Exam 2 Endocrine
A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. Which statement by the client indicates the need for additional discharge teaching?
"I will increase my fluid and calcium intake." p1527 Explanation: The client requires additional teaching if he states that he will increase his calcium intake. Hyperparathyroidism causes extreme increases in serum calcium levels. The client should increase his fluid intake, but he should limit his calcium and vitamin D intake. The client should continue to take pain mediations as scheduled and have regular follow-up visits with his physician. Tingling around the lips is a sign of hypercalcemia and should be reported to the physician immediately
The nurse is aware that the best time of day for the total large corticosteroid dose is between:
7:00 AM and 8:00 AM p1543 Explanation: The best time of day for the total large corticosteroid dose is in the early morning, between 7:00 AM and 8:00 AM, when the adrenal gland is most active. Therefore, dosage at this time of day will result in the maximum suppression of the adrenal gland.
A female client with hyperglycemia who weighs 210 lb (95 kg) tells the nurse that her husband sleeps in another room because her snoring keeps him awake. The nurse notices that the client has large hands and a hoarse voice. Which disorder would the nurse suspect as a possible cause of the client's hyperglycemia?
Acromegaly p1508 Explanation: Acromegaly, which is caused by a pituitary tumor that releases excessive growth hormone, is associated with hyperglycemia, hypertension, diaphoresis, peripheral neuropathy, and joint pain. Enlarged hands and feet are related to lateral bone growth, which is seen in adults with this disorder. The accompanying soft tissue swelling causes hoarseness and, commonly, sleep apnea. Type 1 diabetes is usually seen in children, and newly diagnosed persons are usually very ill and thin. Hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency aren't associated with hyperglycemia.
Causes of Hypothyroidism
Autoimmune disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis, post-Graves disease) Atrophy of thyroid gland with aging Therapy for hyperthyroidism Radioactive iodine (131I) Thyroidectomy Medications Lithium Iodine compounds Antithyroid medications Radiation to head and neck in treatment for head and neck cancers, lymphoma Infiltrative diseases of the thyroid (amyloidosis, scleroderma, lymphoma) Iodine deficiency and iodine excess
*When high levels of plasma calcium occur, the nurse is aware that the following hormone will be secreted:
Calcitonin p1511 Explanation: Calcitonin, secreted in response to high plasma levels of calcium, reduces the calcium level by increasing its deposition in the bone.
Which disorder is characterized by a group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
Cushing syndrome Explanation: The client with Cushing syndrome demonstrates truncal obesity, moon face, acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension. Regardless of the cause, the normal feedback mechanisms that control the function of the adrenal cortex become ineffective, and the usual diurnal pattern of cortisol is lost. The signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome are primarily a result of the oversecretion of glucocorticoids and androgens, although mineralocorticoid secretion also may be affected. p1536
A nurse is planning care for a client in acute addisonian crisis. Which nursing diagnosis should receive the highest priority?
Decreased cardiac output p1535 Explanation: An acute addisonian crisis is a life-threatening event, caused by deficiencies of cortisol and aldosterone. Glucocorticoid insufficiency causes a decrease in cardiac output and vascular tone, leading to hypovolemia. The client becomes tachycardic and hypotensive and may develop shock and circulatory collapse. The client with Addison's disease is at risk for infection; however, reducing infection isn't a priority during an addisonian crisis. Impaired physical mobility and Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements are appropriate nursing diagnoses for the client with Addison's disease, but they aren't priorities in a crisis.
A client with a traumatic brain injury is producing an abnormally large volume of dilute urine. Which alteration to a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary would the nurse expect to find?
Deficient production of vasopressin p1508 Explanation: The most common disorder related to posterior lobe dysfunction is diabetes insipidus, a condition in which abnormally large volumes of dilute urine are excreted as a result of deficient production of vasopressin. Diabetes insipidus may occur following surgical treatment of a brain tumor, secondary to nonsurgical brain tumors, and traumatic brain injury.
A patient has been diagnosed with thyroidal hypothyroidism. The nurse knows that this diagnosis in consistent with which of the following?
Dysfunction of the thyroid gland itself p1513 Explanation: Thyroidal hypothyroidism results from thyroid gland dysfunction. The other causes result in central, secondary, or tertiary causes if there is inadequate secretion of TSH.
A middle-aged female client complains of anxiety, insomnia, weight loss, the inability to concentrate, and eyes feeling "gritty." Thyroid function tests reveal the following: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.02 U/ml, thyroxine 20 g/dl, and triiodothyronine 253 ng/dl. A 6-hour radioactive iodine uptake test showed a diffuse uptake of 85%. Based on these assessment findings, the nurse should suspect:
Graves' disease. p1512 Explanation: Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism, is most prevalent in middle-aged females. In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common form of hypothyroidism, TSH levels would be high and thyroid hormone levels low. In thyroiditis, radioactive iodine uptake is low (?2%), and a client with a multinodular goiter will show an uptake in the high-normal range (3% to 10%).
Which feature(s) indicates a carpopedal spasm in a client with hypoparathyroidism?
Hand flexing inward Explanation: Carpopedal spasm is evidenced by the hand flexing inward. Cardiac dysrhythmia is a symptom of hyperparathyroidism. Moon face and buffalo hump are the symptoms of Cushing syndrome. A bulging forehead is a symptom of acromegaly. P1530
Addisonian Crisis results in
Hyperkalemia
Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority for a client with hyperthyroidism?
Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to thyroid hormone excess p1523 Explanation: In the client with hyperthyroidism, excessive thyroid hormone production leads to hypermetabolism and increased nutrient metabolism. These conditions may result in a negative nitrogen balance, increased protein synthesis and breakdown, decreased glucose tolerance, and fat mobilization and depletion. These changes put the client at risk for marked nutrient and calorie deficiency, making Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to thyroid hormone excess the most important nursing diagnosis. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to edema, skin fragility, and poor wound healing and Disturbed body image related to weight gain and edema may be appropriate for a client with hypothyroidism, which slows the metabolic rate.
The nurse is teaching a client about the dietary restrictions related to his diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. What foods should the nurse encourage the client to avoid?
Milk p1530 Explanation: Clients with hyperparathyroidism should use a low-calcium diet (fewer dairy products) and drink at least 3 to 4 L of fluid daily to dilute the urine and prevent renal stones from forming. It is especially important that the client drink fluids before going to bed and periodically throughout the night to avoid concentrated urine. Bananas, chicken livers, and hamburgers do not require avoidance. Milk is the highest in calcium content.
An instructor is preparing a teaching plan for a class on the various pituitary hormones. Which hormone would the instructor include as being released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin p1505 The posterior pituitary gland released oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Somatotropin, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone are released by the anterior pituitary gland.
A nurse is caring for a client in addisonian crisis. Which medication order should the nurse question?
Potassium chloride p1535 Explanation: The nurse should question an order for potassium chloride because addisonian crisis results in hyperkalemia. Administering potassium chloride is contraindicated. Because the client is hyponatremic, an order for normal saline solution is appropriate. Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone are used to replace deficient adrenal cortex hormones.
A client is admitted for treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which nursing intervention is appropriate?
Restricting fluids P1510
Anterior pituitary- ACTH
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Beta-blockers are used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism to counteract which of the following effects?
Sympathetic p1523 Explanation: Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are important in controlling the sympathetic nervous system effects of hyperthyroidism. For example, propranolol is used to control nervousness, tachycardia, tremor, anxiety, and heat intolerance.
A nurse is assessing a client after a thyroidectomy. The assessment reveals muscle twitching and tingling, along with numbness in the fingers, toes, and mouth area. The nurse should suspect which complication?
Tetany Tetany may result if the parathyroid glands are excised or damaged during thyroid surgery. Hemorrhage is a potential complication after thyroid surgery but is characterized by tachycardia, hypotension, frequent swallowing, feelings of fullness at the incision site, choking, and bleeding. Thyroid storm is another term for severe hyperthyroidism — not a complication of thyroidectomy. Laryngeal nerve damage may occur postoperatively, but its signs include a hoarse voice and, possibly, acute airway obstruction. P1526-1527
A client is returned to his room after a subtotal thyroidectomy. Which piece of equipment is most important for the nurse to keep at the client's bedside?
Tracheostomy set Explanation: After a subtotal thyroidectomy, swelling of the surgical site (the tracheal area) may obstruct the airway. Therefore, the nurse should keep a tracheostomy set at the client's bedside in case of a respiratory emergency. Although an indwelling urinary catheter and a cardiac monitor may be used for a client after a thyroidectomy, the tracheostomy set is more important. A humidifier isn't indicated for this client.
A nurse is assessing a client with hyperthyroidism. What findings should the nurse expect?
Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia Explanation: Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia are signs of hyperthyroidism. Other signs of hyperthyroidism include exophthalmos, diaphoresis, fever, and diarrhea. Weight gain, constipation, lethargy, decreased sweating, and cold intolerance are signs of hypothyroidism. P1519
A nurse is reviewing the laboratory order for a client suspected of having an endocrine disorder. The lab slip includes obtaining cortisol levels. What is being tested?
adrenal function p1531 The adrenal cortex manufactures and secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, which affect body metabolism, suppress inflammation, and help the body withstand stress.
Mineralocorticoids, primarily
aldosterone, maintain water and electrolyte balances. The androgenic hormones convert to testosterone and estrogens
Selected Medications That May Alter Thyroid Test Results
amiodarone (Cordarone) aspirin cimetidine (Tagamet) diazepam (Valium) furosemide (Lasix) heparin lithium (Lithotabs) phenytoin (Dilantin) and other anticonvulsants propranolol (Inderal)
***A health care provider suspects that a thyroid nodule may be malignant. The nurse knows to prepare information for the patient based on the usual test that will be ordered to establish a diagnosis. What is that test?
fine-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland p1525 Explanation: Fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland is often used to establish the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The purpose of the biopsy is to differentiate cancerous thyroid nodules from noncancerous nodules and to stage the cancer if detected. The procedure is safe and usually requires only a local anesthetic.
A client has been experiencing a decrease in serum calcium. After diagnostics, the physician believes the calcium level fluctuation is due to altered parathyroid function. What is the role of parathormone?
increase serum calcium level p1527 Explanation: The parathyroid glands secrete parathormone, which increases the level of calcium in the blood when there is a decrease in the serum level
The nurse assesses a patient who has an obvious goiter. What type of deficiency does the nurse recognize is most likely the cause of this?
iodine EXPLANATION: Oversecretion of thyroid hormones is usually associated with an enlarged thyroid gland known as a goiter. Goiter also commonly occurs with iodine deficiency.
A positive Chvostek's sign is demonstrated when a sharp tapping over the facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear causes spasm or twitching of the
mouth, nose, and eye.
During a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. The nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH maintains the balance between calcium and:
phosphorus
A nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. The nurse should anticipate administering:
vasopressin. p1510 Explanation: Vasopressin is given subcutaneously to manage diabetes insipidus. Insulin is used to manage diabetes mellitus. Furosemide causes diuresis. Potassium chloride is given for hypokalemia.
A nurse is teaching a client with adrenal insufficiency about corticosteroids. Which statement by the client indicates a need for additional teaching?
"I may stop taking this medication when I feel better." Explanation: The client requires additional teaching because he states that he may stop taking corticosteroids when he feels better. Corticosteroids should be gradually tapered by the physician. Tapering the corticosteroid allows the adrenal gland to gradually resume functioning. Corticosteroids increase the risk of infection and may mask the early signs of infection, so the client should avoid people who are sick. Corticosteroids cause muscle wasting in the extremities, so the client should increase his protein intake by eating foods such as chicken and dairy products. Corticosteroids have been linked to glaucoma and corneal lesions, so the client should visit his ophthalmologist regularly P1530
The nurse practitioner who assesses a patient with hyperthyroidism would expect the patient to report which of the following conditions?
- Weight loss Explanation: Weight loss is consistent with a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. The other conditions are found in hypothyroidism. p1519
Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism?
A pulse rate of 60 BPM
Which diagnostic test is done to determine a suspected pituitary tumor?
Computed tomography p1509 Explanation: CT or magnetic resonance imaging is used to diagnose the presence and extent of pituitary tumors.
Which of the following medications is used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus to control fluid balance?
Desmopressin (DDAVP) p1510 Explanation: DDAVP is a synthetic vasopressin used to control fluid balance and prevent dehydration. Other medications that are used in the treatment of patients with diabetes insipidus include Diabinese, thiazide diuretics (potentiate action of vasopressin), and/or prostaglandin inhibitors such as ibuprofen and aspirin.
Which outcome indicates that treatment of a client with diabetes insipidus has been effective?
Fluid intake is less than 2,500 ml/day. p1509 Explanation: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by polyuria (up to 8 L/day), constant thirst, and an unusually high oral intake of fluids. Treatment with the appropriate drug should decrease both oral fluid intake and urine output. A urine output of 200 ml/hour indicates continuing polyuria. A blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg and a heart rate of 126 beats/minute indicate compensation for the continued fluid deficit, suggesting that treatment hasn't been effective.
A client with a history of Addison's disease and flu-like symptoms accompanied by nausea and vomiting over the past week is brought to the facility. His wife reports that he acted confused and was extremely weak when he awoke that morning. The client's blood pressure is 90/58 mm Hg, his pulse is 116 beats/minute, and his temperature is 101° F (38.3° C). A diagnosis of acute adrenal insufficiency is made. What should the nurse expect to administer by IV infusion?
Hydrocortisone p1535 Explanation: Emergency treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency (addisonian crisis) is IV infusion of hydrocortisone and saline solution. The client is usually given a dose containing hydrocortisone 100 mg I.V. in normal saline every 6 hours until blood pressure returns to normal. Insulin isn't indicated in this situation because adrenal insufficiency is usually associated with hypoglycemia. Potassium isn't indicated because these clients are usually hyperkalemic. The client needs normal — not hypotonic — saline solution.
The nurse is assessing a client in the clinic who appears restless, excitable, and agitated. The nurse observes that the client has exophthalmos and neck swelling. What diagnosis do these clinical manifestations correlate with?
Hyperthyroidism p1519 Explanation: Clients with hyperthyroidism characteristically are restless despite felling fatigued and weak, highly excitable, and constantly agitated. Fine tremors of the hand occur, causing unusual clumsiness. The client cannot tolerate heat and has an increased appetite but loses weight. Diarrhea also occurs. Visual changes, such as blurred or double vision, can develop. Exophthalmos, seen in clients with severe hyperthyroidism, results from enlarged muscle and fatty tissue surrounding the rear and sides of the eyeball. Neck swelling caused by the enlarged thyroid gland often is visible. Hypothyroidism clinical manifestations are the opposite of what is seen as hyperthyroidism.SIADH and DI clinical manifestations do not correlate with the symptoms manifested by the client
The nurse knows to assess a patient with hyperthyroidism for the primary indicator of:
Intolerance to heat Explanation: With hypothyroidism, the individual is sensitive to cold because the core body temperature is usually below 98.6°F. Intolerance to heat is seen with hyperthyroidism. p1519
An incoherent client with a history of hypothyroidism is brought to the emergency department by the rescue squad. Physical and laboratory findings reveal hypothermia, hypoventilation, respiratory acidosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and nonpitting edema of the face and periorbital area. Knowing that these findings suggest severe hypothyroidism, the nurse prepares to take emergency action to prevent the potential complication of:
Myxedema Coma p1514 Severe hypothyroidism may result in myxedema coma, in which a drastic drop in the metabolic rate causes decreased vital signs, hypoventilation (possibly leading to respiratory acidosis), and nonpitting edema. Thyroid storm is an acute complication of hyperthyroidism. Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism that occurs in infants. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland in which autoimmune factors play a prominent role.
A client receiving thyroid replacement therapy develops influenza and forgets to take her thyroid replacement medicine. The nurse understands that skipping this medication puts the client at risk for developing which life-threatening complication?
Myxedema coma p1515 Explanation: Myxedema coma, severe hypothyroidism, is a life-threatening condition that may develop if thyroid replacement medication isn't taken. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs) is seen with hyperthyroidism. Although thyroid storm is life-threatening, it's caused by severe hyperthyroidism. Tibial myxedema (peripheral mucinous edema involving the lower leg) is associated with hypothyroidism but isn't life-threatening.
A nurse is caring for a client who had a thyroidectomy and is at risk for hypocalcemia. What should the nurse do?
Observe for muscle twitching and numbness or tingling of the lips, fingers, and toes. p1529 Explanation: Muscle twitching and numbness or tingling of the lips, fingers, and toes are signs of hyperirritability of the nervous system due to hypocalcemia. The other options describe complications for which the nurse should also be observing; however, tetany and neurologic alterations are primary indications of hypocalcemia.
While assessing a client with hypoparathyroidism, the nurse taps the client's facial nerve and observes twitching of the mouth and tightening of the jaw. The nurse would document this finding as which of the following?
Positive Chvostek's sign p1530 Explanation: If a nurse taps the client's facial nerve (which lies under the tissue in front of the ear), the client's mouth twitches and the jaw tightens. The response is identified as a positive Chvostek's sign. The nurse may elicit a positive Trousseau's sign by placing a BP cuff on the upper arm, inflating it between the systolic and diastolic BP, and waiting 3 minutes. The nurse observes the client for spasm of the hand (carpopedal spasm), which is evidenced by the hand flexing inward. Deep tendon reflexes include the biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, and patellar reflexes. Tetany would be manifested by reports of numbness and tingling in the fingers or toes or around the lips, voluntary movement that may be followed by an involuntary, jerking spasm, and muscle cramping. Tonic (continuous contraction) flexion of an arm or a finger may occur
The nurse assesses a patient who has been diagnosed with Addison's disease. Which of the following is a diagnostic sign of this disease?
Potassium of 6.0 mEq/L p1535 Explanation: Addison's disease is characterized by hypotension, low blood glucose, low serum sodium, and high serum potassium levels. The normal serum potassium level is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L.
Patients with hyperthyroidism are characteristically
Sensitive to heat p1519 Explanation: Those with hyperthyroidism tolerate heat poorly and may perspire unusually freely. Their condition is characterized by symptoms of nervousness, hyperexcitability, irritability, and apprehension.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has which effects on the kidney?
Stimulation of calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion p1505 Explanation: PTH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium and excrete phosphate and converts vitamin D to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. PTH doesn't have a role in the metabolism of vitamin E.
A client with hypothyroidism (myxedema) is receiving levothyroxine (Synthroid), 25 mcg P.O. daily. Which finding should the nurse recognize as an adverse reaction to the drug?
Tachycardia p1515 Explanation: Levothyroxine, a synthetic thyroid hormone, is given to a client with hypothyroidism to simulate the effects of thyroxine. Adverse reactions to this agent include tachycardia. Dysuria, leg cramps, and blurred vision aren't associated with levothyroxine.
A client is scheduled for a diagnostic test to measure blood hormone levels. The nurse expects that this test will determine which of the following?
The functioning of endocrine glands p1505-1506 Explanation: Measuring blood hormone levels helps determine the functioning of endocrine glands. A radioimmunoassay determines the concentration of a substance in plasma. The measurement of blood hormone levels will not reveal a client's blood sugar level. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen determine the size of the organ and its location.
A patient taking corticosteroids for exacerbation of Crohn's disease comes to the clinic and informs the nurse that he wants to stop taking them because of the increase in acne and moon face. What can the nurse educate the patient regarding these symptoms?
The moon face and acne will resolve when the medication is tapered off. p1542 Explanation: Cushing syndrome is commonly caused by the use of corticosteroid medications and is infrequently the result of excessive corticosteroid production secondary to hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. The patient develops a "moon-faced" appearance and may experience increased oiliness of the skin and acne. If Cushing syndrome is a result of the administration of corticosteroids, an attempt is made to reduce or taper the medication to the minimum dosage needed to treat the underlying disease process (e.g., autoimmune or allergic disease, rejection of a transplanted organ).
When describing the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, which of the following would the instructor include as characteristic of endocrine glands?
The secretions are released directly into the blood stream. Explanation: The endocrine glands secrete hormones, chemicals that accelerate or slow physiologic processes, directly into the bloodstream. This characteristic distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands, which release secretions into a duct. Hormones circulate in the blood until they reach receptors in target cells or other endocrine glands. They play a vital role in regulating homeostatic processes.
nurse is assessing a client with hyperthyroidism. What findings should the nurse expect?
Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia Explanation: Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia are signs of hyperthyroidism. Other signs of hyperthyroidism include exophthalmos, diaphoresis, fever, and diarrhea. Weight gain, constipation, lethargy, decreased sweating, and cold intolerance are signs of hypothyroidism.
A 35-year-old female client who complains of weight gain, facial hair, absent menstruation, frequent bruising, and acne is diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is most likely caused by:
a corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. p1536 Explanation: A corticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma is the most common cause of Cushing's syndrome in women ages 20 to 40. Ectopic corticotropin-secreting tumors are more common in older men and are commonly associated with weight loss. Adrenal carcinoma isn't usually accompanied by hirsutism. A female with an inborn error of metabolism wouldn't be menstruating.
For a client with hyperthyroidism, treatment is most likely to include:
a thyroid hormone antagonist. p1519 Explanation: Thyroid hormone antagonists, which block thyroid hormone synthesis, combat increased production of thyroid hormone. Treatment of hyperthyroidism also may include radioiodine therapy, which destroys some thyroid gland cells, and surgery to remove part of the thyroid gland; both treatments decrease thyroid hormone production. Thyroid extract, synthetic thyroid hormone, and emollient lotions are used to treat hypothyroidism.
Glucocorticoids, such as
cortisol, affect body metabolism, suppress inflammation, and help the body withstand stress
A client is being evaluated for hypothyroidism. During assessment, the nurse should stay alert for:
decreased body temperature and cold intolerance. p1511 Explanation: Hypothyroidism markedly decreases the metabolic rate, causing a reduced body temperature and cold intolerance. Other signs and symptoms include dyspnea, hypoventilation, bradycardia, hypotension, anorexia, constipation, decreased intellectual function, and depression. Exophthalmos; conjunctival redness; flushed, warm, moist skin; and a systolic murmur at the left sternal border are typical findings in a client with hyperthyroidism.
A client with severe hypoparathyroidism is experiencing tetany. What medication, prescribed by the physician for emergency use, will the nurse administer to correct the deficit?
Calcium gluconate p1527 Explanation: Tetany and severe hypoparathyroidismare treated immediately by the administration of an IV calcium salt, such as calcium gluconate. The other medications are not effective for the treatment of calcium deficit.
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland is the treatment of choice for thyroid cancer. During the immediate postoperative period, the nurse knows to evaluate serum levels of __________ to assess for a serious and primary postoperative complication of thyroidectomy.
Calcium p1526 Explanation: Efforts are made to spare parathyroid tissue to reduce the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia with resultant tetany.
A client has been diagnosed with myxedema from long-standing hypothyroidism. What clinical manifestations of this disorder does the nurse recognize are progressing to myxedema coma? Select all that apply.
- Hypothermia - Hypotension - Hypoventilation p1514 Explanation: Severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema. Advanced, untreated myxedema can progress to myxedemic coma. Signs of this life-threatening event are hypothermia, hypotension, and hypoventilation. Hypertension and hyperventilation indicate increased metabolic responses, which are the opposite of what the client would be experiencing.
A nurse is assessing a client with Cushing's syndrome. Which observation should the nurse report to the physician immediately?
An irregular apical pulse p1539 Explanation: Because Cushing's syndrome causes aldosterone overproduction, which increases urinary potassium loss, the disorder may lead to hypokalemia. Therefore, the nurse should immediately report signs and symptoms of hypokalemia, such as an irregular apical pulse, to the physician. Edema is an expected finding because aldosterone overproduction causes sodium and fluid retention. Dry mucous membranes and frequent urination signal dehydration, which isn't associated with Cushing's syndrome.
Trousseau's sign is elicited by which of the following?
Carpopedal spasm is induced by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff. p1530 Explanation: A positive Trousseau's sign is suggestive of latent tetany. A positive Chvostek's sign is demonstrated when a sharp tapping over the facial nerve just in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear causes spasm or twitching of the mouth, nose, and eye. A positive Allen's test is demonstrated by the palm remaining blanched with the radial artery occluded. The radial artery should not be used for an arterial puncture. A positive Homans' sign is demonstrated when the patient complains of pain in the calf when his foot is dorsiflexed.
A client sustained a head injury when falling off of a ladder. While in the hospital, the client begins voiding large amounts of clear urine and states he is very thirsty. The client states that he feels weak, and he has had an 8-lb weight loss since admission. What should the client be tested for?
Diabetes insipidus (DI) p1509 Explanation: Urine output may be as high as 20 L/24 hours. Urine is dilute, with a specific gravity of 1.002 or less. Limiting fluid intake does not control urine exertion. Thirst is excessive and constant. Activities are limited by the frequent need to drink and void. Weakness, dehydration, and weight loss develop. SIADH will have the opposite clinical manifestations. The client's symptoms are related to the trauma and not a pituitary tumor. The thyroid gland does not exhibit these symptoms.
A client is being seen in the clinic to receive the results of the lab work to determine thyroid levels. The nurse observes the client's eyes appear to be bulging, and there is swelling around the eyes. What does the nurse know that the correct documentation of this finding is?
Exophthalmos p1519 Explanation: Exophthalmos is an abnormal bulging or protrusion of the eyes and periorbital swelling. These findings are not consistent with retinal detachment.
A client with Addison's disease has a blood glucose level above 80 mg/dL 30 minutes after receiving 15 g of carbohydrates for symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which of the following would the nurse do now?
Give the client milk and graham crackers. p1536 Explanation: Milk and graham crackers contain forms of carbohydrates that take longer to absorb and tend to maintain the blood glucose level for an extended period. The physician should be informed if the client continues to be symptomatic and the blood glucose level is below 80 mg/dL. Maintaining bed rest protects the client from injuries from a fall but does not address the blood glucose issue. Assessing the client's blood glucose level provides a numeric assessment of the blood glucose level and would be performed in an ongoing fashion.
The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes who developed hypoglycemia. What can the nurse administer to the client to raise the blood sugar level?
Glucagon p1505 Explanation: Glucagon, a hormone released by alpha islet cells, raises blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, in the liver. Insulin is released to lower the blood sugar levels. Cortisone and estrogen are not released from the pancreas.
A client is having chronic pain from arthritis. What type of hormone is released in response to the stress of this pain that suppresses inflammation and helps the body withstand stress?
Glucocorticoids p1531 Explanation: Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, affect body metabolism, suppress inflammation, and help the body withstand stress. Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, maintain water and electrolyte balances. The androgenic hormones convert to testosterone and estrogens.
On the third day after a partial thyroidectomy, a client exhibits muscle twitching and hyperirritability of the nervous system. When questioned, the client reports numbness and tingling of the mouth and fingertips. Suspecting a life-threatening electrolyte disturbance, the nurse notifies the surgeon immediately. Which electrolyte disturbance most commonly follows thyroid surgery?
Hypocalcemia p1529 Explanation: Hypocalcemia may follow thyroid surgery if the parathyroid glands were removed accidentally. Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia may be delayed for up to 7 days after surgery. Thyroid surgery doesn't directly cause serum sodium, potassium, or magnesium abnormalities. Hyponatremia may occur if the client inadvertently received too much fluid; however, this can happen to any surgical client receiving I.V. fluid therapy, not just one recovering from thyroid surgery. Hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia usually are associated with reduced renal excretion of potassium and magnesium, not thyroid surgery.
The nurse is aware that the clinical symptoms of a patient with hypoparathyroidism are the result of the initial physiologic response of:
Hypocalcemia. Explanation: Hypoparathyroidism results in hypocalcemia, which triggers a series of physiologic responses, including the choices presented.
A client is suspected to have a pituitary tumor due to signs of diabetes insipidus. What initial test does the nurse help to prepare the client for?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) p1509 Explanation: A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is performed to detect a suspected pituitary tumor or to identify calcifications or tumors of the parathyroid glands. A radioactive iodine uptake test would be useful for a thyroid tumor. Radioimmunoassay determines the concentration of a substance in plasma.
For a client with Graves' disease, which nursing intervention promotes comfort?
Maintaining room temperature in the low-normal range p1523 Explanation: Graves' disease causes signs and symptoms of hypermetabolism, such as heat intolerance, diaphoresis, excessive thirst and appetite, and weight loss. To reduce heat intolerance and diaphoresis, the nurse should keep the client's room temperature in the low-normal range. To replace fluids lost via diaphoresis, the nurse should encourage, not restrict, intake of oral fluids. Placing extra blankets on the bed of a client with heat intolerance would cause discomfort. To provide needed energy and calories, the nurse should encourage the client to eat high-carbohydrate foods.
a client is receiving long-term treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. Which of the following would the nurse expect the client to exhibit?
Moon face p1542 Explanation: Clients who are receiving long-term high-dose corticosteroid therapy often develop a cushingoid appearance, manifested by facial fullness and the characteristic moon face. They also may exhibit weight gain, peripheral edema, and hypertension due to sodium and water retention. The skin is usually thin, and ruddy.
Early this morning, a client had a subtotal thyroidectomy. During evening rounds, the nurse assesses the client (who now has nausea) and records a temperature of 105°F (40.5°C), tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. What is the most likely cause of these signs?
Thyroid crisis p1523 Explanation: Thyroid crisis usually occurs in the first 12 hours after thyroidectomy and causes exaggerated signs of hyperthyroidism, such as high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. Diabetic ketoacidosis is more likely to produce polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Hypoglycemia is likely to produce weakness, tremors, profuse perspiration, and hunger. Tetany typically causes uncontrollable muscle spasms, stridor, cyanosis, and possibly asphyxia.
Which hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Select all that apply.
Vasopressin Oxytocin p1508 Explanation: Important hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland include vasopressin and oxytocin. TSH, FSH, and LH are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Severe hypothyroidism is associated with
an elevated serum cholesterol level, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and poor left ventricular function
