Exam 2 General Psychology

Associative Learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Congenital analgesia

genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain

Working backwards

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

Dysgraphia

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Syntax

Manner by which words are organized into sentences

Gestalt Psychology

We are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

convergent thinking

providing correct or established answers to problems

continous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

event schema

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

cognitive script

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

role schema

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

representative sample

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

creative intelligence

Ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

emotional intelligence

Ability to understand emotions motivations in yourself and others

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the _________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a) academic b) analytical c) creative d) practical

Analytical

Phoneme

Basic sound unit of a given language

Prototype

Best presentation of a concept

Learning

Change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. -analytic -creative -fluid -practical

Creative

________ intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. a) analytic b) creative c) crystallized d) practical

Creative

availability heuristic

Faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you.

Cognitive Psychology

Field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

operant conditioning

Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Multiple Intelligence Theory

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. -grammar -lexicon -syntax -thesaurus

Grammer

functional fixedness

Inability to see an object as useful for anything other than the one for which it was intended

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well know campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? a) interpersonal b) intrapersonal c) linguistic d) naturalist

Interpersonal

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an)____________. -ability to communicate -ability to speak -lexicon -mastery of the grammatical aspects of the language

Master of the grammatical aspects of the language

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories:________ and _________. -known; uknown -natural; artificial -realizable; unrealizable -unnatural; unidentified

Natural; artificial

trial and error

Problem solving in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

Algorithim

Problem solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

A(an)____________ is the best example, or the representation, of a concept. -amalgamation -archetype -prototype -unification

Prototype

What is the psychological word for reward

Reinforcement

Conditional response (CR)

Response caused by the conditioned stimulus

A(an)___________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. a) idea b) paradigm c) prototype d) schema

Schema

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Score on a test designed to measure intelligence

grammar

Set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon

Morpheme

Smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical.

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

conditional stimulus (cs)

Stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

practical intelligence

Street smarts

What is the Flynn Effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly high IQ than the previous generation

binocular cue

a depth cue that requires the use of both eyes

standard deviation

a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

Aleah Remembers that her dog is named Rocky and cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teachers dog and cat. This is an example of _______________. a) Atkinson-Shiffrin model b) relearning effect c) self reference effect d)Stroop effect

a) Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. a) arousal b) emotion c) equipotentiality d) flashbulb

a) arousal

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. a) what the word chocolate means b) your most recent visit to the dentist c) how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself d) how to play the piano

a) what the word chocolate means

fluid intelligence

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

divergent thinking

ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

cultural intelligence

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Norming

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

analytical intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? a) chunking effect b) equipotentiality hypothesis c) levels of processing hypothesis d) Stroop effect

b) equipotentiality hypothesis

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. a) distortion b) forgetting c) imposition d) intrusion

b) forgetting

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. a) decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence b) modified the way witnesses are questioned c) required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome d) spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

b) modified the way witnesses are questioned

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? a) Atkinson-Shiffrin model b) self-reference effect c) sensory memory d) Stroop effect

b) self-reference effect

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

hindsight bias

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. a) effortful processing b) effortless processing c) encoding failure d) enigmatic processing

c) encoding failure

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a) automatic processing b)effortful processing c)memory d)sensory encoding

c) memory

Engram refers to the ________. a) emotional focus of a memory b) mental trauma that creates a memory c) physical trace of a memory d) sensory component of a memory

c) physical trace of a memory

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? a) being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once b) dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation c) remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV d) thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

c) remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

crystallized intelligence

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

dyslexia

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

mental set

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis? a) He compared rats with brain damage to rats without brain damage on how quickly they could solve a puzzle to get food. b) He observed rats with brain damage gradually learn the correct route through a maze and then apply that knowledge to get through a different maze. c) He timed rats with brain damage and rats without brain damage to see which could complete a maze quicker. d) He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

d) He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a) effortful b) procedural c) recall d) sensory

d) sensory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? a) effortful b) procedural c) recall d) sensory

d)sensory

Extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

range of reaction

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up

anchoring bias

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

confirmation bias

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

Representative Bias

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Schema

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Natural concept

mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences

Heuristic

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

Standardization

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

unconditioned response (UR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Flynn effect

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Semantics

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

lexicon

the words of a given language

cognition

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

Binaural cue

two-eared cue to localize sound

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change