EXAM 2 FOR MGMT 311

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When we narrow our decision choices to those that we can reasonably select from or that we can reasonably make sense of in terms of​ solutions, this is an example of​ ___________.

satisficing

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about​ high-status people?

​High-status people participate less actively in group discussions.

Which theory of motivation hypothesized that within every human being there exists a set of needs that resembles a​ pyramid?

​Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

​__________ is a theory that states​ achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.

​McClelland's theory of needs

Which of the following pays for performance based on appraisal​ ratings?

​Merit-based plans

According to​ Maslow, which level of needs encompasses our drive to become what we are capable of​ becoming, including​ growth, achieving our​ potential, and​ self-fulfillment?

​Self-actualization

The theory which supports the notion that people prefer control over their actions and work is known as​ _________.

​self-determination theory

Individuals who rank high in​ self-esteem use​ ____________ to maintain it.

​self-serving bias

When a student blames the professor for a poor grade on an assignment but credits him or herself when a good grade is​ earned, is an example of​ ______________.

​self-serving bias

​A(n) ________ program is a pay plan that bases a portion or all of an​ employee's pay on some individual​ and/or organizational measure of performance.

​variable-pay

All of the following are reasons why people are engaged in their jobs EXCEPT​ __________.

​work-family conflict

Which of the following best describes the difference between​ achievement-striving and​ dutifulness?

People striving for achievement work harder to forestall failure, while dutiful people might give up on something if they think it's best for the organization

Researchers have indicated that employees are perceived by their supervisors as more conscientious when​ they____________.

Start work early in the day

According to the Job Characteristics​ Model, _______ is the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities.

Skill variety

​________ proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their​ self-esteem gets tied into the​ group's performance.

Social identity theory

Which of the following suggests that when we observe an​ individual's behavior we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally​ caused?

Attribution theory

​__________ states that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome.

Expectancy theory

Which of the following factors influence perception in the​ perceiver?

Expectations

​__________ is the foundation for all creative work and thus is the single most important predictor of creative potential.

Expertise

A significant experiment conducted on how individual behavior is influenced by group norms is known as the​ ______________________.

Hawthorne studies

When Vicki washes her​ clothes, she always leaves her clean clothes in the dryer instead of folding and putting them away. Which of the following is she​ exhibiting?

High consistency

​______________ is the process of creative behavior in which we develop possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge.

Idea generation

A manager wants to increase the cohesiveness and productivity of project teams within his organization. What should he do for the​ groups?

Increase the amount of time group members spend together.

​________ are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. Three employees from different departments who regularly have lunch or coffee together are an example of this type of unit.

Informal groups

In terms of​ motivation, which of the following describes how hard a person tries to achieve a​ goal?

Intensity

​_____________ justice reflects the degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect.

Interpersonal

​____________ is the investment of an​ employee's physical,​ cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.

Job engagement

​_________ refers to adding​ high-level responsibilities to a job to increase intrinsic motivation.

Job enrichment

Which of the following is a method of job​ redesign?

Job rotation

​________ is a program that encompasses specific​ goals, participatively​ set, for an explicit time​ period, with feedback on goal progress.

Management by objectives

Which of the following accounts for a​ person's intensity,​ direction, and persistence in achieving a​ goal?

Motivation

Which of the following is a factor in the target in the perceptual​ process?

Novelty

Which of the Big Five personality traits correlates with higher levels of​ creativity?

Openness to experience

​__________ is an overall perception of what is fair in the​ workplace, composed of​ distributive, procedural,​ informational, and interpersonal justice.

Organizational justice

In which of the following situations are employee recognition programs least open to​ manipulation?

Performance criteria are objective.

​________ measures how long a person can maintain effort.

Persistence

Which of the following factors is likely to motivate a high​ achiever?

Personal responsibility

​________ means characterized by making​ consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.

Rational decision making

Which theory is reflected in the Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation model by recognizing that the​ organization's rewards reinforce the​ individual's performance?

Reinforcement theory

​_________ is a theory suggesting that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Reinforcement theory

​__________ is a system in which workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees.

Representative participation

​__________ refers to the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

The fundamental attribution error

Which of the following is the definition of a​ group?

Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent

​___________ is an ethical perspective in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for all.

Utilitarianism

H.R. Manager Melissa​ says: We must become more flexible if we are to meet our personnel needs and maximize efficiency. In the​ past, we simply hired as many​ full-time employees as we thought we needed.​ But, this focus has caused us to lose many valuable employees. We should offer flextime and job sharing options to help us keep and attract talented employees. Which of the​ following, if​ true, would strengthen​ Melissa's argument?

a large number of people with desirable job skills cannot commit to taking full-time positions

One general drawback of group​ decision-making is​ __________________.

ambiguous responsibility

Often the opinion that the interviewer holds about an applicant is formed very early in the​ interview, even if additional questions and responses reveal that the initial impressions are not accurate. If the interviewer has a tendency to fixate on initial information and fails to adequately adjust for subsequent​ information, he/she would be experiencing​ ___________.

anchoring bias

Under​ social-learning theory, what four processes influence a​ model's impact on individual​ behavior?

attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

Which bias can explain why managers give more weight in performance appraisals to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months​ earlier?

availability bias

When men make​ decisions, they are more likely to​ __________.

become more egocentric in stressful situations and make risky decisions

An ad hoc committee has been created to decide if the launch for a new product should be continued as scheduled or delayed. The committee members are comprised of diverse​ decision-makers. Stan is making a plea to the committee to delay based on a hunch he has. Mary has presented a case for her recommendation based on a simplified model to reduce the complexity of the decision at hand. Caroline has carefully constructed a flow chart defining the​ problem, identifying the decision​ criteria, allocating weights to the​ criteria, developing a list of all the possible​ alternatives, evaluating these​ alternatives, and then selecting the​ "best" alternative. Which approach to​ decision-making is Mary​ using?

bounded rationality

Consuela has decided that it is time for a new car. To begin the buying​ process, Consuela carefully reviews the local newspaper for any dealer sales and then looks at the​ "for sale by​ owner" section of the newspaper. She then narrows the search to a few local dealerships that she hopes will be willing to negotiate on the price. This is an example of​ _____________.

bounded rationality

Most people respond to a complex problem by reducing it to a level they can readily understand. Many problems​ don't have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to fit the rational decision making​ model, so people satisficelong dash—they seek solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. If you were to make a decision by reducing it to a level you can readily​ understand, you would be experiencing​ ___________.

bounded rationality

Rational decision making includes all of the following steps EXCEPT​ _______.

communicating the decision

Organizational constraints on decision making include all of the following EXCEPT​ ______________.

communication methods

When Sue noticed that Henrique frequently smiled at​ her, attribution theory suggests that Sue determined whether​ Henrique's behavior was externally or internally caused by reviewing​ distinctiveness, consistency, and​ _______________.

consensus

Relational job design focuses on​ __________________.

constructing jobs so that the employee perceives the positive difference he or she makes in the lives of others by the job the employee performs

Many factors shape and sometimes distort perception as seen in Exhibit​ 6-1. You may not notice someone dressed up at a club on Saturday night. Yet if you were to notice that person dressed the same way for your Monday morning management​ class, he or she would likely catch your attention. This example shows the importance of​ __________.

context

Behavioral ethics research stresses the importance of​ _______ to ethical decision making.

culture

Choices made from among two or more alternatives are​ ____________________.

decisions

Lloyd does not really define himself in terms of his organization. He has been experiencing low identification with his firm. His manager has been increasingly concerned as a result of​ Lloyd's decreased satisfaction because he knows it is likely that Lloyd will​ experience: ________________.

decreased OCBs

The first step in the rational​ decision-making model is to​ _________.

define the problem

Pam is stressed out over what to do about a​ co-worker who is constantly making personal​ calls, although there is a strict policy that personal calls are not to be made on company time. Hearing about this​ issue, Lemont expressed his own dissatisfaction with a couple of female​ co-workers who were constantly making sexually explicit jokes around him. Ginger just wishes everyone would stop talking about everyone else all the time because she​ can't seem to get anything done. These are all examples of​ _____________________.

deviant workplace behavior

Amalia really wanted that new position at work and knew that in order to get it she would have to increase her skill set and shadow a fellow​ worker, Stan, to learn some new processes.​ However, every time Amalia decided that she had a few minutes to shadow Stan she would get caught up in something else and the opportunity would pass.​ Amalia's failure to shadow Stan so far speaks to her​ _______________.

direction

EIP stands for​ _________________.

employee involvement programs

Which of the following would be an intrinsic​ reward?

employee recognition program

The Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation model considers all of the following EXCEPT​ __________.

employee selection

Sunshine Automotive Company recently implemented a benefit plan in which employees acquire stock in Sunshine Automotive at a reduced price as part of their benefits. This is commonly known as​ a(n) ____________________.

employee stock ownership plan

The rational model of decision making uses all of the following steps EXCEPT​ ____________.

engaging the stakeholders

Organizations increase employee engagement by​ ______________.

ensuring a fit between individual and organizational values

Alison has compared herself on the job to Kris. Both occupy comparable positions in the organization and have been with the company for the same number of years. Alison has an MBA and Kris has a​ bachelor's degree. Alison works through lunches most days while Kris goes to lunch every day and returns late most days. Alison perceives the quality and quantity of her work to be a higher level than that of Kris. Yet Alison believes that Kris makes more money than she does. Alison thinks she is underpaid compared to Kris. What motivation theory is Alison using in her​ comparison?

equity theory

​Josh, a recent graduate of State​ University, is working as a middle manager in the finance department of a pharmaceutical company. Josh makes​ $30 an hour. He often seems disinterested in his job and even has thoughts about quitting. When pressed one day about why he is​ unhappy, Josh cites his pay as the main reason.​ Specifically, he tells a coworker​ that, compared to managers at other pharmaceutical​ companies, he makes much less.​ "It isn't​ fair," he complains.​ "I work just as hard as they​ do, yet I​ don't make as much. Maybe I should go work for the​ competition." Which motivational theory best describes his​ unhappiness?

equity theory

Gerald invested​ $25,000 in a new business venture. Within 6​ months, it appeared that the venture was failing. To stay​ afloat, he invested another​ $25,000 in the hopes of saving his initial​ $25,000 investment. At the​ one-year anniversary of the​ business, his friend questioned his judgment in investing in this business and presented projections from industry experts who suggested the venture was not viable and he should cut his losses. Gerald wanted to prove he had good business instincts and invested an additional​ $15,000. What type of​ decision-making distortion is Gerald​ experiencing?

escalation of commitment

The basic foundation of the Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation model is the​ _______.

expectancy model

Flexible benefit plans are most closely aligned with which motivational​ theory?

expectancy theory

A​ side-effect of diversity within groups might be​ __________________.

faultlines

According to the Job Characteristics​ Model, the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about your own performance is called​ ________.

feedback

Pam works at an organization that has a number of international offices where she and her fellow team members service select accounts. Because of​ this, Pam and the rest of her team have differing hours which are available to them. Although Pam and the rest of the team have core hours from​ 11:00 a.m. to​ 3:00 p.m. that they must be in the​ office, Pam was able to choose the rest of her 4 hours each day that worked best for her. This is an example of​ ________________.

flextime

Which of the following statements is TRUE in terms of implications of​ goal-setting theory for​ managers?

goals should be specific and difficult

Alberto is concerned with the low performance level of his team. Recently he has observed a tendency for team members to enthusiastically support the idea and withhold their dissenting opinions. Once an idea is​ presented, everyone simply goes along with it and foregoes a robust discussion of the pros and cons. It is likely that​ Alberto's team is experiencing​ ________.

groupthink

Umberto and Keisha have both been members of their​ organization's computer services group for over a year. During that​ time, the group has been trying to decide whether to go with a Microsoft server for​ e-mail or another​ e-mail system. There has been much debate back and forth with no resolution. Although Umberto and Keisha both believe that there are better​ alternatives, the group leader and manager of the department are really pushing for the Microsoft server and so despite some​ misgivings, Umberto and Keisha agree with the decision to go with the Microsoft server. This is an example​ of______________________.

groupthink

You interview an applicant for a new job at your company. Upon reviewing his​ application, you notice that he played football for​ Michigan, your alma mater. The football players you knew when you were in college were​ affable, self-confident, and​ assertive, so you make the assumption that this applicant has those same qualities. This is an example of the​ _______.

halo effect

You have one beanbag and five targets set up in front of​ you, each farther away than the last. Target A sits almost within​ arm's reach. If you hit​ it, you get​ $2. Target B is a bit farther​ out, but about 80 percent of the people who try can hit it. It pays​ $4. Target C pays​ $8, and about half the people who try can hit it. Very few people can hit Target​ D, but the payoff is​ $16 for those who do.​ Finally, Target E pays​ $32, but​ it's almost impossible to achieve. Which would you try​ for? According to​ McClelland's Theory of​ Needs, if you selected​ C, you're likely to​ ________.

have a high need for achievement

If we assume that intrinsic motivation can increase employee​ motivation, while extrinsic rewards such as pay or vacation can only increase or decrease​ satisfaction, which motivational theory does this align​ with?

herzberg's two-factor theory

Jessica has been described as highly motivated to pursue her career goals. She gives​ 100% working harder than all her coworkers. Her efforts are laser focused on landing her next position in the organization. She is well known in the organization for her quality​ work, her​ can-do attitude, and her willingness to wholeheartedly embrace the​ organization's goals. According to​ McClelland's theory of​ needs, Jessica would best be described as having​ a(n) ________________.

high need for achievement

When engaging in a team activity at​ work, Sean was very encouraging and cheered on the members of his division as they worked together to accomplish the team goals. According to​ McClelland's theory of​ needs, Sean is likely exhibiting​ a(n) _________________.

high need for affiliation

Relying on an extensive amount of​ research, we can predict some relationships between achievement need and job performance. Which of the following is most closely related to managerial​ success?

high need for power and low need for affiliation

Stephanie is taking an assessment based on​ McClelland's theory of needs. Her HR director is looking for specific results to help determine her future managerial success. What results would indicate that Stephanie might be a good fit for a managerial​ position?

high need for power and low need for affiliation

Engaged employees result in​ ______________.

higher task performance

​It's common knowledge that the largest determinant of the size of any given​ year's budget is last​ year's budget. This example shows that decisions are based on​ __________.

historical precedents

According to the​ author, redesigning jobs therefore has the practical implication of all EXCEPT​ _________.

increased job dissatisfaction

All of the following are steps in creative behavior​ EXCEPT________________.

information assessment

Research has shown that job enrichment practices were related to all of the following EXCEPT​ __________.

input quality

Alison has compared herself on the job to Kris. Both occupy comparable positions in the organization and have been with the company for the same number of years. Alison has an MBA and Kris has a​ bachelor's degree. Alison works through lunches most days while Kris goes to lunch every day and returns late most days. Alison perceives the quality and quantity of her work to be a higher level than that of Kris. Yet Alison believes that Kris makes more money than she does. Alison thinks she is underpaid compared to Kris. According to equity​ theory, Alison's​ education, hours worked and​ quality/quantity of work are considered​ _________.

inputs

The element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation is​ _________.

intensity

Which of the following best describes the difference between internal equity and external​ equity?

internal equity is the worth of the job to the organization; external equity is the competitiveness of the organization's pay relative to pay in its industry

Laura Schendell makes only​ $8.50 per hour working at her​ fast-food job in​ Pensacola, Florida, and the job​ isn't very challenging or interesting. Yet Laura talks enthusiastically about the​ job, her​ boss, and the company that employs her.​ "What I like is the fact that Guy​ [her supervisor] appreciates the effort I make. He compliments me regularly in front of the other people on my​ shift, and​ I've been chosen Employee of the Month twice in the past six months. Did you see my picture on that plaque on the​ wall?" Laura is experiencing which type of​ reward?

intrinsic

A​ person's desire to work on something based on personal interest is known as which of the​ following?

intristic motivation

An ad hoc committee has been created to decide if the launch for a new product should be continued as scheduled or delayed. The committee members are comprised of diverse​ decision-makers. Stan is making a plea to the committee to delay based on a hunch he has. Mary has presented a case for her recommendation based on a simplified model to reduce the complexity of the decision at hand. Caroline has carefully constructed a flow chart defining the​ problem, identifying the decision​ criteria, allocating weights to the​ criteria, developing a list of all the possible​ alternatives, evaluating these​ alternatives, and then selecting the​ "best" alternative. Which approach to​ decision-making is Stan​ using?

intuition

The cultural background of a decision maker influences all of the following EXCEPT the​ ____________,

job analysis

The way in which elements of a job are organized is known as​ ________________.

job design

Paul gets up every day excited to get into work. As an IT​ consultant, he feels that each day is a new challenge that allows him to develop creative solutions and grow both personally and professionally. He often works long hours because the job just​ doesn't seem like​ work, and he gets a tremendous sense of personal satisfaction from solving complex problems. Paul would be an example of someone who has high​ ______________.

job engagement

​Cheryl's manager has decided to redesign her job. She has been entering data into her​ company's computer system after a quality control associate checks the accuracy of the data.​ Cheryl's manager has added the responsibility of quality​ control/accuracy checking to​ Cheryl's job. Which job redesign approach is​ Cheryl's manager​ using?

job enrichment

In the accounting department at Wysong​ Manufacturing, employees are shifted monthly to different jobs. For​ example, an employee will work in Accounts Receivable in​ January, in Accounts Payable during the month of​ February, and in Payroll during the month of March. What job design technique does this best​ illustrate?

job rotation

Luis really loves his new job at the automobile plant. As part of the engine​ department, Luis spends 90 days in a variety of positions before moving on to another position within the department. In this​ way, Luis could become familiar with each facet of the organization and would eliminate any possibility of the job becoming too routine. This describes​ _________________.

job rotation

John and Tom have decided they would like to spend more time with their families. They have each been working​ full-time jobs on a design team for a​ high-tech firm. They decided to approach their manager with the option for John to work afternoons while Tom would work mornings. As they approached their manager for​ approval, they explained that this job​ re-design technique was known as​ _____________.

job sharing

A manager who is very focused on ensuring that all employees are following the reimbursement policies when it comes to expense reports and wants to make sure that every employee follows the rules for which expenses are eligible for reimbursement is likely focused on an ethical criterion of​ _____________.

justice

A job that might lend itself to telecommuting would be​ a(n) ________________.

lawyer

Although employee involvement and participation​ (EIP) programs are​ valuable, researchers caution that organizations should modify their involvement program practices dependent on​ _________.

local and national norms

An overly high level of engagement can lead to​ _____.

loss of perspective and burnout

EIP programs can accomplish all of the following EXCEPT​ _______.

make employees feel that their interests are not represented

Benjamin is working hard to ensure that he earns a high performance appraisal rating this year. He knows that his pay is based on his performance appraisal rating and that he must work at a high level to receive higher rewards. Which pay plan is​ Benjamin's company​ using?

merit-based pay plan

​A flexible benefits program potentially turns the benefits package into a​ __________tool.

motivational

The theories of​ Maslow, McClelland, and Herzberg all focus on​ _____________.

needs

Which of the following Big Five personality traits correlates with creative​ behavior?

openness to experience

John believes that complimenting employees when they perform​ well, rather than reprimanding them for poor​ behaviors, is the best way to manage and draw the best work from his people. Over​ time, a problem​ employee's performance has improved with far less instances of undesirable behavior. Based on this​ description, it is safe to say that John is using​ ________.

operant conditioning theory

Equity theory is related to​ _________________.

organizational justice

In a recent meeting at​ work, Nick was asked to deliver the sales projections for the next month. Wanting to leave some room for​ error, Nick stated he was 90 percent sure that they could meet the stated sales target for the following month. Nick is exhibiting the​ ___________ bias.

overconfidence

A process in which decisions are made jointly between the employee and the direct supervisor is commonly known as​ ______.

participative management

The process through which subordinates are actively involved in the​ organization's decision making process is known as​ ________________.

participative management

Approximately 60 percent of respondents to an American Psychological Association survey indicated that they were staying with their current employer because of the​ ______________.

pay and benefits

One of the cited drawbacks of telecommuting may be that​ _______________________.

people are more collaborative when they are together

The person who processes and organizes impressions is known as the​ ___________.

perceiver

Which of the following terms describes the process by which people organize and interpret impressions to make sense of their​ environment?

perception

Awareness that a problem exists and that a decision might or might not be needed is​ a(n) _______.

perceptual issue

Matt just​ couldn't seem to make sense of the new process for billing. Although​ frustrated, Matt was determined to learn the new system and decided to take the manuals home over the weekend to study them and vowed to keep studying them until he fully understood the new process.​ Matt's decision is an example of​ ________________.

persistence

Lamar was happy with his position within the organization. One day at lunch he overheard a couple of colleagues talking about a new recognition program that would honor an Employee of the​ Month, and that employee would get to go to lunch with the boss. Lamar and his family were just making ends​ meet, and with another baby on the​ way, his salary was most important to both him and his family. He really​ couldn't care less about the lunch with the boss. Which level of needs in​ Maslow's hierarchy does this​ reflect?

physiological

Carl is paid a fixed sum of​ $5 for each widget that he produces. Which pay plan does his company​ use?

piece-rate plan

A discrepancy between the desired state of affairs and the current state of affairs is defined as​ __________________.

problem

Decision making is a reaction to​ a(n) ______________.

problem

Several employees have been discussing the fairness of their raises this year. Abe said he got the raise he deserved. Samantha said she was on the committee that​ re-designed the process for determining raises and was given a good explanation of why she received the raise she did. Xavier said his manager was very nice while telling him about his raise. What type of organizational justice is Samantha​ addressing?

procedural

Which of the following is an​ organization-wide program that distributes compensation based on a formula dependent on the​ company's profitability?

profit sharing

Which of the following items is included in the motivators according to​ Herzberg?

promotional opportunities

Studies indicate that employee recognition programs are associated with all EXCEPT​ __________.

promotions

When a work group is high in​ ________________, deceit,​ amorality, and rudeness tend to be more pronounced.

psychopathy and aggression

An ad hoc committee has been created to decide if the launch for a new product should be continued as scheduled or delayed. The committee members are comprised of diverse​ decision-makers. Stan is making a plea to the committee to delay based on a hunch he has. Mary has presented a case for her recommendation based on a simplified model to reduce the complexity of the decision at hand. Caroline has carefully constructed a flow chart defining the​ problem, identifying the decision​ criteria, allocating weights to the​ criteria, developing a list of all the possible​ alternatives, evaluating these​ alternatives, and then selecting the​ "best" alternative. Which approach to​ decision-making is Caroline​ using?

rational decision making model

Research suggests that the negative aspect of flextime​ __________.

reduced goal accomplishment

One of the benefits of telecommuting includes​ _______.

reduced role stress and turnover

Jeff aspires to be a member of the golf team at work. He has begun to dress like the​ members, wearing khakis and polo shirts each Friday to work and has joined the same country club. He goes out of his way to speak to the golf team members in the hallway and has purchased the same brand of golf clubs all the team members own. The golf team would be considered​ Jeff's __________.

reference group

According to the​ punctuated-equilibrium model, groups experience a transition halfway between the first meeting and the official deadline​ ____________.

regardless of the length of the project time frame

Gayle started a new job as a cashier at the local grocery store. The store manager had Gayle practice each task that needed to be accomplished. When she completed a task​ correctly, the manager praised her. When she did a task​ incorrectly, she was reprimanded and the manager made her repeat the task. This is an example of​ _______________________.

reinforcement theory

Which of the following focuses on how employees can make a positive difference in the lives of others directly through their​ work?

relational job deisgn

The union at your company has been negotiating with management for a new contract. They have suggested using a system popular in several European countries in which workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees. What type of programs are they​ proposing?

representative participation

A decision to protect an employee who turned in a supervisor for stealing is founded in the ethical principle of​ __________.

rights

Rajin has recently been appointed the leader of a task group at​ work, which has historically met every Thursday evening from 5p.m. to 6p.m. Most of the members of the group have organized their schedules around this time.​ Rajin, however, has also taken on the role of Little League coach for his​ son's baseball team on the same night at the same time and has promised the team the time would not change. This is an example of​ ________________.

role conflict

When two or more role expectations are​ contradictory, this is known as​ ________.

role conflict

Our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation is known as​ ________________.

role perception

Within​ groups, individuals can take on​ responsibilities, both formal and​ informal, within the organization. The set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit are called​ what?

roles

Which of the following best describes the difference between​ self-determination and​ self-efficacy?

self-determination refers to a person's desire to feel that he or she has control over his or her actions; self-efficiency refers to a a person's belief in his or her ability to perform a task

Which motivational theory focuses on achieving positive connections with others as well as achieving​ competence?

self-determination theory

​"It's strange," said Marcia.​ "I started work at the Humane Society as a volunteer. I put in 15 hours a week helping people adopt pets. And I loved coming to work.​ Then, 3 months​ ago, they hired me​ full-time at​ $11 an hour.​ I'm doing the same work I did before. But​ I'm not finding it nearly as much​ fun." This attitude can be attributed to which of the​ following?

self-determination theory

Lucinda was new to her position and looking for ways to motivate her team. One of the issues that she had noticed with her team was that they​ didn't seem convinced that they could actually accomplish the new goals that had been set. To help resolve this​ problem, Lucinda began providing additional feedback and setting achievable goals that helped convince the team they really could accomplish the new goals. This is an example of​ __________.

self-efficiency theory

​________________focuses on the belief that one is capable of accomplishing the task while​ ____________focuses on learning through both observation and direct experience.

self-efficiency theory; social learning theory

​Variable-pay programs​ (pay-for-performance) do NOT include​ __________ plans.

seniority

According to the job characteristics model​ (JCM), which dimensions combine to create meaningful work the employee will view as​ important, valuable, and​ worthwhile?

skill variety, task identity, and task significance

​Brent's work team has just ended its first meeting and the timeline has been set for six months. According to the​ punctuated-equilibrium model, during the first couple of months of the​ project, Brent's activity could be described as​ ______________________.

slow in terms of progress

Steve has been at his job for 10 years and loves it. He knows it​ doesn't pay as much as he might make at another​ organization, but he loves the work​ itself, the people that he works​ with, and his manager. In​ fact, Steve really sees the organization as his extended family. Each month they hold family picnics and many of the employees socialize together. Which level of​ Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this​ reflect?

social

Much of what we learn comes from watching modelslong dash—​parents, ​teachers, peers, film and television​ performers, and bosses. This is the view of​ __________.

social learning theory

​Self-efficacy theory is also known as​ ___________________.

social learning theory

Jason has been a top performer for the last five years. He has always worked on individual projects.​ Recently, Jason was included on a​ 7-person team and his manager noticed that​ Jason's work efforts have diminished significantly. Jason is likely experiencing​ __________.

social loafing

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others is known as​ ________.

status

Cohesiveness in a group can be encouraged by​ ______________________.

stimulating intergroup competition

The Windsong Automobile Manufacturing Company produces custom luxury​ automobiles, The owner recognizes the importance of happy employees. In addition to an excellent salary and benefits​ package, they have also redesigned jobs so that employees are assigned to teams which complete a car from start to finish. Using the job characteristics​ model, which of the five core job dimensions is accomplished by utilizing these​ teams?

task identity

The degree to which a job requires the completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work is known as​ __________.

task identity

The job of baker in a bakery who is responsible for the​ design, baking,​ decorating, and finishing of all wedding cakes would be high in​ ___________________.

task identity

Culture can play a role on many aspects of​ personality, including creativity. A recent​ nation-level study suggests that countries scoring high on​ Hofstede's culture dimensions of individuality are more creative. Although it is also true that there is a strong variation within​ cultures, so there may be outliers within both​ high- and​ low-creativity cultures. Which of the following cultures would be viewed to be the most​ creative?

the US

Which of the following is the most likely difference between an employee who tries to correct workplace problems by being a​ whistle-blower and one who tries to do so by forming a​ union?

the employee who blows the whistle values rights the most; the employee who tries to form a union values justice the most.

When Ahmed arrived at work on​ Monday, he noticed that several new employees had been hired. One of the new hires seemed to be talkative and without the benefit of​ walls, the sound really carried. Based on this​ behavior, Ahmed assumed that this new employee was also likely to be quite outgoing and probably ask a lot of questions. Ahmed reaching this conclusion is an example of​ ______________.

the halo effect

The​ perceiver, the​ context, and​ ___________________ all impact perception.

the target

Ethical decisions which are based on decision outcomes are grounded in​ __________.

utilitarianism

Paula tries to make decisions that bring the most benefit to the most people. Which of the following ethical decision criteria does she value​ most?

utilitarianism

Jim perceives that his new assistant is​ well-trained and​ knowledgeable, but she has little confidence in her abilities. He makes a point of telling her frequently that he is impressed with her skills and is convinced that​ she's going to excel in her job. According to​ self-efficacy theory, which method of increasing his​ assistant's self-efficacy is Jim​ using?

verbal persuasion

According to the​ two-factor theory, all of the following motivate workers EXCEPT​ __________.

work conditions

Factors in the target that influence perception include all EXCEPT​ __________.

work setting

​________ is a theory stating that specific and difficult​ goals, with​ feedback, lead to higher performance.

​Goal-setting theory

​_________________ refers to the alignment between goals and intrinsic motivators.

​Self-concordance

A survey showed that major organizations offer flexible benefits to include all EXCEPT​ _______.

​pay-for-performance

Diverse input is best found in groups of more than​ ________________ members.

12

​Worldwide, what percentage of organizations offer a​ variable-pay plan in some​ form?

84%

​_________ is a theory stating that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

Behaviorism

​_____ is a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.

Bounded rationality

​__________ holds that extrinsic rewards that had been previously intrinsically rewarding decrease motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.

Cognitive evaluation theory

Theories that combine in ways that enhance or emphasize each​ other's qualities are known as which of the​ following?

Complementary

​_______ is the ability to produce novel and useful ideas.

Creativity

​_______ is a perspective in which ethical decisions are made because you​ "ought to" in order to be consistent with moral​ norms, principles,​ standards, rules, or laws.

Deonance

Your coworker Tom has been gossiping and spreading rumors about other team members. In recent​ meetings, he has also been publicly blaming others for his own mistakes. Just​ yesterday, you saw him taking personal items from another​ employee's cubicle. How would you characterize​ Tom's behavior?

Deviant workplace behavior

According to​ Herzberg, which of the following is TRUE regarding job​ satisfaction?

Dissatisfied workers cite extrinsic factors such as​ supervision, pay, company​ policies, and working conditions as a source of their job dissatisfaction.

​________ refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations.

Distinctiveness

Which of the following best describes the difference between distinctiveness and​ consistency?

Distinctiveness tries to determine whether there is a pattern of behavior in different situations; consistency tries to determine whether there is a pattern of behavior in the same situation

According to the​ punctuated-equilibrium model, when does marked acceleration of activity​ occur?

During the​ group's last meeting

​__________ is the way the elements in a job are organized.

Job design

Which of the following steps are included in creative​ behavior?

Problem formulation and idea generation

Which dimension of the job characteristics model describes the degree to which a job affects the lives or work of other​ people?

Task significance

Which of the following groups is most likely to pass through the sequencing of activities known as the punctuated equilibrium​ model?

Temporary groups with a finite deadline

What is the downside of a​ flexible-benefit plan?

They are costlier to administrate

Which of the following is part of the definition of​ motivation?

direction


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