Exam 2: Chapters 4-6
Internet Crime
Freida had been planning to buy a car and found a website that sells cars at low prices. The website claimed that she would receive the car in less than a week of making the payment. She found a car that matched all her requirements and completed the payment immediately because she did not want to lose the deal. However, she did not receive the car even after weeks of completing the payment. Which of the following crimes does this scenario most likely exemplify?
Social Group
A collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence is called a(n) __________.
Primary Group
George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.
Formal Organization
A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.
Misdemeanor
A minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail is called a(n) __________.
Category
A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n) __________.
Secondary
A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________ deviance.
A search for alternatives
According to Ebaugh, which of the following is included in the second stage of role exit?
Characterized by interdependence and practical considerations
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.
Dramaturgical Analysis
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.
Set
Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her status __________.
Bureaucracy
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.
Deviance
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs is termed __________.
Deference
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.
Property
Burglary, larceny-theft, motor-vehicle theft, and arson are examples of __________ crimes.
Females have higher arrests rates than males in the category of commercialized vice.
Identify a true statement about crime victimization in the United States.
Is legal if imposed fairly
In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty __________.
Ideal type
In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n) __________.
It is based on the assumption that the criminal justice system protects the power and privilege of the capitalist class.
In the context of conflict perspectives on deviance, which of the following statements is true about the critical approach?
Differential reinforcement
Criminologist Ronald Akers's theory on deviance that suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes is called __________ theory.
Normative
In the context of sociologist Amitai Etzioni's classification of formal organizations, an organization that people join voluntarily to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member is called a __________ organization.
A horticultural society
In the context of the five types of societies based on various levels of subsistence technology, which of the following societies is based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food?
Conflict Gangs
In the context of the gang types identified by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, which of the following types of gangs emerges in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities?
It exists independently of the specific people occupying it.
In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?
Reference Group
Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. She, however, follows the norms and values portrayed by the members of her college sorority because she is a member. In this scenario, Katy's college sorority is most likely an example of a(n) __________.
Tertiary deviance
Kenny is a 30-year-old man who has been a frequent user of marijuana and cocaine for over five years. He believes there is nothing wrong with using these drugs recreationally and that using marijuana and cocaine is no different from consuming alcohol. Kenny's attitude best exemplifies __________.
A consciousness of kind
Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called __________.
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good student. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario illustrates the concept of__________.
Primary Group
Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of
A greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches.
Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes
Efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs.
Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes
The active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads
Dyads are different from triads because
Interaction Order
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Which of the following terms refers to this pattern?
General Deterrence
Reading about criminal trials in newspapers or watching them on television is likely to instill a fear of punishment in people and prevent them from engaging in similar acts of crime. In the context of the goals of punishment, this is most likely an example of __________.
Outgroup
Sean is a member of The Artists, a theater club in his college. Despite performing well, his club has lost many theater competitions to Rendezvous, a rival theater club. As a result, Sean feels hostile toward the members of Rendezvous. In this context, Rendezvous is an example of a(n) __________.
Secondary Group
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n) __________.
Aggregates
Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________.
Statuses
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.
Terrorism
The calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective is called __________.
Division of Labor
The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on
Groupthink
The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. This scenario exemplifies __________.
Dramaturgical analysis
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
Groupthink
The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise is termed __________.
Coercive organizations
Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________.
Deviant behavior is minimized when people have strong social bonds.
Travis Hirschi's social control theory is based on the assumption that
Views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy.
Unlike the liberal feminist approach, the radical feminist approach
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power?
The liberal feminist approach
Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance and crime views women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace?
The Marxist feminist approach
Which of the following feminist perspectives on deviance is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy?
Rehabilitation
Which of the following goals of punishment is concerned with returning offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training?
The powerful control others through discipline and surveillance.
Which of the following ideas is central to the postmodernist perspective on deviance?
It largely failed to take into account the informal side of bureaucracy.
Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?
To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members
Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?
Bureaucracies are impersonal in that they require everyone to follow the same rules and to be treated the same.
Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber?
Social Interaction
Which of the following is the sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society?
Role Ambiguity
Which of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?
Social Solidarity
Which of the following refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?
African Americans are more likely than people in other racial or ethnic classifications to become crime victims
Which of the following statements is true about crime in the United States?
They are minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
Which of the following statements is true of laissez-faire leaders?
The iron law of oligarchy
Which of the following terms did German political sociologist Robert Michels use to refer to the tendency of a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few?
Rationality
Which of the following terms did sociologist Max Weber use to refer to the process by which traditional, informal, and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures?
Corrections
Which of the following terms is used to refer to not only prisons and jails but also to a number of programs and organizations that manage people who are either accused or convicted of crimes?
Role
Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?
Formal Orginization
Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?
Social Institution
Which of the following terms refers to a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?
Post Industrial Society
Which of the following terms refers to a society in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy?
Social construction of reality
Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience?
Organic Solidarity
Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?
Civil Innattention
Which of the following terms refers to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention?
Gemeinschaft
Which of the following terms was used by Ferdinand Tӧnnies to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability?
Labelling Theory
Which of the following theories states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the tag placed upon them and begin to act accordingly?
Expressive Leadership
Which of the following types of leadership provides emotional support for members and is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues?
Functionalists
Which theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society?
a. Conflict theorists
Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?
Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually
Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?
Conflict Theorists
Who among the following is likely to suggest that groups involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served?
A Postmodernist
Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?
Terri, who is convinced that the government is using vaccines to intentionally make people ill
Who among the following would most likely be considered deviant because of an unusual belief system?