyes are shut which waves appear? wakefulness accounts for less than _____% of the night in most adults _______________ for 1-3 minutes before sleep onset
beta waves alpha waves 5 anterograde amnesia
When on land, seals sleep __________ and with ___________-. When in the sea they sleep __________ and without ___________.
bilaterally, REM unilaterally, REM
theta waves
both awake and asleep. often seen during light sleep or REM sleep or "trance" like states awake, N1, and REM
Changes in the EEG across development represent _____________. as more neurons grow and become synchronized, ____________ becomes higher voltage we later see a __________ in deep sleep voltage around teen years
brain changes deep sleep reduction
thoughts, perceptions, movements (and sleep) are _____________. brain analyses and responds to stimuli and produces sleep via ____________________.
brain functions neurotransmission
What were the findings of Hoddes study on perceptual disengagement?
bright strobelights are flashed into the eyes of adult volunteers whose eyelids are taped open; they are to press a small switch every time they see the light, brain waves are recorded. when the EEG patterns of wakefulness are present, subjects see the light and push the button. When EEG patterns of NREM stage 1 sleep are evident, subjects fail to push the switch and deny seeing the flash
where are procedural memories encoded and stored?
cerebellum, putamen, caudate nucleus, motor cortex
What characteristics of sleep do zebrafish show?
circadian variations in activity, motorically quiet at night specific posture decreased response to stimuli after rest deprivation
how does insufficient quantity/quality of sleep impact children?
cognitive function, behavior, academic success children in poverty and racial minorities face a greater risk risk of obesity, MVA, accidental injuries, depression
when sleepy, people report having difficulty with:
concentration handling stress listening relating to others solving problems decision making
chronic restriction to either 6h or 4h resulted in: in the 4h condition: in the 6h condition:
cumulative deficits relative to the 8h condition lapses in behavioral alertness and reductions in working memory reached levels equivalent to those found after 2 nights without sleep subjects reached levels of impairment in behavioral alertness and working memory performance equivalent to 1 night of total sleep loss
Slow wave sleep (SWS) consistently benefits the consolidation of _______________________. insomniacs (reduction in SWS) have impaired ___________________.
declarative memories declarative memory consolidation
finger tapping test
do better after nights sleep
If I am about to win the lottery, my brain will produce _________.
dopamine
a mouse study showed a system that _______________ from the brain but only during sleep. dye injected into cerebro-spinal fluid barely flowed when mice were awake but... ______________ in the brain decreased after sleep .
drains waste products flowed rapidly when they were asleep beta-amyloid levels
main differences of sleep in women:
duration changes with aging disorder profiles distribution of sleep stages
What is the Stanford Sleepiness Scale?
easy way to assess how alert you are feeling
In EEG beginnings what did Richard Caton measure? (1875) When was EEG applied to humans?
electrical activities in dog brains after removing part of the skull 50 years later
In 1928, what did Hans Berger record? What did he find?
electrical activity of the human brain through EEG clear differences when subjects were awake or asleep
Neuronal communication occurs via _____________________ driven by _______________
electrical signals neurochemicals
what are the 2 types of declarative memory?
episodic (stores specific personal experiences) semantic (stores factual information)
Most women report disturbed sleep during pregnancy: first trimester is usually associated with: REM sleep tends to ______ towards end of pregnancy with increase in stage 1-2 sleep
especially during second and third trimesters, secondary to hormonal changes and physical discomfort sleepiness and fatigue, decrease in SWS decline
Glutamate (wake promoting) is the most abundant _________ and _________ promoting NT present throughout the brain and especially in the ________. Leads to ___________ when applied to different brain sites involved in: modulates ________ during REM sleep
excitatory, wake ARAS wakefulness cognitive functions such as learning and memory in the brain relaxation
patients affected by encephalitis lethargica experienced:
extreme somnolence, often leading to coma and death others had a hyperkinetic form presenting with insomnia
what is anterograde amnesia?
forgetting events that occur just before sleep onset
energy saving and risk avoidance model :
function of sleep is to ensure than animals are only active when the benefits of movement outweigh the costs, large carnivores sleep the most bc they have no predators
hormones are released by ________. they are distributed widely into the ________________. they act ____________ and at a distance from ____________________.
glands bloodstream slowly, their point of release
dreams were seen as ____________ and to occur in response to a _________________. dreams would: What did Freud believe about dream?
guardians of sleep, disturbance keep the sleeper asleep dreams discharged instinctual drives
Stage 3 sleep (N3, slow wave)
high amplitude slow waves (delta waves) sleep spindles and K-complexes may or may not be seen (but often occur) delta (slow) waves occur at about 2 cps with high voltage peaks accounts for about 13-23% of total adult sleep
sleepy foods
high sugar -sugar leads to insulin production -large insulin releases cause more tryptophan to be absorbed by the brain high carb -bread, chips, etc. act like high sugar foods by releasing insulin high fat
what increases after learning? disrupting ripples results in ...
hippocampal ripples disrupted memory and learning
where are declarative memories encoded? where are they consolidated and stored?
hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex temporal cortex
if I take Benadryl, I will be sleepy because it will block _____________.
histamine
The brain keeps track of... it is not 'normal' to... if you feel drowsy...
how much sleep is owed back (for at least 3 weeks) feel drowsy during the daytime you must have a sizeable sleep debt
Actigraphy is the measure of ___________. The unit continually records ____________________. The data can be later read to a computers and ________ offline.
human rest/activity cycles the movements in undergoes analyzed
Melanin-concentrating hormone (REM promoting) is from the responsible for: MCH expressing neurons are located very close to those of :
hypothalamus feeding behavior, mood, sleep-wake cycle, and energy balance orexin
one additional hour in bed, averaging 27 minutes of additional sleep, in children ages 7-11 years results in:
improvements in teachers' blinded ratings of emotional lability and restless/impulsive behavior scores
sleep restriction in experimental settings results in:
inattention and changes in cortical EEG responses
what was found about sleep longevity?
increase in death among those sleeping substantially less than 7 or more than 9 hours of sleep/day
The eldery have ______ fragmentation of sleep. prolonged latency to ___________. increased number of __________. ________ sleep efficiency. tendency to wake earlier and feel more alert in the mornings
increased sleep onset arousals decreased
In adults, what does sleep restriction to 4 hours per night show?
increased heart rate and BP increased inflammation immune function impairment impaired glucose tolerance increased hunger and appetite
REM physiological changes
increased physiological activity autonomic activation altered thermoregulation partial or full penile erections skeletal muscle paralysis rapid eye movements
Adenosine A2A receptor agonists strongly :
induce sleep increase SWS have adverse cardiovascular effects that preclude their use in treating sleep disorders
GABA (sleep promoting) is the primary _________ NT in the brain Medications which increase GABA's action induce _______, reduce _________, and stop ___________-. GABA from the VLPO _________wake promoting nuclei
inhibitory sleep, anxiety, seizures inhibits
Examples of sleep disorders
insomnia , parasomnias, narcolepsy, sleep disordered breathing, circadian rhythm disorders, nightmares, nocturnal enuresis
___________ sleep is linked to changes in reward-related decision making
insufficient
What did Frederic Bremer do?
isolated cat brains
Symptoms of shift work sleep disorder:
lack of energy headaches trouble concentrating depression irritability
PET scans of 20 healthy controls showed that: what is beta-amyloid associated with? sleep deprivation may increase the risk for ...
losing just one night of sleep led to an increase in beta-amyloid impaired brain function and Alzheimer's dementia beta-amyloid build up
Stage 1 (N1) sleep
low voltage, mixed frequency EEG defined by exclusion: -lack of sleep spindles and k-complexes -minimal slow wave activity -no blinking -absence of saccadic eye movements -alpha activity of less than 50% per epoch 4-7 cps theta waves slow, pendular eye movements accounts for 2-5% of sleep
Children with OSA suffer: treatment of OSA results in: children who snore loudly and consistently in early years are at greater risk for:
lower academic achievement significant improvement in school performance academic delays in later years, suggesting residual effects on learning even after resolution of symptoms
What does Polysomnography (PGS) monitor?
many body functions including brain activity (EEG), eye movements (EOG), muscle activity (EMG), heart rhythm (ECG) and breathing functions (respiratory airflow, respiratory effort, and pulse oximetry)
Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)
measures sleep latency in 2 hour intervals -generally at 10am, 12, 2, 4, 6 -duration is 20 minutes if no sleep occurs;15 minutes from onset of nap alertness is determined based upon how long it takes you to fall asleep -0-5 mins : severe -5-10 mins : borderline/troublesome -10-15 mins : manageable -15-20 mins : excellent.
what is declarative (explicit) memory
memories which can be consciously recalled, like facts and knowledge
onset of sleep have profound effects on : sleep appears to close the gate between:
memory short and long term memory
what do sleep deprivation experiments demonstrate about sleep?
memory formation and brain plasticity supporting neuron viability promoting insulin release and insulin responsiveness thermoregulation maintaining immune and skin function
first month post delivery, if the infant sleeps adequately... in the first year of the life of a new baby, parents lose __________ hours of sleep parents of infants and toddlers who have difficulties sleeping are more prone to ...
mom tends to return close to baseline but usually experiences more awakenings 400-750 depression and anxiety
serotonin (wake promoting) regulates: from the: the vast majority of serotonin is in the ________. What can disrupt normal sleep?
mood, impulsivity, anxiety, appetite, and sleep median raphe nuclei gut SSRIs
Ins serial number tasks there is _______ activation among those who sleep.
more
What is associated with increased sleep problems for infants and toddlers in US, Canada and Italy?
more active involvement and parental presence upon falling to sleep
new labile memories from awake state -----> __________________________________
more stable representations become integrated into pre-existing long term memories declarative during deep procedural during REM
sleep seems to occur in ________ animals and to have a crucial role in maintaining life. sleep grows increasingly more complex in parallel to the development of __________________ in some animals studies, extremely prolonged sleep deprivation lead to ______.
most more elaborate nervous systems death
Ascending reticular activating system is a complex system of ______________ that extend to the thalamus and basal forebrain releases various _________ neurotransmitters sends __________ projections throughout the cortex
multiple nuclei wake promoting excitatory
When cats started their REM sleep what happened? Michel Jouvet reported that REM was associated with:
muscle tone disappeared completely atonia
musicians and dancers have used ________________ to attain a relaxed theta state and claim improvements in ______________________.
neurofeedback creativity and performance
What produces higher amplitude on the EEG?
neuronal synchrony
Neurotransmitters are released by ___________________. They act ___________ and _____________.
neurons quickly and locally
neurons which produce the same _______________ tends to cluster together in the same areas of the brain defined ________________
neurotransmitters nuclei
REM-rich sleep following a period of NREM sleep benefits ____________________.
non-declarative memory
If I am worried about an exam, my brain will release ___________________.
noradrenaline
what is retrograde amnesia?
not being able to recall what happened in those moments the next morning
what is shift work associated with? shift work disorder incurs significant costs:
numerous negative health consequences, ranging from cognitive complaints to cancer, as well as diminished quality of life diminished workplace performance and increased accidents and errors
cumulative adverse effects of chronic partial sleep restriction are greater in __________________ than ______________ measures
objective subjective
memory consolidation occurs most effectively _______________, so that encoding and consolidation cannot disturb each other
off-line (when we're asleep)
Experiment on brain temperature control and yawning
one experiment found that when people had cool packs attached to their heads they yawned less
what was found in a study of sleep deprivation and toxins?
one night of total sleep deprivation resulted in a 20% increase in NSE and S100 calcium binding protein B the findings suggest that sleep may provide a neuro-protective effect
one additional hour of sleep in children ages 8-12 years over one week results in:
parent and child reports of improved emotional functioning and objective ratings of improved memory, attention and math fluency
With discovery of REM, sleep was regarded as a ________________- a sort of resting state to which animals revert in absence of stimulation 18th century - blood flowing to the head _____________ which in turn led to sleep 19th century - sleep occurred when the brain _______ No clear distinction between sleep and other states with reduced awareness of surroundings such as:
passive state put pressure on the brain shut down coma, stupor, intoxication, hibernation
Libby Zion
patient 18 yrs - took daily antidepressants - admitted to hospital for flu-like symptoms and strange jerking motions - prescribed drug (phenelzine) in hospital which reacted with her antidepressant medication causing cardiac arrest (also cocaine was involved) - residents overlooked this legal drug interaction bc they were overworked (40 hours no sleep) AND failed to ask about illegal drug use **Libby Zion Law: regulation that limits the amount of physicians working to 80 hours a week
Orexin/hypocretin (wake promoting) is a ______ neurotransmitter, key to staying awake from the: stimulates all ___________ and ______ the release of wakefulness NTs orexin is active only during: central injections of orexin increase _______ and suppress ________________. orexin increases :
peptide hypothalamus wakefulness centers, increases wakefulness waking, NREM and REM appetite
what are behavioral characteristics of sleep?
physical quiescence elevated threshold for arousal and reactivity stereotypic posture by species rapid awakening with moderate stimulation rebound recovery
Melatonin is a hormone that comes from the _________ modulates: first peak ______ and second in _______
pineal gland sleep/wake patterns midday, evening
Acetylcholine (ACh) (wake promoting) is a modulator of: located in : what acts on ACh pathways? it is _____ promoting but active in REM People with dementia suffer from a major loss of _______ and experience _____________
plasticity, memory, arousal, and reward brainstem/ARAS nicotine wake ACh, extremely disrupted sleep/wake cycle
sleep deprivation adversely effects functions mediated by _______________, especially attention and working memory
prefrontal cortex
What is sleep efficiency?
ratio of total sleep time to nocturnal time in bed
memory consolidation involves the active _____________ of fresh memories within the neuronal networks that were used for ______________ them.
re-processing encoding
sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation have been shown to:
reduce computational speed, impair verbal fluency, and decrease creativity and abstract problem solving ability
severe sleep fragmentation may result in :
reduced intelligence scale scores (IQ)
Non-REM physiological changes
reduced physiological activity autonomic slowing maintain thermoregulation episodic, involuntary movements few rapid-eye movements few penile erections (little vaginal lubrication) reduced blood flow
If sleep is due to a lack of sensory input, we should be able to cause sleep by ______________________. how to test this hypothesis?
reducing sensory inputs cut out or resect the nervous pathways that bring sensory stimulation to the brain
adenosine represents a state of __________________ is increased after _____________ and thus likely drives increase in SWS
relative energy deficiency sleep deprivation
emotionally arousing stimuli are _____________ than non-emotional what brain parts appear to be important here?
remembers better amygdala and temporal lobe
Dopamine (wake promoting) is a primary neurotransmitter in the brain for: located in: what increases the level of dopamine transmission in the brain? what acts directly on the dopamine system? Dopamine decreases in ________
reward and addiction systems, but also movement and transitions brainstem/ARAS rewards highly addictive substances parkinson's disease
Peter Tripp
said he would break the record of not sleeping for eight days to raise money - experienced "sleep deprivation psychosis" after four days. Periodically, his brain looked like it was asleep, even though he was awake, man who stayed awake for 201 hours to set world record; became violent during awake period and behavior changed afterwards; hallucinated while awake in place of REM sleep
Why is sleep in women different?
sexual differences affecting the brain and the body different hormonal profile childbearing and childrearing family and social roles
What is the Epworth Sleepiness Scale?
short questionnaire designed to determine a patients subjective level of daytime sleepiness patient records chance of dozing from 0-3
regions of the brain go _______ at different times. what does this explain?
silent or "offline" -why we don't remember everything we experience -NREM parasomnias -makes us a lot like dolphins
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) promotes _______
sleep
Indoor nighttime light exposure influences _______________ an dis known to affect ________________ brain circuits in animals.
sleep and circadian rhythms mood associated
Galen used Hippocrates 4 humors theory to sleep:
sleep necessary to rebalance the body's humors (phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, blood)
what did chemical theories imply?
sleep was caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain or an accumulation of toxic substances, such as cholesterol, carbon dioxide, and "urotoxins" toxins built up during the day and caused sleep; as one slept, the toxins slowly drained away
What is the vascular theory?
sleep was related to the blood vessels caused by either an increase or decrease in brain blood pressure. supporting evidence was obtained from pathology and trauma.
ALAN was positively associated with indicators of: Higher ALAN levels were associated with: Lower ALAN level reported:
social disadvantage and prevalence of past year mood and anxiety disorders later weeknight bedtime longest weeknight sleep duration
sleep appears to impact _______ in songbirds like Zebra finches brain areas involved in _______ are active during sleep
sound production singing
what are serial number tasks?
starts at 100 and subtract 9
Adenosine (sleep promoting) is neither _________________. formed _______ cells or ___________. extracellular concentration of adenosine increases in the ___________________ during prolonged wakefulness and decreases after _______________. Causes cerebral blood vessel dilation to let in more ______. What is adenosine receptor blocked by?
stored nor released as a classical NT inside, on their surface cortex and basal forebrain , sleep, O2 caffeine
Norepinephrine (wake promoting) is the: from the: when is it released? when does the release decrease?
stress neurotransmitter locus coeruleus brainstem/ARAS in fight or flight during sleep
natural agonists
substances within the body that have evolved to produce a response when they bind to and "switch on" a receptor
children suffering from Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) , periodic limb movement disorder, and restless leg syndrome with resulting sleep fragmentation have been shown to:
suffer academic deficits, learning problems, and symptoms that mirror ADHD
EEG represents a summary of the _________________________ of millions of neurons that have similar spatial orientation the electric potentials generated by ___________________ are too ______ to be picked up by EEG.
synchronous activity single neurons, small
What constitutes normal or "good" sleep?
the ability to: 1. fall asleep easily 2. sleep through the night 3. wake up refreshed
What may REM be important for?
the developing brain, especially during infancy and childhood
What did Bremer's experiment uncover?
the existence of an "ascending arousal system" that was disconnected from the brain by the upper transection of the cat brain resulting in coma thought that transection A interrupted ascending sensory inputs
What is Descartes Hydraulic model of sleep?
the pineal gland responsible the keeping the cerebral ventricles full to maintain alertness in the waking state
what is REM rebound?
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
what is sleep onset latency?
the time is takes for a person to fall asleep
What did Moruzzi and Magoun demonstrate in cats? What was this area called?
they could awaken sleeping cats by stimulating a part of their brain implanted electrodes into the brain of the cats and administered a small electric stimulation, leading to desynchronized EEG Ascending Reticular Activating System
What did Nathaniel Kleitman observe in sleep deprived subjects? what did he argue about this observation? In reality there are________ systems that contribute to sleep :
they were less impaired and sleepy next morning than in the middle of the night incompatible with hypnotoxin theory 2, daily rhythms and time spent awake
What is a common theory of why we yawn? but...
to draw in more O2 and expel CO2 putting people into an O2 rich environment doesn't decrease yawning, and decreasing the amount of CO2 doesn't prevent it
what is wake after sleep onset?
total number of minutes that a person is awake after having initially fallen asleep
biphasic sleep pattern electricity is proposed to have forced us into...
two 4 hour segments -first sleep/deep sleep -an hour or so in between of gentle activity -second sleep/morning sleep our current monophasic sleep pattern
what is non-declarative (procedural or implicit) memory?
unconscious memories like skills (riding a bike)
What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
unexpected, sudden death of a child under age 1
some bird like ducks and pigeons have _______________ under threatening conditions it correlates with:
uni-hemispheric SWS position in the group , eye opening, reaction to stimuli
Restorative model of sleep
universal state possibly sleep evolved to serve the same core function in all species brain is the organ most affected by sleep deprivation unknown whether a proto-sleep state emerged early in evolution or whether sleep emerged multiple times if sleep has a core brain function, it should be one the brain cannot fulfill during wakefulness and one that benefits from being performed off-line
Aristotle wrote "One sleep and sleeplessness" :
vapors from food digesting in the stomach rose to the heart (brain) to cause sleep
the ascending arousal system promotes__________
wake
what was found in mice waste removal?
waste products are removed from the CSF more quickly and efficiently when asleep
Histamine produces: from the : what doe histamine mediate? histaminergic cells can be recorded firing just before an animal shows signs of ________ what do anti-histamines do?
widespread excitatory waking effects throughout the brain posterior hypothalamus and tuberomammilary nuclei immune response and appetite waking block the allergic response and cause sedation
What did the institute of medicine report say in december 2009?
working for more than 16 consecutive hours is unsafe for physicians-in-training and their patients sleep loss impairs brain function, concentration, coordination, and increases risk of error after 24 hours without sleep -attentional failures double -impairment of reaction time is comparable to being legally drunk -physicians clinical performance drops to the 7th percentile of their performance when well rested.
Black americans sleep ________ than white americans . Black americans tend to have _______ sleep continuity and quality, excessively short sleep duration, and ________ sleep variability. Are at greater risk for __________ and exhibit more risk factors for ____________. What are these differences related to?
worse poorer, greater sleep apnea, poor sleep stress, lower socioeconomic factors
Is yawning contagious because we are herd animals?
yawning may serve the purpose of regulating sleeping patterns
