EXAM 2 FOR MGMT 311
When we narrow our decision choices to those that we can reasonably select from or that we can reasonably make sense of in terms of solutions, this is an example of ___________.
satisficing
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about high-status people?
High-status people participate less actively in group discussions.
Which theory of motivation hypothesized that within every human being there exists a set of needs that resembles a pyramid?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
__________ is a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.
McClelland's theory of needs
Which of the following pays for performance based on appraisal ratings?
Merit-based plans
According to Maslow, which level of needs encompasses our drive to become what we are capable of becoming, including growth, achieving our potential, and self-fulfillment?
Self-actualization
The theory which supports the notion that people prefer control over their actions and work is known as _________.
self-determination theory
Individuals who rank high in self-esteem use ____________ to maintain it.
self-serving bias
When a student blames the professor for a poor grade on an assignment but credits him or herself when a good grade is earned, is an example of ______________.
self-serving bias
A(n) ________ program is a pay plan that bases a portion or all of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance.
variable-pay
All of the following are reasons why people are engaged in their jobs EXCEPT __________.
work-family conflict
Which of the following best describes the difference between achievement-striving and dutifulness?
People striving for achievement work harder to forestall failure, while dutiful people might give up on something if they think it's best for the organization
Researchers have indicated that employees are perceived by their supervisors as more conscientious when they____________.
Start work early in the day
According to the Job Characteristics Model, _______ is the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities.
Skill variety
________ proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem gets tied into the group's performance.
Social identity theory
Which of the following suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused?
Attribution theory
__________ states that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome.
Expectancy theory
Which of the following factors influence perception in the perceiver?
Expectations
__________ is the foundation for all creative work and thus is the single most important predictor of creative potential.
Expertise
A significant experiment conducted on how individual behavior is influenced by group norms is known as the ______________________.
Hawthorne studies
When Vicki washes her clothes, she always leaves her clean clothes in the dryer instead of folding and putting them away. Which of the following is she exhibiting?
High consistency
______________ is the process of creative behavior in which we develop possible solutions to a problem from relevant information and knowledge.
Idea generation
A manager wants to increase the cohesiveness and productivity of project teams within his organization. What should he do for the groups?
Increase the amount of time group members spend together.
________ are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. Three employees from different departments who regularly have lunch or coffee together are an example of this type of unit.
Informal groups
In terms of motivation, which of the following describes how hard a person tries to achieve a goal?
Intensity
_____________ justice reflects the degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect.
Interpersonal
____________ is the investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.
Job engagement
_________ refers to adding high-level responsibilities to a job to increase intrinsic motivation.
Job enrichment
Which of the following is a method of job redesign?
Job rotation
________ is a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.
Management by objectives
Which of the following accounts for a person's intensity, direction, and persistence in achieving a goal?
Motivation
Which of the following is a factor in the target in the perceptual process?
Novelty
Which of the Big Five personality traits correlates with higher levels of creativity?
Openness to experience
__________ is an overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice.
Organizational justice
In which of the following situations are employee recognition programs least open to manipulation?
Performance criteria are objective.
________ measures how long a person can maintain effort.
Persistence
Which of the following factors is likely to motivate a high achiever?
Personal responsibility
________ means characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
Rational decision making
Which theory is reflected in the Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation model by recognizing that the organization's rewards reinforce the individual's performance?
Reinforcement theory
_________ is a theory suggesting that behavior is a function of its consequences.
Reinforcement theory
__________ is a system in which workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees.
Representative participation
__________ refers to the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
The fundamental attribution error
Which of the following is the definition of a group?
Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent
___________ is an ethical perspective in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for all.
Utilitarianism
H.R. Manager Melissa says: We must become more flexible if we are to meet our personnel needs and maximize efficiency. In the past, we simply hired as many full-time employees as we thought we needed. But, this focus has caused us to lose many valuable employees. We should offer flextime and job sharing options to help us keep and attract talented employees. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen Melissa's argument?
a large number of people with desirable job skills cannot commit to taking full-time positions
One general drawback of group decision-making is __________________.
ambiguous responsibility
Often the opinion that the interviewer holds about an applicant is formed very early in the interview, even if additional questions and responses reveal that the initial impressions are not accurate. If the interviewer has a tendency to fixate on initial information and fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information, he/she would be experiencing ___________.
anchoring bias
Under social-learning theory, what four processes influence a model's impact on individual behavior?
attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
Which bias can explain why managers give more weight in performance appraisals to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier?
availability bias
When men make decisions, they are more likely to __________.
become more egocentric in stressful situations and make risky decisions
An ad hoc committee has been created to decide if the launch for a new product should be continued as scheduled or delayed. The committee members are comprised of diverse decision-makers. Stan is making a plea to the committee to delay based on a hunch he has. Mary has presented a case for her recommendation based on a simplified model to reduce the complexity of the decision at hand. Caroline has carefully constructed a flow chart defining the problem, identifying the decision criteria, allocating weights to the criteria, developing a list of all the possible alternatives, evaluating these alternatives, and then selecting the "best" alternative. Which approach to decision-making is Mary using?
bounded rationality
Consuela has decided that it is time for a new car. To begin the buying process, Consuela carefully reviews the local newspaper for any dealer sales and then looks at the "for sale by owner" section of the newspaper. She then narrows the search to a few local dealerships that she hopes will be willing to negotiate on the price. This is an example of _____________.
bounded rationality
Most people respond to a complex problem by reducing it to a level they can readily understand. Many problems don't have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to fit the rational decision making model, so people satisficelong dash—they seek solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. If you were to make a decision by reducing it to a level you can readily understand, you would be experiencing ___________.
bounded rationality
Rational decision making includes all of the following steps EXCEPT _______.
communicating the decision
Organizational constraints on decision making include all of the following EXCEPT ______________.
communication methods
When Sue noticed that Henrique frequently smiled at her, attribution theory suggests that Sue determined whether Henrique's behavior was externally or internally caused by reviewing distinctiveness, consistency, and _______________.
consensus
Relational job design focuses on __________________.
constructing jobs so that the employee perceives the positive difference he or she makes in the lives of others by the job the employee performs
Many factors shape and sometimes distort perception as seen in Exhibit 6-1. You may not notice someone dressed up at a club on Saturday night. Yet if you were to notice that person dressed the same way for your Monday morning management class, he or she would likely catch your attention. This example shows the importance of __________.
context
Behavioral ethics research stresses the importance of _______ to ethical decision making.
culture
Choices made from among two or more alternatives are ____________________.
decisions
Lloyd does not really define himself in terms of his organization. He has been experiencing low identification with his firm. His manager has been increasingly concerned as a result of Lloyd's decreased satisfaction because he knows it is likely that Lloyd will experience: ________________.
decreased OCBs
The first step in the rational decision-making model is to _________.
define the problem
Pam is stressed out over what to do about a co-worker who is constantly making personal calls, although there is a strict policy that personal calls are not to be made on company time. Hearing about this issue, Lemont expressed his own dissatisfaction with a couple of female co-workers who were constantly making sexually explicit jokes around him. Ginger just wishes everyone would stop talking about everyone else all the time because she can't seem to get anything done. These are all examples of _____________________.
deviant workplace behavior
Amalia really wanted that new position at work and knew that in order to get it she would have to increase her skill set and shadow a fellow worker, Stan, to learn some new processes. However, every time Amalia decided that she had a few minutes to shadow Stan she would get caught up in something else and the opportunity would pass. Amalia's failure to shadow Stan so far speaks to her _______________.
direction
EIP stands for _________________.
employee involvement programs
Which of the following would be an intrinsic reward?
employee recognition program
The Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation model considers all of the following EXCEPT __________.
employee selection
Sunshine Automotive Company recently implemented a benefit plan in which employees acquire stock in Sunshine Automotive at a reduced price as part of their benefits. This is commonly known as a(n) ____________________.
employee stock ownership plan
The rational model of decision making uses all of the following steps EXCEPT ____________.
engaging the stakeholders
Organizations increase employee engagement by ______________.
ensuring a fit between individual and organizational values
Alison has compared herself on the job to Kris. Both occupy comparable positions in the organization and have been with the company for the same number of years. Alison has an MBA and Kris has a bachelor's degree. Alison works through lunches most days while Kris goes to lunch every day and returns late most days. Alison perceives the quality and quantity of her work to be a higher level than that of Kris. Yet Alison believes that Kris makes more money than she does. Alison thinks she is underpaid compared to Kris. What motivation theory is Alison using in her comparison?
equity theory
Josh, a recent graduate of State University, is working as a middle manager in the finance department of a pharmaceutical company. Josh makes $30 an hour. He often seems disinterested in his job and even has thoughts about quitting. When pressed one day about why he is unhappy, Josh cites his pay as the main reason. Specifically, he tells a coworker that, compared to managers at other pharmaceutical companies, he makes much less. "It isn't fair," he complains. "I work just as hard as they do, yet I don't make as much. Maybe I should go work for the competition." Which motivational theory best describes his unhappiness?
equity theory
Gerald invested $25,000 in a new business venture. Within 6 months, it appeared that the venture was failing. To stay afloat, he invested another $25,000 in the hopes of saving his initial $25,000 investment. At the one-year anniversary of the business, his friend questioned his judgment in investing in this business and presented projections from industry experts who suggested the venture was not viable and he should cut his losses. Gerald wanted to prove he had good business instincts and invested an additional $15,000. What type of decision-making distortion is Gerald experiencing?
escalation of commitment
The basic foundation of the Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation model is the _______.
expectancy model
Flexible benefit plans are most closely aligned with which motivational theory?
expectancy theory
A side-effect of diversity within groups might be __________________.
faultlines
According to the Job Characteristics Model, the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about your own performance is called ________.
feedback
Pam works at an organization that has a number of international offices where she and her fellow team members service select accounts. Because of this, Pam and the rest of her team have differing hours which are available to them. Although Pam and the rest of the team have core hours from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. that they must be in the office, Pam was able to choose the rest of her 4 hours each day that worked best for her. This is an example of ________________.
flextime
Which of the following statements is TRUE in terms of implications of goal-setting theory for managers?
goals should be specific and difficult
Alberto is concerned with the low performance level of his team. Recently he has observed a tendency for team members to enthusiastically support the idea and withhold their dissenting opinions. Once an idea is presented, everyone simply goes along with it and foregoes a robust discussion of the pros and cons. It is likely that Alberto's team is experiencing ________.
groupthink
Umberto and Keisha have both been members of their organization's computer services group for over a year. During that time, the group has been trying to decide whether to go with a Microsoft server for e-mail or another e-mail system. There has been much debate back and forth with no resolution. Although Umberto and Keisha both believe that there are better alternatives, the group leader and manager of the department are really pushing for the Microsoft server and so despite some misgivings, Umberto and Keisha agree with the decision to go with the Microsoft server. This is an example of______________________.
groupthink
You interview an applicant for a new job at your company. Upon reviewing his application, you notice that he played football for Michigan, your alma mater. The football players you knew when you were in college were affable, self-confident, and assertive, so you make the assumption that this applicant has those same qualities. This is an example of the _______.
halo effect
You have one beanbag and five targets set up in front of you, each farther away than the last. Target A sits almost within arm's reach. If you hit it, you get $2. Target B is a bit farther out, but about 80 percent of the people who try can hit it. It pays $4. Target C pays $8, and about half the people who try can hit it. Very few people can hit Target D, but the payoff is $16 for those who do. Finally, Target E pays $32, but it's almost impossible to achieve. Which would you try for? According to McClelland's Theory of Needs, if you selected C, you're likely to ________.
have a high need for achievement
If we assume that intrinsic motivation can increase employee motivation, while extrinsic rewards such as pay or vacation can only increase or decrease satisfaction, which motivational theory does this align with?
herzberg's two-factor theory
Jessica has been described as highly motivated to pursue her career goals. She gives 100% working harder than all her coworkers. Her efforts are laser focused on landing her next position in the organization. She is well known in the organization for her quality work, her can-do attitude, and her willingness to wholeheartedly embrace the organization's goals. According to McClelland's theory of needs, Jessica would best be described as having a(n) ________________.
high need for achievement
When engaging in a team activity at work, Sean was very encouraging and cheered on the members of his division as they worked together to accomplish the team goals. According to McClelland's theory of needs, Sean is likely exhibiting a(n) _________________.
high need for affiliation
Relying on an extensive amount of research, we can predict some relationships between achievement need and job performance. Which of the following is most closely related to managerial success?
high need for power and low need for affiliation
Stephanie is taking an assessment based on McClelland's theory of needs. Her HR director is looking for specific results to help determine her future managerial success. What results would indicate that Stephanie might be a good fit for a managerial position?
high need for power and low need for affiliation
Engaged employees result in ______________.
higher task performance
It's common knowledge that the largest determinant of the size of any given year's budget is last year's budget. This example shows that decisions are based on __________.
historical precedents
According to the author, redesigning jobs therefore has the practical implication of all EXCEPT _________.
increased job dissatisfaction
All of the following are steps in creative behavior EXCEPT________________.
information assessment
Research has shown that job enrichment practices were related to all of the following EXCEPT __________.
input quality
Alison has compared herself on the job to Kris. Both occupy comparable positions in the organization and have been with the company for the same number of years. Alison has an MBA and Kris has a bachelor's degree. Alison works through lunches most days while Kris goes to lunch every day and returns late most days. Alison perceives the quality and quantity of her work to be a higher level than that of Kris. Yet Alison believes that Kris makes more money than she does. Alison thinks she is underpaid compared to Kris. According to equity theory, Alison's education, hours worked and quality/quantity of work are considered _________.
inputs
The element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation is _________.
intensity
Which of the following best describes the difference between internal equity and external equity?
internal equity is the worth of the job to the organization; external equity is the competitiveness of the organization's pay relative to pay in its industry
Laura Schendell makes only $8.50 per hour working at her fast-food job in Pensacola, Florida, and the job isn't very challenging or interesting. Yet Laura talks enthusiastically about the job, her boss, and the company that employs her. "What I like is the fact that Guy [her supervisor] appreciates the effort I make. He compliments me regularly in front of the other people on my shift, and I've been chosen Employee of the Month twice in the past six months. Did you see my picture on that plaque on the wall?" Laura is experiencing which type of reward?
intrinsic
A person's desire to work on something based on personal interest is known as which of the following?
intristic motivation
An ad hoc committee has been created to decide if the launch for a new product should be continued as scheduled or delayed. The committee members are comprised of diverse decision-makers. Stan is making a plea to the committee to delay based on a hunch he has. Mary has presented a case for her recommendation based on a simplified model to reduce the complexity of the decision at hand. Caroline has carefully constructed a flow chart defining the problem, identifying the decision criteria, allocating weights to the criteria, developing a list of all the possible alternatives, evaluating these alternatives, and then selecting the "best" alternative. Which approach to decision-making is Stan using?
intuition
The cultural background of a decision maker influences all of the following EXCEPT the ____________,
job analysis
The way in which elements of a job are organized is known as ________________.
job design
Paul gets up every day excited to get into work. As an IT consultant, he feels that each day is a new challenge that allows him to develop creative solutions and grow both personally and professionally. He often works long hours because the job just doesn't seem like work, and he gets a tremendous sense of personal satisfaction from solving complex problems. Paul would be an example of someone who has high ______________.
job engagement
Cheryl's manager has decided to redesign her job. She has been entering data into her company's computer system after a quality control associate checks the accuracy of the data. Cheryl's manager has added the responsibility of quality control/accuracy checking to Cheryl's job. Which job redesign approach is Cheryl's manager using?
job enrichment
In the accounting department at Wysong Manufacturing, employees are shifted monthly to different jobs. For example, an employee will work in Accounts Receivable in January, in Accounts Payable during the month of February, and in Payroll during the month of March. What job design technique does this best illustrate?
job rotation
Luis really loves his new job at the automobile plant. As part of the engine department, Luis spends 90 days in a variety of positions before moving on to another position within the department. In this way, Luis could become familiar with each facet of the organization and would eliminate any possibility of the job becoming too routine. This describes _________________.
job rotation
John and Tom have decided they would like to spend more time with their families. They have each been working full-time jobs on a design team for a high-tech firm. They decided to approach their manager with the option for John to work afternoons while Tom would work mornings. As they approached their manager for approval, they explained that this job re-design technique was known as _____________.
job sharing
A manager who is very focused on ensuring that all employees are following the reimbursement policies when it comes to expense reports and wants to make sure that every employee follows the rules for which expenses are eligible for reimbursement is likely focused on an ethical criterion of _____________.
justice
A job that might lend itself to telecommuting would be a(n) ________________.
lawyer
Although employee involvement and participation (EIP) programs are valuable, researchers caution that organizations should modify their involvement program practices dependent on _________.
local and national norms
An overly high level of engagement can lead to _____.
loss of perspective and burnout
EIP programs can accomplish all of the following EXCEPT _______.
make employees feel that their interests are not represented
Benjamin is working hard to ensure that he earns a high performance appraisal rating this year. He knows that his pay is based on his performance appraisal rating and that he must work at a high level to receive higher rewards. Which pay plan is Benjamin's company using?
merit-based pay plan
A flexible benefits program potentially turns the benefits package into a __________tool.
motivational
The theories of Maslow, McClelland, and Herzberg all focus on _____________.
needs
Which of the following Big Five personality traits correlates with creative behavior?
openness to experience
John believes that complimenting employees when they perform well, rather than reprimanding them for poor behaviors, is the best way to manage and draw the best work from his people. Over time, a problem employee's performance has improved with far less instances of undesirable behavior. Based on this description, it is safe to say that John is using ________.
operant conditioning theory
Equity theory is related to _________________.
organizational justice
In a recent meeting at work, Nick was asked to deliver the sales projections for the next month. Wanting to leave some room for error, Nick stated he was 90 percent sure that they could meet the stated sales target for the following month. Nick is exhibiting the ___________ bias.
overconfidence
A process in which decisions are made jointly between the employee and the direct supervisor is commonly known as ______.
participative management
The process through which subordinates are actively involved in the organization's decision making process is known as ________________.
participative management
Approximately 60 percent of respondents to an American Psychological Association survey indicated that they were staying with their current employer because of the ______________.
pay and benefits
One of the cited drawbacks of telecommuting may be that _______________________.
people are more collaborative when they are together
The person who processes and organizes impressions is known as the ___________.
perceiver
Which of the following terms describes the process by which people organize and interpret impressions to make sense of their environment?
perception
Awareness that a problem exists and that a decision might or might not be needed is a(n) _______.
perceptual issue
Matt just couldn't seem to make sense of the new process for billing. Although frustrated, Matt was determined to learn the new system and decided to take the manuals home over the weekend to study them and vowed to keep studying them until he fully understood the new process. Matt's decision is an example of ________________.
persistence
Lamar was happy with his position within the organization. One day at lunch he overheard a couple of colleagues talking about a new recognition program that would honor an Employee of the Month, and that employee would get to go to lunch with the boss. Lamar and his family were just making ends meet, and with another baby on the way, his salary was most important to both him and his family. He really couldn't care less about the lunch with the boss. Which level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy does this reflect?
physiological
Carl is paid a fixed sum of $5 for each widget that he produces. Which pay plan does his company use?
piece-rate plan
A discrepancy between the desired state of affairs and the current state of affairs is defined as __________________.
problem
Decision making is a reaction to a(n) ______________.
problem
Several employees have been discussing the fairness of their raises this year. Abe said he got the raise he deserved. Samantha said she was on the committee that re-designed the process for determining raises and was given a good explanation of why she received the raise she did. Xavier said his manager was very nice while telling him about his raise. What type of organizational justice is Samantha addressing?
procedural
Which of the following is an organization-wide program that distributes compensation based on a formula dependent on the company's profitability?
profit sharing
Which of the following items is included in the motivators according to Herzberg?
promotional opportunities
Studies indicate that employee recognition programs are associated with all EXCEPT __________.
promotions
When a work group is high in ________________, deceit, amorality, and rudeness tend to be more pronounced.
psychopathy and aggression
An ad hoc committee has been created to decide if the launch for a new product should be continued as scheduled or delayed. The committee members are comprised of diverse decision-makers. Stan is making a plea to the committee to delay based on a hunch he has. Mary has presented a case for her recommendation based on a simplified model to reduce the complexity of the decision at hand. Caroline has carefully constructed a flow chart defining the problem, identifying the decision criteria, allocating weights to the criteria, developing a list of all the possible alternatives, evaluating these alternatives, and then selecting the "best" alternative. Which approach to decision-making is Caroline using?
rational decision making model
Research suggests that the negative aspect of flextime __________.
reduced goal accomplishment
One of the benefits of telecommuting includes _______.
reduced role stress and turnover
Jeff aspires to be a member of the golf team at work. He has begun to dress like the members, wearing khakis and polo shirts each Friday to work and has joined the same country club. He goes out of his way to speak to the golf team members in the hallway and has purchased the same brand of golf clubs all the team members own. The golf team would be considered Jeff's __________.
reference group
According to the punctuated-equilibrium model, groups experience a transition halfway between the first meeting and the official deadline ____________.
regardless of the length of the project time frame
Gayle started a new job as a cashier at the local grocery store. The store manager had Gayle practice each task that needed to be accomplished. When she completed a task correctly, the manager praised her. When she did a task incorrectly, she was reprimanded and the manager made her repeat the task. This is an example of _______________________.
reinforcement theory
Which of the following focuses on how employees can make a positive difference in the lives of others directly through their work?
relational job deisgn
The union at your company has been negotiating with management for a new contract. They have suggested using a system popular in several European countries in which workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees. What type of programs are they proposing?
representative participation
A decision to protect an employee who turned in a supervisor for stealing is founded in the ethical principle of __________.
rights
Rajin has recently been appointed the leader of a task group at work, which has historically met every Thursday evening from 5p.m. to 6p.m. Most of the members of the group have organized their schedules around this time. Rajin, however, has also taken on the role of Little League coach for his son's baseball team on the same night at the same time and has promised the team the time would not change. This is an example of ________________.
role conflict
When two or more role expectations are contradictory, this is known as ________.
role conflict
Our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation is known as ________________.
role perception
Within groups, individuals can take on responsibilities, both formal and informal, within the organization. The set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit are called what?
roles
Which of the following best describes the difference between self-determination and self-efficacy?
self-determination refers to a person's desire to feel that he or she has control over his or her actions; self-efficiency refers to a a person's belief in his or her ability to perform a task
Which motivational theory focuses on achieving positive connections with others as well as achieving competence?
self-determination theory
"It's strange," said Marcia. "I started work at the Humane Society as a volunteer. I put in 15 hours a week helping people adopt pets. And I loved coming to work. Then, 3 months ago, they hired me full-time at $11 an hour. I'm doing the same work I did before. But I'm not finding it nearly as much fun." This attitude can be attributed to which of the following?
self-determination theory
Lucinda was new to her position and looking for ways to motivate her team. One of the issues that she had noticed with her team was that they didn't seem convinced that they could actually accomplish the new goals that had been set. To help resolve this problem, Lucinda began providing additional feedback and setting achievable goals that helped convince the team they really could accomplish the new goals. This is an example of __________.
self-efficiency theory
________________focuses on the belief that one is capable of accomplishing the task while ____________focuses on learning through both observation and direct experience.
self-efficiency theory; social learning theory
Variable-pay programs (pay-for-performance) do NOT include __________ plans.
seniority
According to the job characteristics model (JCM), which dimensions combine to create meaningful work the employee will view as important, valuable, and worthwhile?
skill variety, task identity, and task significance
Brent's work team has just ended its first meeting and the timeline has been set for six months. According to the punctuated-equilibrium model, during the first couple of months of the project, Brent's activity could be described as ______________________.
slow in terms of progress
Steve has been at his job for 10 years and loves it. He knows it doesn't pay as much as he might make at another organization, but he loves the work itself, the people that he works with, and his manager. In fact, Steve really sees the organization as his extended family. Each month they hold family picnics and many of the employees socialize together. Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this reflect?
social
Much of what we learn comes from watching modelslong dash—parents, teachers, peers, film and television performers, and bosses. This is the view of __________.
social learning theory
Self-efficacy theory is also known as ___________________.
social learning theory
Jason has been a top performer for the last five years. He has always worked on individual projects. Recently, Jason was included on a 7-person team and his manager noticed that Jason's work efforts have diminished significantly. Jason is likely experiencing __________.
social loafing
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others is known as ________.
status
Cohesiveness in a group can be encouraged by ______________________.
stimulating intergroup competition
The Windsong Automobile Manufacturing Company produces custom luxury automobiles, The owner recognizes the importance of happy employees. In addition to an excellent salary and benefits package, they have also redesigned jobs so that employees are assigned to teams which complete a car from start to finish. Using the job characteristics model, which of the five core job dimensions is accomplished by utilizing these teams?
task identity
The degree to which a job requires the completion of a whole or identifiable piece of work is known as __________.
task identity
The job of baker in a bakery who is responsible for the design, baking, decorating, and finishing of all wedding cakes would be high in ___________________.
task identity
Culture can play a role on many aspects of personality, including creativity. A recent nation-level study suggests that countries scoring high on Hofstede's culture dimensions of individuality are more creative. Although it is also true that there is a strong variation within cultures, so there may be outliers within both high- and low-creativity cultures. Which of the following cultures would be viewed to be the most creative?
the US
Which of the following is the most likely difference between an employee who tries to correct workplace problems by being a whistle-blower and one who tries to do so by forming a union?
the employee who blows the whistle values rights the most; the employee who tries to form a union values justice the most.
When Ahmed arrived at work on Monday, he noticed that several new employees had been hired. One of the new hires seemed to be talkative and without the benefit of walls, the sound really carried. Based on this behavior, Ahmed assumed that this new employee was also likely to be quite outgoing and probably ask a lot of questions. Ahmed reaching this conclusion is an example of ______________.
the halo effect
The perceiver, the context, and ___________________ all impact perception.
the target
Ethical decisions which are based on decision outcomes are grounded in __________.
utilitarianism
Paula tries to make decisions that bring the most benefit to the most people. Which of the following ethical decision criteria does she value most?
utilitarianism
Jim perceives that his new assistant is well-trained and knowledgeable, but she has little confidence in her abilities. He makes a point of telling her frequently that he is impressed with her skills and is convinced that she's going to excel in her job. According to self-efficacy theory, which method of increasing his assistant's self-efficacy is Jim using?
verbal persuasion
According to the two-factor theory, all of the following motivate workers EXCEPT __________.
work conditions
Factors in the target that influence perception include all EXCEPT __________.
work setting
________ is a theory stating that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
Goal-setting theory
_________________ refers to the alignment between goals and intrinsic motivators.
Self-concordance
A survey showed that major organizations offer flexible benefits to include all EXCEPT _______.
pay-for-performance
Diverse input is best found in groups of more than ________________ members.
12
Worldwide, what percentage of organizations offer a variable-pay plan in some form?
84%
_________ is a theory stating that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
Behaviorism
_____ is a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
Bounded rationality
__________ holds that extrinsic rewards that had been previously intrinsically rewarding decrease motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.
Cognitive evaluation theory
Theories that combine in ways that enhance or emphasize each other's qualities are known as which of the following?
Complementary
_______ is the ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
Creativity
_______ is a perspective in which ethical decisions are made because you "ought to" in order to be consistent with moral norms, principles, standards, rules, or laws.
Deonance
Your coworker Tom has been gossiping and spreading rumors about other team members. In recent meetings, he has also been publicly blaming others for his own mistakes. Just yesterday, you saw him taking personal items from another employee's cubicle. How would you characterize Tom's behavior?
Deviant workplace behavior
According to Herzberg, which of the following is TRUE regarding job satisfaction?
Dissatisfied workers cite extrinsic factors such as supervision, pay, company policies, and working conditions as a source of their job dissatisfaction.
________ refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations.
Distinctiveness
Which of the following best describes the difference between distinctiveness and consistency?
Distinctiveness tries to determine whether there is a pattern of behavior in different situations; consistency tries to determine whether there is a pattern of behavior in the same situation
According to the punctuated-equilibrium model, when does marked acceleration of activity occur?
During the group's last meeting
__________ is the way the elements in a job are organized.
Job design
Which of the following steps are included in creative behavior?
Problem formulation and idea generation
Which dimension of the job characteristics model describes the degree to which a job affects the lives or work of other people?
Task significance
Which of the following groups is most likely to pass through the sequencing of activities known as the punctuated equilibrium model?
Temporary groups with a finite deadline
What is the downside of a flexible-benefit plan?
They are costlier to administrate
Which of the following is part of the definition of motivation?
direction
