EXAM 2 - Infant Child Development

According to Carroll's integration of theories of intelligence, which of the following properties influence(s) a person's skill at a particular type of problem?

"g," moderately general abilities, and specific processes

"Blicket detector"

19- to 24-month olds

Intelligence

Age norming Mean = 100 on most commonly used, WISC-R, WAIS, Standford-Binet; Standard deviation = 15 Intelligence (as measured by these IQ tests) is predictor of important outcomes. Early intervention only sometimes produces long-lasting impact on IQ test scores, BUT(!!) improves other important outcomes: high school graduation, college attendance, staying out of trouble.

Do young language learners possess metalinguistic knowledge?

No

Which theorist developed one of the best known stage theories of cognitive development?

Piaget

Which statement about sex determination is TRUE?

The father's sperm always determines the sex of the offspring.

Which of the following is an example of a way in which children shape their own development?

Their play style.

Erikson believed that all adolescents experience:

an identity crisis

hierarchies: middle: basic

cats, dogs

A scientist is MOST likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence

logical-mathematical

Practical intelligence refers to:

mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on IQ tests.

Practical intelligence refers to:

mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests.

During which period does gender segregation appear?

preschool years

The term gender is conventionally used to refer to:

one's social categorization as male or female

At what age to children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys?

2 years

Premature babies are those who are born at _____ weeks after conception or earlier.

37

Which of the following is a true statement about the disproportionate number of males and females?

All of the above.

Which of the following believe children are born with specialized learning abilities to allow them to easily learn information of evolutionary importance? A. core-knowledge theories B. information-processing theories C. Piagetian theory D. sociocultural theories

A. core- knowledge theories

Which of the following strategies usually develops first for solving addition problems? A. counting from 1 B. decomposition C. retrieval D. counting from the larger addend

A. counting from 1

Pragamtic Cues

Aspects of the social context used for word learning. Intentionality (deducing what the adult intends to do) + Emotional Response

Which of the following research designs allows researchers to infer cause-and effect associations between variables?

Experimental.

Which of the following is heard by the fetus? A. noises made by mother's digestive system B. voices of people talking to mother C. blood pumping through mother's vascular system D. intonation and pattern of mother's speech E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following statements about the association between race and IQ is true?

Much of the difference between the average IQ for African-American children and the average IQ for Euro-American children can be accounted for by differences in social class.

If an individual is isolated from all sources of linguistic experience, can they learn a language?

No

Harry, a 3-year-old, is shown a raisin box and then is shown that the box contains pennies. If asked what he had thought the box contained before being shown its true contents, Harry will most probably say he had thought it contained:

Pennies

A study examining infants' response to a breast pad worn by their own mother versus one worn by another woman demonstrated that two-week old infants:

Prefer their mother's scent to that of another woman.

To use a map, children must be able to represent it as:

both a piece of paper and a representation of something real.

Children's long-term adjustment appears to be caused in part by:

both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavior

The neural tube develops into the:

brain and spinal cord

Understanding new problems by recognizing parallels with familiar problems is referred to as:

analogical reasoning.

ToM: Advanced language comes with

advanced cognitive abilities

According to nativist Noam Chomsky, babies are born with:

knowledge of the general grammatical rules of all languages.

Hierarchies: Most general

living things

In which data-gathering method do researchers try to remain unobtrusive?

naturalistic observation

The MOST basic sense of time is:

temporal order

Which organ acts as a defensive barrier against toxins and infections

the placenta

Which of the following lists is an example of a category hierarchy?

people/grown-ups/Mommy

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view is referred to as object:

permanence

Which statement about sensitive periods in prenatal development is TRUE?

A sensitive period is the time when a system's basic structures are being formed.

A commonsense level of understanding of oneself and other people is referred to as: A. naive psychology. B. developmental psychology. C. clinical psychology. D. basic psychology.

A. naive psychology.

Which type of word is generally the most prominent among the first words for American English-speaking children? A. nouns B. verbs C. adjectives D. prepositions

A. nouns

By what age does children's psychological understanding of other people begin to emerge? A. one-year old, or earlier B. fifteen years old C. ten years old D. five years old

A. one-year old, or earlier

Imagine a young child is presented with a novel word, "encyclopedia," when her grandmother says, "Oh, look at the encyclopedia." In front of the child are two objects, a large book - "book" is a word the child already knows - and a green onion, an object the child has never seen before. The child will most likely make the assumption that the novel word refers to the: A. onion. B. book. C. color of the onion. D. pages of the book.

A. onion.

A person's beliefs about how well he or she can control his or her behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal is referred to as: A. perceived self-efficacy. B. reciprocal determinism. C. intelligence. D. self-esteem.

A. perceived self-efficacy

A person's beliefs about how well he or she can control his or her behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal is referred to as: A. perceived self-efficacy. B. self-esteem. C. reciprocal determinism. D. intelligence.

A. perceived self-efficacy.

Egocentrism is characteristic of which of Piaget's stages? A. preoperational B. sensorimotor C. formal operations D. concrete operations

A. pre operational

While Alex is swinging on the school playground's monkey bars, he kicks Michael on the shoulder. If Michael has a hostile attributional bias, he will believe:

Alex kicked him intentionally

Violence in which of the following increases children's aggressive and violent behavior? A. the family B. television, music, and video games C. all of the alternatives are correct D. the neighborhood in which children live

C. all of the alternatives are correct

Entering school with a poor vocabulary A. has little impact on later reading skill B. increases risk for reading difficulty C. is a greater risk factor for girls than boys D. is associated with being bilingual

B. increases risk for reading difficulty

Which of the following maternal factors can lead to premature birth or low birth weight? A. malnutrition B. cocaine use C. all of the other alternatives make preterm birth more likely. D. cigarette smoking

C. all of the other alternatives make preterm birth more likely

Which of the following protects the fetus from bumps and jolts? A. umbilical cord B. neural tube C. amniotic fluid D. placenta

C. amniotic fluid

A simple infant behavior that has diagnostic significance and that may influence the mother - infant bond is A. frequent burping B. preferential reaching C. preferential looking D. light sleeping

C. preferential looking

Self-socialization through choice of friends and activities illustrates: A. Social determinism B. Genetic determinism C. Reciprocal determinism D. Prenatal determinism

C. reciprocal determinism

Which of the following statements would BEST support the nativists' view of causal reasoning?

Causal reasoning is evident during the first year.

Blicket Study

16-month-olds and 3-year-olds both assume the unfamiliar object has the name they are unfamiliar with. Evidence for the Mutual Exclusivity Assumption

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age?

18 months old

Pretend play emerges at about the age of _____; sociodramatic play emerges at about the age of _____.

18 months; 2.5 years

In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty?

20%

The study by Langlois and colleagues that had babies interact with a woman wearing either an attractive-face mask or an unnatractive-face mask demonstrated which of the following:

A and B - babies perceive differences between attractive/unattractive faces and had more fun with attractive women rather than unattractive women.

Which of the following is a direct contributor to a child's phenotype?

A and B - child's genotype and environment

Mutual exclusivity Assumption - Woodward and Markman (1998).

Children expect that a given entity will have only one name. Interestingly, bilingual and trilingual infants, who are accustomed to hearing more than one name for a given object, are less likely to follow the mutual exclusivity principle.

Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is TRUE?

Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses.

Autism and Empathy

Cognitive empathy: understanding WHY someone is in a particular emotional state Emotional empathy: feeling some of what another is feeling - distress, upset, happiness -feeling concern about the emotions of others Research with children diagnosed with Asperger's Syndrome, a (formerly recognized) form of ASD, finds strong evidence for intact EMOTIONAL empathy, but impaired cognitive empathy Understand what others are feeling - may not understand why. Difficulty inferring the mental states, the content of mind, of others.

Synapse elimination generally occurs as a result of: A. nutritional deficiencies. B. brain damage. C. mental retardation. D. normal overabundance of synapses.

D. normal overabundance of synapses.

Many evolutionary psychologists believe that which of the following is an evolved platform for learning? A. computers B. books C. school D. play

D. play

By age 2, the connection between people's actions and ________ is firmly established.

Desires

A preschool child with reading awareness knows: A. Written and printed words are made of letters B. Written and printed words are separated by spaces C. Letters represent sounds D. Some or most of the alphabet E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to obesity? A. activity level B. eating habits C. genetics D. cultural norms of portion size E. All of the above are contributing factors.

E. all of the above are contributing factors

Which scenario is an example of sociodramatic play?

Elliot is playing school with his brother, and Elliot is the teacher.

Michael and Scott are identical twin seven year olds. Michael spends a great deal of time learning to master the game of chess while Scott plays tennis, golf, and baseball outside. Through which processes will Michael and Scott's neural connections develop differently?

Experience Dependent processes

Which of the following groups of infants would know their own limitations if placed at the top of a steep incline?

Experienced walkers (who were also experienced crawlers) and experienced crawlers.

Vicki the chimpanzee

Experimented on in the 1950's by the Hayes Learned to comprehend some words, but produced virtually no recognizable words

A longitudinal design would be MOST useful for which research question?

Do children who are empathetic preschoolers become empathetic teenagers?

Which statement about executive functioning is TRUE?

Its quality in early childhood is highly predictive of occupational status in adulthood.

Studying concepts in infants

Familiarization / Novelty Preference (Habituation paradigms) - show children multiple instances of same category, then show something similar but still different category Ex. Show the kids multiple examples of cats and then multiple examples of dogs. If they dishabituate, they recognize difference between cats and dogs. Generalized imitation Sequential touching

Research by Campos and colleagues examining the relation between self-locomotion and depth perception with the use of a visual cliff showed which of the following?

Fear of heights is dependent on experience with self-locomotion.

Which statement is TRUE regarding socioeconomic status and education?

Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement.

________ is a way in which parents play a role in their children's grammatical development.

Filling in missing parts of incomplete utterances

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar?

Gardner

Who is the founder of the multiple intelligence theory?

Gardner

Which statement about differences between girls' and boys' academic achievement is TRUE?

Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college.

Morphemes refer to the:

Smallest units of meaning

Spatial Understanding

Spatial understanding begins as egocentric; The coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body. Self-propelled movement facilitates developing allocentric representation. Hidden objects: infants can use SIMPLE landmarks. 6-month-olds are able to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects when there is only a single landmark and it is very close to the hidden object. Experience with puzzles, cultural differences influence growth of spatial understanding

Which statement about synapses is TRUE?

Synapses are the connections between neurons

Researchers interested in understanding the process of change are most likely to use which type of design?

Microgenetic.

Vocab Growth Strategies

Mutual exclusivity: Taxonomic/shape bias: "Dax" study. a child who hears a U-shaped wooden block called "a dax" will assume that dax also refers to a U-shaped object covered in blue fur or to a U-shaped piece of red wire—but not to a wooden block of a different shape. A shape bias is also evident in young children's spontaneous extension of familiar words to novel objects that are vaguely similar to familiar entities. Social cues Synactic bootstrapping: Children also use the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning

time

Non spacial continuum, events that have a succession

Which statement about the effect of child care on parent‒child attachment is TRUE?

Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments.

Grouping together objects that have similar appearances is referred to as:

Perceptual categorization

Which statement about the effects of cigarette smoke on a fetus is TRUE?

The fetus gets less oxygen when its mother smokes.

Washoe the chimpanzee & Koko the gorilla

Were taught sign language in the 60s-80s Significant progress, but did not qualify as language, as there was very little evidence of syntactic structure

Which of the following plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained?

The frequency with which they are activated.

Importance of play in children

The functions of playing (Vygotsky): - Gratification of needs and desires - Symbolic thinking - Self-regulation Different types of play support different types of learning.

Which statement about the general intelligence of girls and boys is TRUE?

The general intelligence of boys and girls tends to be equivalent.

Which of the following statements about the genetic contribution to intelligence is true?

The genetic contribution to intelligence becomes greater as individuals get older.

Subitzing

The perceptual processes whereby individuals can look at a small number of objects and almost instantaneously know how many objects are present is referred to as

Role-taking

The person's ability to take on the role of another person, better understanding that person's feelings, behaviors, thoughts Preschoolers cannot take the perspective of another and hence have very limited social cognition.

Which idea is used as evidence to support Skinner's view of language development?

The sounds produced by infants are affected by parents' smiling and touching in response.

Which statement regarding children whose parents overregulate their eating behavior is TRUE?

They are more likely to have a larger BMI and other risk factors for adult obesity.

As neurons proliferate in the anterior neurospore, they form specialized areas of the embryonic brain, including the prosenchephalon, the mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon. Which of the following statements does not accurately characterize these areas?

They contain a large degree of sublevel differentiation.

Dual representation refers to the notion that a symbolic artifact must be represented as both:

a depiction of something other than itself and a real object

In the United States, which substance is the MOST common cause of injury to the fetal brain?

alcohol

Ashley is currently 5 months pregnant. When she had an ultrasound performed, her obstetrician found a suspected abnormality with her pregnancy. Today, they are taking a sample of the amniotic fluid to do further testing. What type of test is this?

amniocentesis

The _____ protects the fetus from bumps and jolts.

amniotic fluid

Research has determined that this brain area is involved in emotional reactions.

amygdala

Metalinguistic Knowledge

an understanding of the properties and function of language - that is, an understanding of language as language

hierarchies: general: superordinate

animals, plants

The process by which children integrate new information into concepts they already understand is referred to as:

assimilation

Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to:

attribute hostile intent to others

Past and future events

basic understanding of when holidays come up

What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage?

be consistent and warm in their caretaking

Through the process of ingroup assimilation, a young girl will:

be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls.

The bioecological model stresses the _____ nature of all relationships within the microsystem.

bidirectional

Stage theories regard development as:

discontinuous

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of:

eight intelligences

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as:

emotional intelligence

Dead reckoning

encodes special information based on how far (time) or specific areas that surround you like landmarks

Attachments are:

enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.

ToM: children are more likely to develop ToM sooner if they

engage in more make-believe play and has older siblings

Lucy, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Lucy is:

engaging in object substitution

The process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding is referred to as:

equilibration

Which list BEST represents the phases of Piaget's equilibration process?

equilibrium, disequilibrium, equilibrium

The belief that living things have a core nature that makes them who they are is referred to as:

essentialism.

Which variable is NOT an important factor in whether children are accepted by their peers?

ethnicity

Egocentric representation

everything moves with them, based off where they are (*child* if I move all the object moves with me)

Piaget believed that the BEST way for children to learn is through:

experimenting with the world on their own

Piaget believed that the best way for children to learn is through:

experimenting with the world on their own.

Amy is an adolescent whose parents have always expected her to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Amy applies to law school. Erikson would say Amy has made what type of identity choice?

foreclosure

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST important for foresight and goal-directed behavior?

frontal

Language processing involves a substantial degree of

functional localization

Inheritance

gain who you are based on your parents

Which list places Kohlberg's stages in the CORRECT developmental sequence?

gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as _____ intelligence.

general

The notion that an infinite number of sentences and ideas can be expressed through language is referred to as:

generativity

Which factor is NOT considered part of the sociocultural context?

genes

The process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress is called:

co-regulation

Compared with children who have poor-quality relationships with their parents, those who have high-quality relationship with their parents:

develop more positive emotion and are more advanced in their understanding of emotion.

The capacity of the brain to be shaped by experience is referred to as:

plasticity

The self-concept refers to:

one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

The understanding that each object must be labeled by a single number word represents:

one-one correspondence

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is:

parental sensitivity

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as:

permissive

The observable expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as the individual's:

phenotype

The Flynn effect is the:

increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations

A person who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

incremental

Who bears the GREATEST responsibility for ensuring that children are unharmed when participating in research?

individual researcher

The study that examined kindergartners' ability to point to various locations in their classroom while imagining a walk from their seat to the teacher's chair demonstrated that:

kindergartners' mental representations of space are improved with self-generated motion.

Crystallized intelligence includes which of the following skills?

knowledge of the periodic table

Language is a species-universal behavior, meaning

language learning is achieved by typically developing infants across the globe

Alex the African Grey parrot

learned to produce and understand basic English utterances Skills remained at toddler level

For the 90% of people who are right handed, language is primarily represented and controlled by the

left hemisphere

As a young child, Riley exhibited intense negative emotions and had a great deal of trouble controlling them. Chris, on the other hand, was even-keeled and predictable. As adults, Riley is likely to be:

less socially competent than is Chris

Order of events

light, dark, light, dark (will catch onto the sequence) (as they grow older they understand this better

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have:

more occupational success than do others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account.

Self-locomotion

move themselves, move through space; encode information, (understand where things are from relation to it)

Which item would NOT be considered part of the sociocultural context involved in a child's language development?

number of words in a child's vocabulary

Modularity Hypothesis

the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning

Syntactic Development

the learning of the syntax of a language

Semantic Development

the learning of the system for expressing meaning in a language, including word learning

A change in phoneme changes

the meaning of a word

Morphemes

the smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes

Social referencing refers to:

the use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation.

Which pattern of maternal alcohol consumption is considered acceptable in terms of avoiding harmful effects?

there is no acceptable use of maternal alcohol consumption

_____ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence.

verbal fluency

Hemisphere localization emerges

very early in life (somewhere between birth and 3 months of age)

Devon has just begun to use objects to stand for other objects. For instance, his current favorite game is to pretend to play guitar on a toy golf club. Devon is probably in Piaget's _____ stage.

preoperational

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in:

preschool

Avie is 13-months-old and has a large vocabulary for her age. The words she can say are referred to as her:

productive vocabulary

Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions:

promote action toward a goal

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends?

proximity

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a:

secure base

The likelihood of a prenatal defect and the severity of the defect from exposure to teratogens are generally dependent on:

sensitive period

Which list represents Piaget's stages in the CORRECT chronological order?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Thurstone portrayed intelligence as involving:

seven primary mental abilities.

The biological processes involved in differences between males and females are referred to as relating to:

sex

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

socialization

Private speech is conceived of by Vygotsky as a(n):

step toward internalizing parents' statements.

Syntactic bootstrapping refers to children's use of the ________ as a cue to figure out the meaning of a novel word.

structure of the whole sentence

What does a meta-analysis do?

summarizes the average effect size across studies

The impulsive, irrational behavior characteristic of adolescents may be due to:

synaptic pruning

Symbols

systems for representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge and for communicating them to other people

Operant conditioning relies on the expectation that individuals:

tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes.

Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as:

teratogens

Neurogenesis is essentially complete by approximately: A. 18 weeks after conception. B. nine months after birth. C. two weeks after conception. D. age six.

A. 18 weeks after conception.

The nervous system and respiratory systems are well developed enough by the ______ week that the fetus has a chance of surviving on its own without medical intervention. A. 28th B. 34th C. 14th D. 37th

A. 28th

The interactionist perspective on the nature of human language stresses A. the social communicative function of language B. the interaction between parents and children C. the interaction between morphemes and syntactic structure D. The interaction of syntax and pragmatics

A. the social communicative function of language

Research on the Piraha of Brazil, whose number terms entail "one-two-many," has demonstrated that: A. the way that a language represents the world influences the way that speakers of the language think about the world. B. some concepts are universal, and differences among languages in how they represent the concepts is irrelevant to the way people think about them. C. some individuals may be less capable of thinking about some concepts, and their vocabulary reflects this. D. individuals learn language in such a way that they learn less cognitively complex concepts before more cognitively complex concepts.

A. the way that a language represents the world influences the way that speakers of the language think about the world.

An infant who is using social referencing would learn which of the following? A. to avoid crawling off the side of a bed by seeing an adult's fearful facial expression B. to crawl around an obstacle by seeing an adult crawl around the obstacle C. not to crawl down a steep incline by seeing another infant fall D. to crawl more quickly because her parents provide a lot of encouragement

A. to avoid crawling off the side of a bed by seeing an adult's fearful facial expression

An embryologist would be most interested in examining the: A. ultrasounds of an unborn fetus at four weeks and at twenty weeks following conception. . B. picture of all of the members of a family. C. X-ray of the internal organs of a two-year-old child. D. blood test of a pregnant woman.

A. ultrasounds of an unborn fetus at four weeks and at twenty weeks following conception. .

Dr. Leno is a researcher who wishes to measure children's creativity levels. To do this, he asks children how many imaginary friends they have and considers this to be a measure of their creativity. A second researcher, Dr. Letterman, disagrees that this is a measure of creativity and instead believes that the number of imaginary friends a child has is an indicator of level of mental disturbance. Dr. Letterman believes Dr. Leno's measure of creativity has a problem with its: A. validity. B. structured observation. C. reliability. D. interrater agreement.

A. validity

________ is an example of a symbolic activity.

Drawing a picture

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ in children living in affluent and impoverished families?

For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families.

An experimenter shows a child two clay "sausages" that are identical in size and shape and then allows the child to watch as she rolls one of the clay sausages into a longer, thinner sausage. The experimenter then asks the child whether the two clay sausages still contain the same amount of clay. This experiment was designed to examine:

Conservaton

Romanian-born children who were adopted by British families _____ fared BEST in physical, cognitive, and social development after adoption.

before age 6 months

Measurements of intelligence directly measure:

behavior on tasks that require intelligence.

Part of the definition of temperament is that individual difference are:

biologically based

Which of the following statementsis an example of an overextension?

Julia uses the word "cup" for any container that holds liquid, including vases and birdbaths.

The most successful sign-learning nonhuman is

Kanzi, a great ape Experiments done in 90s Used lexigram vocabulary to sign over 350 words

Morphemes

Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes, most are words; prefixes. Large but finite number of morphemes As in other social species that use vocal communication, human vocal communication must be learned in interaction with conspecifics, particularly parents

Which of the following depth perception cues is the last to develop?

Relative size.

Detection of pitch occurs in which hemisphere?

Right

Which of the following reflexes is not known to have any adaptive significance?

Tonic neck reflex.

Children's overregularization errors are an indicator that they:

internalize grammatical rules.

Synaptic pruning refers to which process?

elimination

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but he is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category?

secure

Polygenic inheritance refers to:

the combined action of multiple genes

The clique to which adolescents belong is _____; the crowd to which adolescents belong is _____.

their choice; assigned to them by their peer group

Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by:

their instinctual drives

Newborns prefer to listen to:

their mothers' language over another language

Infants are first able to code space relative to:

their own immediate position

Infants are first able to code space relative to:

their own immediate position.

Time illusions

waiting for something and then time feels like time is going slow (how we perceive time)

Language is a species-specific behavior, meaning

only humans acquire language in the normal course of development

Guided participation refers to the process by which more knowledgeable people:

organize situations in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to succeed at a level beyond their current abilities.

Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s?

percentage of children living with two married parents

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to:

regard their feelings as unique and special

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to _____; during the summer, their scores tend to _____.

rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience:

role confusion

Overregularization

speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular. Ex. Mouses instead of mice, gooses instead of geese

Awareness that gender remains that same over time is called gender:

stability

Which level of category hierarchies do children usually learn FIRST?

basic

Which arithmetic strategy usually develops FIRST?

counting from 1

Causality

"A causes B" always looking for causal explanation --Better at explaining psychological causes than physical causes

Children understand the connection between desires and actions at about what age?

12 months

Which of the following bits of conversation is an example of a narrative?

"Daddy and I went to the park today. I went on the big twisty slide."

Which of the following utterances is an example of holophrastic speech?

"Milk"

Which of the following influences considerably affects the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5?

-improved information-processing capacity -brain maturation -increasing experience with other people

Making an outline is an example of:

A strategy

Infants' preparation for speaking includes:

-practice producing sounds. -games like peek-a-boo. -following an adult's gaze when the adult is talking.

Sequence of word production

0 - 6 weeks: animal sounds 6 weeks - 6 months: cooing, vowel sounds 6 months - 1 year: babbling (alternating consonant and vowel sounds) 1 year: first words, cross cultural commonality in early words (vocab spurt) 18-24 months: two-word sentences (telegraphic speech), vocab growth 24 months - 3 years: longer sentences

Language Development

1. Utterances, cooing, babbling 2. Phonological development (phonemes): mastery of sound system of language 3. Semantic development: learning of the system for expressing meaning in a language, including word learning (morphemes) 4. Syntactic development (syntax): learning how words and morphemes are combined. 5. Pragmatic development: Acquiring an understanding of how language is typically used ***Comes with metalinguistic knowledge: knowledge about language and its properties.

Steps in children's language learning

1. phonological development 2. semantic development 3. syntactic development 4. pragmatic development 5. metalinguistic knowledge

Intimate disclosure is lowest to parents and highest to peers during what developmental period?

10th grade

When do infants start to recognize words?

4.5 months - own name! 6 months - child will look toward correct object (calculating by statistical change) when name is presented and two objects are shown. If a novel word is presented and two objects are shown (one known, one novel), the child will associate the novel word with the novel object. This proves that the 6-month-old is associating words with objects! Toddlers have even more impressive word recognition abilities, including many toddlers with ASD

By what age do children typically master the basic structure of their native language(s)

5 years old

Moving and stationary objects

6- to 10-month olds

Children make the transition from Piaget's preoperational to concrete operational stage at around _____ years old.

7

What is the average age at which infants begin to babble?

7 months

Piaget believed that infants develop the concept of object permanence at approximately _____ months.

8

Separation anxiety or distress due to separation from the parent who is the child's primary caregiver emerges around

8 months of age

Lexigram board

A panel composed of a few graphic symbols representing specific objects and actions

Which of the following statements made by a two-year-old is a parent most likely to correct? A. "Gooses have four legs." B. "I maded this picture for you." C. "I wuv you." D. "No do that."

A. "Gooses have four legs."

Among the first 10 words spoken by infants in three different languages, Tardif et all (2008) found A. all of the alternatives are correct B. strong cultural differences were apparent C. references to people, sound effects, and social function words (baby versions of hello, good-bye, others) D. there was much overlap across languages

A. All of the alternatives are correct. Tardif study - Many of infants' first words in the three societies referred to specific people or were sound effects. Remarkable overlap in the earliest words acquired across three diverse cultures

An individual who has a genetic disorder that results from a chromosomal anomaly possesses which of the following? A. more or fewer than the normal number of chromosomes B. multiple genes that code for the disorder C. extra or missing genes D. two recessive genes for the disorder

A. more or fewer than the normal number of chromosomes

Which level of category hierarchies do children usually learn first? A. basic B. subordinate C. superordinate D. supersubordinate

A. Children usually learn BASIC first. Category Hierarchy: categories that are related by set-subset relations, such as animal/dog/poodle. Levels: - Superordinate (general): Plant - Basic (medium/in-between): Tree - Subordinate (very specific): Oak Statements that specify relations among categories of objects allow children to use what they already know about basic-level categories to form superordinate- and subordinate-level categories. For example: A beluga is a type of whale.

Scarr (1992) identified factors that contribute to individual differences among children. Which one of these factors is most reminiscent of the theme of the "active" child? A. children's different choices of environments, activities, roles, and niches B. genetic differences among children C. differences in treatment by parents and others D. different effects that similar experiences have on children

A. Children's different choices of environments, activites, roles, and niches

The teratogenic effect of which of the following can best be characterized as a sleeper effect? A. DES B. thalidomide C. cigarette smoking D. alcohol

A. DES

The study that compared the spatial skills of aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert with those of their Caucasian peers growing up in cities demonstrated which of the following? A. Familiarity of context, and not the importance of spatial ability in everyday life, was associated with the memory for spatial location. B. The lack of human-made landmarks, such as street signs, in the desert resulted in poor spatial ability in Aboriginal children. C. The lack of pressure exerted by parents of Caucasian children to develop spatial skills enabled children to gain greater insight into spatial orientations. D. The importance of spatial ability in aboriginal culture resulted in better memory for spatial location in aboriginal children.

A. Familiarity of context, and not the importance of spatial ability in everyday life, was associated with the memory for spatial location.

The phenotype of the individual child affects the environment of the child in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. First-born children receive more attention from parents than later-born siblings. B. Children choose friends and activities. C. Infants with different appearance and patterns of responsiveness evoke different responses from adults. D. Infants select different objects to pay attention to.

A. First-born children receive more attention from parents than later-born siblings

Read the section that begins on page 95 before answering this question. The phenotype of the individual child affects the environment of the child in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. First-born children receive more attention from parents than later-born siblings. B. Infants select different objects to pay attention to. C. Infants with different appearance and patterns of responsiveness evoke different responses from adults. D. Children choose friends and activities.

A. First-born children receive more attention from parents than later-born siblings.

Which of the following is an example of an overextension? A. Julia uses the word "cup" for any container that holds liquid, including vases and birdbaths. B. Elizabeth substitutes easier sounds for ones that are hard to say, such as when she says "tuck" instead of "stuck." C. Eddie expresses his desire for his parents to read to him by using a single word, "book." D. Robbie leaves out difficult parts of words, as when he uses "tend" for the word "pretend."

A. Julia uses the word "cup" for any container that holds liquid, including vases and birdbaths.

Which of the following is a true statement about nonhuman primates' ability to learn language? A. Nonhuman primates have essentially no ability to learn how to use words to communicate. B. Nonhuman primates can learn vocabulary and simple sentence structure, but the communicative system they can acquire is not generally considered to be a language. C. Nonhuman primates naturally use language to communicate with other members of their species, although their languages are not as complex as human languages. D. Nonhuman primates do not have the vocal apparatus for producing speech, but when they are taught a sign language, they are able to learn a complex language.

A. Nonhuman primates have essentially no ability to learn how to use words to communicate.

Which of the following is a true statement about the levels of genetic similarity of identical twins, same-sex fraternal twins, and other same-sex sibling pairs? A. Same-sex fraternal twins and other same-sex sibling pairs have an equal level of genetic similarity, and they are both less genetically similar than identical twins. B. Same-sex frater nal and identical twins have an equal level of genetic similarity, and they are both more genetically similar than other same-sex sibling pairs. C. Same-sex fraternal twins are more genetically similar than both identical twins and other same-sex sibling pairs. D. Identical twins, same-sex fraternal twins, and other same-sex sibling pairs all have equal levels of genetic similarity.

A. Same-sex fraternal twins and other same-sex sibling pairs have an equal level of genetic similarity, and they are both less genetically similar than identical twins.

Research examining the association between infants' ability to detect differences among speech sounds at the age of six months and their later language skills has demonstrated which of the following? A. Six-month-old infants who were better at detecting differences scored higher on some tests of language skills at later ages. B. Six-month-old infants who were better at detecting differences scored lower on some tests of language skills at later ages. C. Although six-month-old infants did vary in their ability to detect differences between speech sounds, there was no association between this ability and later language skills. D. Six-month-old infants did not vary in their ability to detect differences between speech sounds, and thus there was no association between these abilities and later language skills.

A. Six-month-old infants who were better at detecting differences scored higher on some tests of language skills at later ages.

When an expected form of sensory input is absent in infancy, what happens to the areas of the brain that normally would have become specialized as a result of that experience? A. These areas can be reorganized to serve another function. B. These interfere with other areas of the brain that are serving related functions. C. these extend dendrites "looking" for input. D. The brain cells die off.

A. These areas can be reorganized to serve another function.

Neural-network accounts of language development are also referred to as: A. connectionist. B. nativist. C. innate. D. interactionist.

A. connectionist.

Which of the following statements is true about ten-month-old infants' tendency to make the A-Not-B error? A. They are more competent when tested with visual attention measures than when tested with measures requiring action. B. They are more competent when tested with measures requiring action than when tested with visual attention measures. C. They are incompetent whether tested with measures requiring action or with measures requiring visual attention. D. They are quite competent whether tested with measures requiring action or with measures requiring visual attention.

A. They are more competent when tested with visual attention measures than when tested with measures requiring actions

Leslie's Theory of Mind module is an example of ___________ because _______. A. a core knowledge theory; he posits that humans have an innate, specialized capacity for inferring and attributing the internal states and intentions of other people. B. a stage theory; he describes distinct stages in attribution of mental states to others. C. an information processing theory of cognitive development; he specifies how children devlop concepts of intention, emotional state, and agency. D. a sociocultural theory of development; he recognizes that cultural variations in display rules affect attributions of emotional state.

A. a core knowledge theory; he posits that humans have an innate, specialized capacity for inferring and attributing the internal states and intentions of other people.

Epigenetic changes A. all of the alternatives are correct B. can occur during early post-natal development C. can occur during prenatal development D. can be transmitted to offspring

A. all of the alternatives are correct

Factors that can induce epigenetic changes in a developing organism include A. all of the alternatives are correct B. paternal diet and substance exposure pre-conception C. maternal care giving post-natally D. maternal diet and substance exposure prenatally

A. all of the alternatives are correct

Pre-school children who have difficulty repeating a series of nonsense words, such as "fep, bew, vot, cip, dat, jal, nur" may have problems with A. all of the alternatives are correct B. phonemic awareness C. learning to read when they enter school D. the phonological loop (auditory working memory)

A. all of the alternatives are correct

Pre-school children who have difficulty repeating a series of nonsense words, such as "fep, bew, vot, cip, dat, jal, nur" may have problems with A. all of the alternatives are correct B. phonemic awareness C. the phonological loop (auditory working memory) D. learning to read when they enter school

A. all of the alternatives are correct

Which of the following is an example of the metacognitive understanding necessary for writing? A. appreciation for the need to plan B. letter formation skills C. knowledge of proper spelling D. command of punctuation

A. appreciation for the need to plan

Of the millions of sperm that enter the vagina, how many get close to the egg? A. approximately 200 B. one or two C. hundreds of thousands D. almost all that enter

A. approximately 200

Subitizing is the ability to A. automatically recognized the number of objects in an array without counting B. automatically know the answer to arithmetic problems C. directly activate the meaning of novel words D. directly activate the meaning of words without sounding them out

A. automatically recognized the number of objects in an array without counting

The critical skill for second and third grade readers, developing fluency in reading simple material, depends on A. automating lexical access B. vocabulary growth C. representation of meaning in long-term memory D. reading for content

A. automating lexical access

Competence in a first language is typically acquired... A. Between birth and age five B. Between age five and 14

A. between birth and age five

According to evolutionary psychologists, all of the following are associated with the large size of the human brain (relative to body size) in comparison with other species EXCEPT: A. birth occurring at a more mature stage of development. B. prolonged period of immaturity and dependence. C. increased social complexity. D. high level of neural plasticity.

A. birth occurring at a more mature stage of development.

Trevor, a three-year-old who loves the color red, is told a story about a boy named Andy. The story explains that Andy loves the color blue. When Trevor is asked which color crayon Andy is likely to choose when drawing a picture, Trevor will most likely predict that Andy will choose a crayon of which color? A. blue, because it is Andy's favorite color B. yellow, because Trevor will not know whether Andy would choose red or blue C. Trevor's selection of red or blue will be entirely random. D. red, because it is Trevor's favorite color

A. blue, because it is Andy's favorite color One-year-olds' understanding of other people already includes an understanding of their emotions. Presumably, infants' experience of their own emotions and the behaviors that accompany them helps them understand the emotions that accompany others' actions.

The research by Thelen that had infants partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated which of the following to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex? A. changing ratio of weight to strength B. motivation to kick C. cortical maturation D. visual maturation

A. changing ratio of weight to strength

The research by Thelen that had infants partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated which of the following to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex? A. changing ratio of weight to strength B. cortical maturation C. visual maturation D. motivation to kick

A. changing ratio of weight to strength

Laura and Mark are new parents whose baby cries for three to four hours a day for no apparent reason. Laura and Mark have had their baby examined by a pediatrician, who cannot find any medical reason for the excessive crying. Laura and Mark's baby appears to be suffering from: A. colic. B. neglect. C. SIDS. D. fetal alcohol syndrome.

A. colic

Smith, Thelen, and their colleagues concluded that the A-Not-B task, which is generally viewed as a measure of conceptual understanding, is influenced by motor activities and attention. This conclusion was reached from within which of the following perspectives? A. dynamic-systems approach B. overlapping-waves approach C. sociocultural approach D. core-knowledge approach

A. dynamic systems approach

Physical therapy that accelerates the development of walking in children with Down's Syndrome also accelerates social development, language development, intellectual development, and emotional development. These interactions are consistent with A. dynamic systems theory B. core knowledge theory C. Piaget's theory D. Information processing theory

A. dynamic systems theory

After the implantation of the zygote, as the ball of cells begins to differentiate, the inner cell mass becomes the: A. embryo. B. gamete. C. fetus. D. support system.

A. embryo

Which type of plasticity allows individuals' personal experiences to shape brain development? A. experience-dependent plasticity B. experience-independent plasticity C. experience-expectant plasticity D. experience-protected plasticity

A. experience-dependent plasticity

Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his: A. id. B. superego. C. conscience. D. erogenous zones.

A. id.

Phylogenetic continuity refers to the: A. idea that humans share some characteristics and developmental processes with other animals. B. notion that stem cells may be the key to curing diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. C. expectation that some cells have a programmed suicide and thus selectively disappear. D. relation between a cell's function before and after migration.

A. idea that humans share some characteristics and developmental processes with other animals

An individual who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) ______ theory of intelligence. A. incremental B. entity C. social learning D. learning

A. incremental

An individual who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) ______ theory of intelligence. A. incremental B. learning C. social learning D. entity

A. incremental

Ten-month-old Judy sees a novel sight—flowers arranged in a vase. Which of the following is the most important cue that would help Judy know whether she is seeing a single object or multiple objects? A. independent movement of the flowers as they are removed from the vase B. common movement as her mother moves the full vase from the counter to the table C. differences in the textures and shapes of the flowers and vase D. All of the above are equally useful.

A. independent movement of the flowers as they are removed from the vase

Research by Baillargeon in which 4-month-old infants were shown a screen that apparently rotated through a box and a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of the box demonstrated which of the following? A. Infants looked longer at the screen when it rotated the full 180 degrees than when it stopped. B. Infants looked longer at the screen when it stopped than when it rotated the full 180 degrees. C. Infants looked at both events for the same length of time. D. Infants were unable to mentally represent the box when it was out of view.

A. infants looked longer at the screen when it rotated the full 180 degrees than when it stopped

Which of the following explanations of infants' A-Not-B error has NOT been offered by contemporary researchers? A. infants' incomplete concept of object permanence B. limitations on infants' memory C. infants' inability to use their mental representation to guide search behavior D. infants' tendency to repeat motor responses

A. infants' incomplete concept of object permanence

A fetus who hears a phone ring repeatedly over the course of several minutes will likely experience: A. initial deceleration in heart rate, with decreased changes as the ringing is repeated. Feedback: Yes, that is habituation. B. no changes in heart rate throughout the ringing. C. no changes in heart rate initially, but increased changes as the ringing continues. D. initial deceleration in heart rate, with increased changes as the ringing continues.

A. initial deceleration in heart rate, with decreased changes as the ringing is repeated The habituation paradigm has provided a window into the cognitive capacities of fetuses and very young infants that has expanded our understanding of cognition enormously.

According to Dodge's information-processing theory of social problem solving, aggressive children's primary problem is that they: A. interpret the behavior of others as hostile even in the absence of any indication of hostility. B. expect aggressive behavior to be useful in getting along with others. C. have a poor capacity to generate strategies to achieve their goals. D. do not possess the ability to formulate socially-acceptable goals.

A. interpret the behavior of others as hostile even in the absence of any indication of hostility.

The Flynn effect in intelligence test scores A. is a steady increase, over years, in the number of questions answered correctly, requiring renorming B. is the difference in average scores between adults under 30 and adults over 30 C. is the difference in average scores between males and females D. all of the alternatives are correct

A. is a steady increase, over years, in the number of questions answered correctly, requiring renorming

Claudia, a ten-month-old baby, and her mother are playing. Claudia's mother looks up at the ceiling fan and says, "Claudia, look at the fan. See how it goes around and around?" Claudia notices her mother is looking up, so Claudia looks up at the fan as well. Claudia and her mother are engaging in: A. joint attention. B. social referencing. C. guided participation. D. social scaffolding.

A. joint attention

Tiffany Field and her colleagues demonstrated that low-birth-weight newborns can benefit from which of the following? A. massage B. good health care C. nutritional supplements D. increased time in the isolette

A. massage

Which of the following increases the speed and efficiency of electrical impulse transmission? A. myelin sheath B. synapses C. dendrites D. glial cells

A. myelin sheath

A second language, acquired in infancy, will be ________. In contrast, a second language acquired in adolescence or adulthood _________. A. processed primarily in the left hemisphere; will be processed by both hemispheres B. learned poorly; learned well C. characterized by a larger vocabulary; will be characterized by a smaller vocabulary D. learned slowly; learned rapidly

A. processed primarily in the left hemisphere; will be processed by both hemispheres The degree of lateralization with which a language is processed in an individual's brain is a function of age at acquisition: the earlier in life the acquisition, the stronger the lateralization.

Methylation of a section of a strand of DNA A. reduces or inhibits expression of genes in that section B. generally has no effect because most sections of DNA are "junk DNA" with no effect on current forms of organisms C. upregulates or increases or accelerates expression of genes in that section D. deletes one or more genes in that section of the chromosome

A. reduces or inhibits expression of genes in that section

Which of the following arithmetic strategies is the fastest? A. retrieval B. decomposition C. counting from the larger addend D. counting from 1

A. retrieval

Trains, boats, and buses are members of the same: A. superordinate category. B. subordinate category. C. perceptual category. D. causal category.

A. superordinate category

Children who believe intelligence cannot change: A. Tend to give up on intellectual tasks that are difficult B. Tend to increase their efforts and develop new strategies when intellectual tasks are difficult C. Prefer difficult tasks to easier tasks D. Always do poorly in school E. All of the above

A. tend to give up on intellectual tasks that are difficult

A child with autism learning to crawl or to walk is likely to injure himself more frequently than a neurologically normal child because A. the child is less likely to use social referencing B. the child engages in self-injurous behavior even at an early age. C. the child's spatial perception is impaired D. the child is less likely to learn from initial experiences of getting hurt

A. the child is less likely to use social referencing

Research by de Villears, et al, found that performance on the classic false-belief tasks by deaf children was related to A. the extent of their early language exposure B. Intelligence scores C. hearing status of the parents D. oral-language skills

A. the extent of their early language exposure

Which of the following plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained? A. the frequency with which they are activated B. sensitive periods C. their genetic potential D. none of the above; Synapse elimination is random.

A. the frequency with which they are activated

When young infants (i.e., younger than two months old) look at complex shapes or pictures, they tend to look at: A. the perimeter. B. the inner detail. C. low-contrast areas. D. large sections simultaneously.

A. the perimeter

The LBW infants most vulnerable to medical complications, including brain damage, are those A. weighing less that 1500 grams (3.3 pounds) at birth B. weighing less that 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) at birth Feedback: No, the answer is weighing 1500 grams or less. C. Weighing less than the normal 7.5 pounds. D. weighing more than 10 pounds at birth

A. weighing less than 3.3 pounds at birth

The remarkable development of Nicaraguan Sign Language, in which younger signers systematize grammar and add vocabulary that goes beyond the input they have received from older signers, is thought to be most consistent A. with nativist theories B. with connectionist or associationist theories C. with interactioninst theories D. with rationalist theories

A. with nativist theories

Adult caretaker behavior influences some aspects of infant and child language acquisition more than others. The largest influence is on A. word learning B. sensitivity to phonemes C. mastery of syntax D. understanding of pragmatics and socially correct forms of address

A. word learning

Severe emotional stress and cigarette smoking during pregnancy have which of the following effects in common? A. increased risk of behavioral problems Feedback: That is correct. B. cancer C. SIDS D. blindness

A.increased risk of behavioral problems

Times when the human brain is in particular need of external experience in order to develop normally are referred to as: A. sensitive periods. B. experience-dependent plasticity. C. cycles of vulnerability. D. critical moments.

A.sensitive periods

What age groups should be able to think abstractly about all of the factors involved in "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness", according to Piagetian theory? A. some adolescents and adults B. all older children, adolescents, and adults C. no children, but all adolescents and adults D. Piaget's theory does not apply to this type of thought.

A> some adolescents and adults

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

ADHD kids have normal intelligence but find it difficult to stick to plans, follow rules, and persevere on tasks that require sustained attention. Symptoms seem to reflect difficulty in inhibiting impulses to act, especially when distractions are present. ADHD affects 4-12% of children in the US, majority diagnosed are boys.

The study by DeCasper and Spence in which pregnant women read to their fetuses from the cat in the hat demonstrated that newborn infants were ____ to recognize the story they had heard while in the uterus, and ____ preferred it over other stories.

Able, did

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children.

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?

Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence.

Modi Study (Baldwin, 1993)

An experimenter showed 18-month-olds two novel objects and then concealed them in separate containers. Next, the experimenter peeked into one of the containers and commented, "There's a modi in here." The adult then removed and gave both objects to the child. When asked for the "modi," the children picked the object that the experimenter had been looking at when saying the label. Thus, the infants used the relation between eye gaze and labeling to learn a novel name for an object before they had ever seen it.

Species-typical environments

An organism being raised in a species-typical environment is seen as crucial for its social development. Species typical: - Frequent nurturing physical contact with two parents - Normal circadian rhythms - Predictable routines

Abstraction

Any set of discrete objects or events can be counted

With which of the following statements does the overlapping-waves approach agree?

At any given time, children possess several different strategies for solving a particular problem.

Infant Greta hears a bell that she cannot see. She immediately turns toward the bell. This is an indication that Greta has which of the following abilities?

Auditory localization.

Differences in vocabulary throughout ages

Average 6-year-old knows 10,000 words, 6th grader (10-11 year old) knows 40,000 words, College Student vocab is around 150,000 words

An experimenter shows a child two clay "sausages" that are identical in size and shape and then allows the child to watch as she rolls one of the clay sausages into a longer, thinner sausage. The experimenter then asks the child whether the two clay sausages still contain the same amount of clay. A child in Piaget's preoperational stage would be most likely to say which of the following? A. "Wait, I don't understand, how did you make that sausage bigger?" B. "No, the longer sausage has more clay than the shorter sausage." C. A child in the preoperational stage would not be able to answer the question as he or she would not yet understand size comparisons. D. "Yes, they have the same amount of clay."

B. "No, the longer sausage has more clay than the shorter sausage."

By what age are infants able to smoothly track slow-moving objects? A. at birth B. 3 months C. 10 months D. 17 months

B. 3 months

Amil and her father are playing with an interesting squeaky toy. Amil's father is squeezing the toy in front of Amil. She is very excited and reaches for the toy. Her father hides the toy behind his back. At this point, Amil turns away from her father and begins to look at the ladybug design on her dress. How old is she likely to be? A. 1 month old B. 6 months old C. 10 months old D. 15 months old

B. 6 months old This is the classic Piagetian test of object permanence; up until 8-9 months, infants typically do not attempt to uncover or retrieve a hidden object.

Most North-American infants can sit without support by what age? A. 4 months B. 8 months C. 10 months D. 14 months

B. 8 months

Parents of which of the following toddlers should be most concerned by their child's language development? A. Ricky, who only speaks with isolated, monosyllabic utterances B. Abigail, who comprehends few of her parents' utterances C. Isaac, whose utterances have good intonation patterns, but few recognizable words D. Brenda, who is nearly silent, but who understands much of her parents' speech

B. Abigail, who comprehends few of her parents utteranc

Dweck and collegues have found individuals' beliefs about intelligence influence their behavior in which of the following ways? A. Children who believe that intelligence is a fixed characteristic determined by genetics persevere when they encounter academic difficulty. B. Children who believe that intelligence is increased by learning persevere when they encounter academic difficulty. C. Children who believe that intelligence is a fixed entity determined by genetics seldom fail at academic tasks D. Children who believe that intelligence is increased by learning seldom fail at academic tasks.

B. Children who believe intelligence is increased by learning persevere when they encounter academic difficulty

Which of the following is a true statement about fetal activity and inactivity? A. Fetuses do not have true sleep states, but they do have periods of inactivity while awake. B. Fetuses have periods of high activity and rest while awake, and they have both active and quiet sleep states. C. Fetuses are essentially asleep most of the day and night, but their sleep can be active or quiet. D. Fetuses are in constant motion throughout the day and night.

B. Fetuses have periods of high activity and rest while awake, and they have both active and quiet sleep states

Research by Baillargeon in which 4-month-old infants were shown a screen that apparently rotated through a box and a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of the box demonstrated which of the following? A. Infants looked at both events for the same length of time. B. Infants looked longer at the screen when it rotated the full 180 degrees than when it stopped. C. Infants looked longer at the screen when it stopped than when it rotated the full 180 degrees. D. Infants were unable to mentally represent the box when it was out of view.

B. Infants looked longer at the screen when it rotated the full 180 degrees than when it stopped.

Erin knows that languages generally have a way to express numbers, that sentences generally contain multiple words, and that some languages use sounds that are not part of her native language. Clearly, Erin has what type of knowledge? A. comprehension B. metalinguistic C. categorical perception D. pragmatic

B. Metalinguistic knowledge - an understanding of the properties and functions of language.

Younger individuals can generally recover from brain damage to a greater extent than can adults because of the importance of: A. plasticity and experience. B. plasticity and timing. C. reorganization and experience. D. timing and experience.

B. Plasticity and experience

Which of the following is NOT a reason why developmental psychologists find theories of child development useful? A. They raise fundamental questions about human nature. B. They provide definitive answers to key questions about child development. C. They motivate new research. D. They provide frameworks for understanding important phenomena. E. All of the above are reasons why developmental psychologists find theories of child development useful.

B. They provide definitive answers about key questions about child developmet

Gifted children: A. Have high IQ test scores B. Usually demonstrate talent or gifts in preschool years C. Are usually gifted in all domains

B. Usually demonstrate talent or gifts in preschool years

Erikson's stages are characterized by: A. the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused. B. a specific crisis that must be resolved. C. a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement. D. the personality structure that emerges during that time period.

B. a specific crisis that must be resolved.

Which of the following influence/s the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age three to age five? A. improved information-processing capacity B. all of alternatives are correct C. increasing experience with other people D. increased vocabulary and syntactic skills

B. all of alternatives are correct

The WISC-R and the Standford-Binet tests of intelligence for children A. are age-normed B. all of the alternatives are correct C. have a standard deviation of 15 D. have a mean standardized to 100

B. all of the alternatives are correct

Among the first 10 words spoken by infants in three different languages, Tardif et all (2008) found A. strong cultural differences were apparent B. all of the alternatives are correct C. references to people, sound effects, and social function words (baby versions of hello, good-bye, others) D. there was much overlap across languages

B. all of the alternatives are correct Cantonese speaking infants distinguish between maternal and paternal relatives such as granparents, aunts & uncles, distinctions not made in English

Which of the following makes it less likely that infants will make the A-Not-B error? A. hiding the toy in location A on more than one trial B. allowing the infant to simply observe the hiding events and be evaluated on looking behavior rather than on reaching behavior C. keeping the appearance of the locations similarly uninteresting D. extending the delay between A and B trials

B. allowing the infant to simply observe the hiding events and be evaluated on looking behavior rather than on reaching behavior

Identical twins most often originate: A. when an embryo splits in half. B. when an inner cell mass splits in half. C. when an egg splits and is fertilized by two sperm. D. from two eggs being fertilized by two sperm.

B. an inner cell mass splits

The average six-year-old child is ______ the average college student at the basic grammatical structure of his or her native language. A. more competent than B. as competent as C. much less competent than D. slightly less competent than

B. as competent as

What can parents do to positively influence their preschoolers' ability to produce narratives? A. teach grammatical rules when reading books B. ask elaborative questions during conversations C. encourage child to think about future events D. model complex word combinations

B. ask elaborative questions during conversations

What can parents do to positively influence their preschoolers' ability to produce narratives? A. teach grammatical rules when reading books B. ask elaborative questions during conversations C. encourage child to think about future events D. model complex word combinations

B. ask elaborative questions during conversations Elaborative questions ask the child to add details and make associations. This helps the child learn the conventions of "who, what, when, where and why" of Western narrative.

The neural tube develops into the: A. internal organs. B. brain and spinal cord. C. digestive system. D. inner layers of skin.

B. brain and spinal cord

Which of the following is a direct effect of infant malnutrition? A. delayed intellectual development B. brain damage C. decreased expectations of the child from adults D. poverty

B. brain damage

Parents who are concerned about the habituation effect of their children watching violent acts on television are most concerned that their children will: A. look up to violent people as role models. B. cease to be shocked by violence. C. learn how to commit violent acts. D. become angered by the violence.

B. ceased to be shocked by violence

Epigenetic changes A. add new genetic material to the human genome B. change the expression of genes in an individual organism's genome C. delete some genes from the human genome D. cause mutations in DNA

B. change the expression of genes in an individual organism's genome

With which of the following statements about analogical reasoning would information-processing theories disagree? A. Superficial similarities are often necessary in order for young children to use analogical reasoning. B. Children younger than three years old are unable to use analogical reasoning. C. Increased knowledge allows older children to see analogies that younger children fail to see. D. Superficial dissimilarities must often be ignored in order to see analogies between problems.

B. children younger than 3 years old are unable to use analogical reasoning

When young children converse with other young children, their conversations can generally be described as: A. monologues. B. collective monologues. C. dialogues. D. collective dialogues.

B. collective monologues

According to Piagetian theory, young infants' goals are ______, and older infants' goals are more ______. A. realistic; unrealistic B. concrete; abstract C. unrealistic; realistic D. abstract; concrete

B. concrete; abstract

In the process of synaptogenesis: A. the brain eliminates unnecessary synapses. B. connections between neurons are formed. C. axons are insulated. D. neurons are created through cell division.

B. connections between neurons are formed

Bonnie is a preschooler whose father works outside the home and whose mother stays home with her. Upon learning that her friend's mother works outside the home, Bonnie is confused because she believes that only fathers work outside the home. Piaget would say that Bonnie is in a state of: A. concrete operational thinking B. disequilibrium. C. poor accomodation D. insufficient assimilation

B. disequilibrium

Infant cooing consists of... A. Repeated "syllables" of consonant sounds followed by vowel sounds B. Drawn out vowel sounds C. Initial attempts to form words D. Attempts to imitate adult speech

B. drawn out vowel sounds

Which of the following approaches is especially interested in how the many facets of the child function as an integrated whole to produce behavior? A. core knowledge B. dynamic-systems C. Piagetian D. sociocultural

B. dynamic-systems

The view that behavioral variation and selection is a mechanism of developmental change holds that children will select variations that allow them to meet their goals: A. inconsistently. B. efficiently. C. in discrete stages. D. with a fair amount of difficulty.

B. efficiently

The notion that an infinite number of sentences and ideas can be expressed through language is referred to as: A. production. B. generativity. C. construction. D. infinitivity.

B. generatively

Parental investment theory explains the higher rate of murder committed by stepfathers against step-children than of murder committed by fathers against biological children in terms of the difference in: A. time spent with the children. B. genetic similarity. C. attachment. D. societal endorsement.

B. genetic similarity.

Core-knowledge theories hold that children have naive theories of all of the following EXCEPT: A. physics. B. geography. C. psychology. D. biology.

B. geography

Learning to write skillfully is difficult because it requires that children have content knowledge, the ability to understand a reader's perspective, the ability to plan a paragraph or essay and A. have very large vocabularies B. have automated low level skills such as spelling, constructing grammatical sentences, and writing legibly (or typing) C. have creative ideas that can be expressed in language D. all of the alternatives are correct

B. have automated low level skills such as spelling, constructing grammatical sentences, and writing legibly (or typing)

Traits that are influenced by genetic factors are considered: A. genes. B. heritable. C. sex-linked. D. environmental.

B. heritable

Generally, the first word an infant can recognize is: A. mama. B. his or her own name. C. bottle. D. dada.

B. his or her own name. Infants as young as 4.5 months will listen longer to repetitions of their own name rather than to repetitions of a similar but different name.

Learning which of the following is considered part of pragmatic development? A. the rules of negation B. how to take turns during conversations with others C. how to produce the "r" sound D. the contrast between the meanings of the words "table" and "desk"

B. how to take turns during conversations with others

An infant is allowed to play with a toy block in the dark so that he cannot see it. Later, he is shown the block as well as a ball. If he realizes that it was the block, and not the ball, that he played with in the dark, he has learned this through which of the following? A. bimodal distribution B. intermodal perception C. visual localization D. inter-object recognition

B. intermodal perception

The study that examined kindergartners' ability to point to various locations in their classroom while imagining a walk from their seat to the teacher's chair demonstrated that: A. kindergarten children are essentially unable to imagine spatial arrangements. B. kindergartners' mental representations of space are improved with self-generated motion. C. imagining spatial arrangements while standing stationary is easy for kindergartners. D. kindergarten children have poor recall of their classroom arrangements.

B. kindergartners' mental representations of space are improved with self-generated motion.

According to psychoanalytic theory, during which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities? A. phallic B. latency C. anal D. oral E. genital

B. latency

Sociocultural theories suggest that teachers do which of the following to help their students learn? A. ensure that children's existing knowledge does not interfere with learning new concepts B. make learning a cooperative activity C. provide an environment that can be actively experienced by children D. do task analysis to determine children's specific difficulties

B. make learning a cooperative activity

Tina, a three-year-old, is shown a Cheerio box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Mark will think upon seeing the box for the first time, Tina will most likely say that Marc will think it contains: A. Cheerios. B. marbles. C. Raisin Bran. D. beads.

B. marbles.

Erin knows that languages generally have a way to express numbers, that sentences generally contain multiple words, and that some languages use sounds that are not part of her native language. Clearly, Erin has what type of knowledge? A. comprehension B. metalinguistic C. categorical perception D. pragmatic

B. metalinguistic

Siegler and Jenkins' examination of the development of the counting-on strategy is an example of which type of design? A. experimental B. microgenetic C. cross-sectional D. longitudinal

B. micro genetic

Imagine a young child is presented with a novel word, "encyclopedia," when her grandmother says, "Oh, look at the encyclopedia." In front of the child are two objects, a large book - "book" is a word the child already knows - and a green onion, an object the child has never seen before. The child will most likely make the assumption that the novel word refers to the: A. color of the onion. B. onion. C. book. D. pages of the book.

B. onion

The promising child maltreatment intervention program described in the text focused on which of the following? A. parents' substance abuse B. parents' interpretations of their children's behavior C. social support D. children's temperaments

B. parents' interpretations of their children's behavior

The promising child maltreatment intervention program described in the text focused on which of the following? A. parents' substance abuse B. parents' interpretations of their children's behavior C. social support D. children's temperaments

B. parents' interpretations of their children's behavior Bugental and colleagues developed a promising approach to preventing maltreatment based on the social cognitive perspective. Many abusive parents misinterpret child behavior (such as prolonged crying) and view themselves as victims. Program helps parents at risk of abuse achieve more realistic interpretations of their difficulties in caring for their children and to develop strategies for solving their problems Program was SUCCESSFUL in reducing incidence of abuse.

Harry, a three-year-old, is shown a raisin box and then is shown that it contains pennies. If asked what he had thought the box contained before being shown its true contents, Harry will most likely say he had thought it contained: A. quarters. B. pennies. C. raisins. D. popcorn.

B. pennies

An infant's learning of the association between the sight of her bottle and the taste of her milk is an example of which of the following? A. referencing B. perceptual learning C. statistical learning D. habituation

B. perceptual learning perceptual learning leads to intermodal representations of objects

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which of the following prereading skills? A. comprehension monitoring B. phonemic awareness C. understanding multiple perspectives D. learning that words have spaces between them

B. phonemic awareness

What can adults do to help children progress from child-basic categories to standard-basic categories? A. None of the above will influence children's progress. B. point out to children the visually subtle features of the objects that make them functionally different from the objects that belong in the standard-basic category C. discuss with children the superordinate category to which the objects belong D. show children other members of the child-basic category so that they will expand this category

B. point out to children the visually subtle features of the objects that make them functionally different from the objects that belong in the standard-basic category

A multiple-risk model of prenatal and later development applies most directly to the effects of: A. disease. B. poverty. C. gender. D. low IQ.

B. poverty

Core-knowledge theorists believe that humans are equipped with specialized learning mechanisms for: A. reproduction. B. problems that have been important from an evolutionary perspective. C. only language learning and recognizing human faces; other learning domains are culture-specific rather than species specific. D. rapid response to recurring threats.

B. problems that have been important from an evolutionary perspective.

Developmental changes such as puberty, graying hair, and the reduced organ capacity that comes with age are caused in part by: A. homozygous alleles. B. regulator genes. C. norm of reaction. D. polygenic inheritance.

B. regulator genes

Which of the following lists Piaget's stages in the correct chronological order? A. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational D. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational E. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational

B. sensorimotor, pre operational ,concrete operational, formal operational

On Wednesday, May 27, 2009 BBC reported that Russian authorities removed a five-year-old girl from her mother's home because the child had been "raised by dogs and cats", behaved like a dog and could not speak. This disordered behavior probably reflects A. an abnormal genotype B. severe deprivation of normal experience during multiple sensitive periods C. marasmus D. Specific Language Impairment

B. severe deprivation of normal experience during multiple sensitive periods

By the end of the first year, infants are able to categorize objects based on which of the following? A. shape only B. shape, size, color, movement and function C. shape, color, and movement only D. shape and color only

B. shape, size, color, movement and function

Which sense is stimulated the LEAST in the uterus? A. taste B. sight C. touch D. hearing E. smell

B. sight

The chronosystem involves the: A. settings in which the child is not a direct participant. B. temporal dimension. C. general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. D. activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates. E. connections among the contexts in which the child directly participates.

B. temporal dimension

he chronosystem involves the: A. settings in which the child is not a direct participant. B. temporal dimension. C. general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. D. activities, roles, and relationships in which the child directly participates. E. connections among the contexts in which the child directly participates.

B. temporal dimension.

Which of the following is NOT part of the social knowledge of a typical 15-month-old? A. an understanding that adults' behavior is goal directed B. the belief that only humans can have intentions and goals C. the ability to make inferences about what other people will do based on their knowledge of what the person knows D. All of the above are part of the social knowledge of a typical 15-month-old.

B. the belief that only humans can have intentions and goals

The study by Brown in which preschool children were shown hands kneading material in a container demonstrated that young children tend to interpret "some sib" as A. the container. B. the material. C. the act of kneading. D. a statement about the potential activity of others.

B. the material

The study by Brown in which preschool children were shown hands kneading material in a container demonstrated that young children tend to interpret "some sib" as A. the container. B. the material. C. a statement about the potential activity of others. D. the act of kneading.

B. the material.

Children can typically count up to ten by the age of: A. six. B. three. C. one. D. eight.

B. three

In the candy bar experiment, children who give more candy to the person who placed the most puzzle pieces and explain why: A. understand capitalism B. understand that different children have different points of view C. understand reciprocal determinism D. all of the above

B. understand that different children have different points of view

Adult caretaker behavior influences some aspects of infant and child language acquisition more than others. The largest influence is on A. sensitivity to phonemes B. understanding of pragmatics and socially correct forms of address C. word learning D. mastery of syntax

B. understanding of pragmatics and socially correct forms of address

The zygote and early embryo consist of A. cells that are specialized to become particular body regions, such as abdomen, head, arm or leg. B. undifferentiated cells, known as stem cells or progenitor cells, C. cells with 23 chromosomes D. cells that are specialized to become particular organs, such as brain, skin, liver, heart or intestines

B. undifferentiated cells known as stem cells or progenitor cells

Which of the following is a true statement about how infants develop understanding of gravity? A. Older infants have an initial, simple concept to which they rapidly add the remaining understanding over a very short time. B. Very young infants have an initial, simple concept on which they gradually build more and more complex understandings over their first year. C. Very young infants have an initial, simple concept to which they rapidly add the remaining understanding over a very short time. D. Older infants have an initial, simple concept on which they gradually build more and more complex understandings over their second year.

B. very young infants have an initial, simple concept on which they gradually build more and more complex understandings over their first year

A 10-month-old infant would be most likely to use analogical reasoning in which of the following situations? A. when new and old problems are the same in terms of color B. when new and old problems are the same in terms of color, shape, and location C. when new and old problems are the same in terms of shape D. When new and old problems involve the same people.

B. when new and old problems are the same in terms of color, shape, and location Infants can solve problems similar to problems they have solved before.... but require a much higher degree of similarity than do older children or adults.

The remarkable development of Nicaraguan Sign Language, in which younger signers systematize grammar and add vocabulary that goes beyond the input they have received from older signers, is thought to be most consistent A. with connectionist or associationist theories B. with nativist theories C. with interactioninst theories D. with rationalist theories

B. with nativist theories

The remarkable development of Nicaraguan Sign Language, in which younger signers systematize grammar and add vocabulary that goes beyond the input they have received from older signers, is thought to be most consistent A. with interactioninst theories B. with nativist theories C. with connectionist or associationist theories D. with rationalist theories

B. with nativist theories

Adult caretaker behavior influences some aspects of infant and child language acquisition more than others. The largest influence is on A. sensitivity to phonemes B. word learning C. mastery of syntax D. understanding of pragmatics and socially correct forms of address

B. word learning Infant directed talk, repetition and naming games help children acquire words. The literacy environment in the home (the presence of books, parents reading to children frequently) also has a large influence on vocabulary.

One important mechanism of developmental change and development of individual differences in effortful attention is: A. activity in the anterior cingulate cortex B. environmental impact on gene expression C. production of neurotransmitters D. inconsistency in gene expression

B.environmental impact on gene expression

Developmental changes such as puberty, graying hair, and the reduced organ capacity that comes with age are caused in part by: A. polygenic inheritance. B. regulator genes. C. homozygous alleles. D. norm of reaction.

B.regulator genes

Which level of category hierarchies do children usually learn first?

Basic

Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is TRUE?

Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish.

Children - How they come to understand Biology

Biological understanding emerges from interest, attention, experience. Children growing up in rural areas, children growing up with pets, children who visit zoos, public aquariums have more direct experience with living things, and earlier knowledge. Growth, illness, healing are more easily understood than death. Children initially believe that living things can only grow bigger. Similarity of offspring to parents is more easily understood than evolution.

Which statement provides the BEST support for the social cognitive theory of gender differences?

Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities.

Which of the following statements made by a two-year-old is a parent most likely to correct? A. "I wuv you." B. "I maded this picture for you." C. "Gooses have four legs." D. "No do that."

C. "Gooses have four legs." Parents are more likely to correct false statements than ungrammatical statements. This is developmentally appropriate for pre-school children, who are still acquiring the syntactic structure of language. Direct instruction has limited to no effect at this stage.

In the English language, syntactic development involves learning the difference between: A. "The bees are in the tree" and "The bees are in the grass." B. "tree" and "trees." C. "The tree is growing in the grass" and "The grass is growing in the tree." D. "tree" and "bee." E. "tree" and "grass."

C. "The tree is growing in the grass" and "the grass is growing in the tree"

n research by Xu and colleagues, in which 10- and 12-month-olds were shown two objects appearing and disappearing behind a screen, were infants able to keep track of the identities of the two objects? A. Infants of both ages were able to keep track of the identities of the two objects regardless of whether the objects had been named. B. 10-month-old infants were able to keep track of the identities of the two objects regardless of whether the objects had been named, but 12-month-olds were able to keep track only when the objects had been named. C. 12-month-old infants were able to keep track of the identities of the two objects regardless of whether the objects had been named, but 10-month-olds were able to keep track only when the objects had been named. D. Infants of both ages were unable to keep track of the identities of the two objects regardless of whether the objects had been named.

C. 12-month-old infants were able to keep track of the identities of the two objects regardless of whether the objects had been named, but 10-month-olds were able to keep track only when the objects had been named.

Which of the following is a true statement about infant-directed talk? A. Infant-directed talk is used in all cultures. B. Infant-directed talk is only used by mothers. C. American mothers tend to use more extreme infant-directed talk than do mothers in other cultures. D. Infant-directed talk only applies to spoken languages; sign language by deaf mothers does not have any characteristics of infant-directed talk. E. All of the above are true statements about infant-directed talk.

C. American mothers tend to use more extreme infant-directed talk than do mothers in other cultures

Phonemic awareness requires: A. Normal hearing B. Attention to subtle sound differences C. Both A and B

C. Both A and B

Which of the following is NOT used as evidence to support nativist views of language development? A. Children acquire language very rapidly and with no direct instruction. B. Virtually all children exposed to language acquire it. C. Children are motivated to use language in order to communicate with others. D. There are critical periods of language development. E. Groups of deaf children not exposed to language invented their own sign language, complete with a grammatical structure.

C. Children are motivated to use language in order to communicate with others.

Developmental dyslexia is: A. A disorder acquired from brain injury B. A sign of low intelligence C. Developmental difficulty in learning to read D. Loss of the ability to read

C. Developmental difficulty in learning to read

Infants "tune in" to the phonemic features of the languages they hear... A. around age of three B. around age of two C. During the second half of their first year D. none of the above

C. During the second half of their first year

Which of the following is the best advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language? A. As long as the child is exposed to the second language for an extended period of time, it does not matter when exposure to the language begins. B. Begin exposure to the second language well after you are sure the child has learned the native language completely and proficiently. C. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible. D. Wait to expose the child to a second language until he or she is old enough to be motivated to learn the language. Reset Selection

C. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible. In general, to acquire unaccented speech in a second (third or fourth or nth) language, an individual must begin acquiring it well before adolescence.

According to Tomasello's interactionist view of language development, language is: A. an example of the wide variety of cognitive functions for which human brains are specialized. B. an elaboration of gestural communication. C. a set of social conventions that enable people to communicate. D. a function of an innate module in human brains.

C. a set of social conventions that enable people to communicate

Which of the following is an indicator that babbling by older infants is dependent on experience? A. Babies babble sounds that are not in their native language. B. Deaf infants babble vocally and manually. C. French adults were able to distinguish between babbling by babies from French-speaking families and babbling by babies from Arabic- and Cantonese-speaking families. D. All of the above are indicators that babbling by older infants is dependent on experience.

C. French adults were able to distinguish between babbling by babies from French-speaking families and babbling by babies from Arabic- and Cantonese-speaking families.

Which of the following statements made by a two-year-old is a parent most likely to correct? A. "I wuv you." B. "No do that." C. "Gooses have four legs." D. "I maded this picture for you."

C. Gooses have four legs Parents are much more likely to correct a child's factual mistakes as opposed to grammatical mistakes.

When preschool children were shown a picture of a cat-like animal and an experimenter either simply labeled the animal a "dog" (Group A) or said, "You're not going to believe this, but this is actually a dog," (Group B), how likely were the children to extend the word to other cat-like stimuli? A. Both groups of children readily extended it. B. Both groups of children were similarly reluctant to extend it. C. Group A was more reluctant to extend it than was Group B. D. Group B was more reluctant to extend it than was Group A.

C. Group A was more reluctant to extend it than was Group B

Toddler Seth calls all of his stuffed animals, including teddy bears, bunnies, dogs, and ducks, "bear." When shown pictures of a teddy bear and a stuffed animal rabbit and asked to point to the bear, which of the following is Seth's most likely response? A. He will point to both the rabbit and the bear. B. He will point at neither object. C. He will point at the bear only. D. It is unclear whether he will point at the bear or the rabbit, but he will point to one and only one of the objects.

C. He will point at the bear only

In Patterson's observations of family interactions in troubled and typical families, he noted that A. in troubled families, negativity and emotionality tended to de-escalate over the course of parent-child interactions concerning discipline B. in typical families, children responded to parental correction or discipline with aggression and anger. C. in troubled families, episodes of parent-child interaction often became increasingly hostile and aggressive D. in typical families, episodes of parent-child interaction at dinner time frequently included loud arguments.

C. In troubled families, episodes of parent-child interaction often became increasingly hostile and aggresive

The study by Langlois and colleagues that had infants interact with a woman wearing either an attractive-face mask or an unattractive-face mask demonstrated which of the following? A. Infants respond more to an individual's behavior than to the individual's appearance. B. Infants have internalized cultural standards of beauty. C. Infants were more positive and played more with the woman when she was attractive than when she was unattractive. D. Infants did not display different behavior toward the woman based on the face-mask she was wearing.

C. Infants were more positive and played more with the woman when she was attractive than when she was unattractive. Facial symmetry and proportion are important biological signals that infants respond to as do adults....with positive affect.

According to information-processing theories, all of the following are true statements EXCEPT A. Problem solving depends on memory. B. The ability to inhibit previous behavior is important to problem solving. C. Problem solving depends on planning ability which emerges around age 4 year. D. Problem solving activity creates memories.

C. Problem solving depends on planning ability which emerges about age 4 year.

Which of the following is a true statement about the "survival of the fittest" principle and conception? A. This principle applies only to the process of egg release from the fallopian tube and not to the other processes involved in c onception. B. The eggs that manage to reach the sperm are likely to be healthy, as eggs with serious defects tend to be unable to reach the sperm. C. The sperm that manage to reach the egg are likely to be healthy, as sperm with serious defects tend to be unable to reach the egg. D. This principle does not come into play until the child is born.

C. The sperm that manage to reach the egg are likely to be healthy, as sperm with serious defects tend to be unable to reach the egg.

The researcher most closely associated with dynamic systems theories of development is A. Gelman B. Piaget C. Thelen D. Freud

C. Thelen

Which of the following is a true statement about six-month-old infants' ability to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects? A. They are unable to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects. B. They are able to use landmarks when there are many possible landmarks but when one landmark is located right next to the hidden object. C. They are able to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects when there is only a single landmark and it is very close to the hidden object. D. They are able to use landmarks regardless of the number of landmarks and proximity to the hidden object. Reset Selection

C. They are able to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects when there is only a single landmark and it is very close to the hidden object.

Zach is 12. He is shown a story board in which a boy named Bob is mean to his twin sister Sue: Bob takes the candy bar Grandma gave Sue out of her pink lunch box and puts it in his own blue lunch box. Zach is asked where Sue will look for the candy bar. Zach points to Bob's blue lunch box. What is the likely explanation? A. Zach did not understand the words the experimenter used. B. This could not happen. Beginning at age 5, all children solve false belief problems. C. Zach is autistic and does not understand that others can hold beliefs he knows to be false. D. Zach did not understand the illustrations

C. Zach is autistic and does not understand that others can hold beliefs he knows to be false.

Violence in which of the following increases children's aggressive and violent behavior? A. television, music, and video games B. the neighborhood in which children live C. all of the alternatives are correct D. the family

C. all of the alternatives are correct

The violation-of-expectancy procedure is founded on the expectation that infants: A. lose interest in events that are familiar. B. look longer at possible events. C. are interested in events that are inconsistent with their knowledge. D. lose interest in events that violate their expectations.

C. are interested in events that are inconsistent with their knowledge

The average six-year-old child is ______ the average college student at the basic grammatical structure of his or her native language. A. slightly less competent than B. much less competent than C. as competent as D. more competent than

C. as competent as

What can parents do to positively influence their preschoolers' ability to produce narratives? A. encourage child to think about future events B. model complex word combinations C. ask elaborative questions during conversations D. teach grammatical rules when reading books

C. ask elaborative questions during conversations Narratives - descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story. Parents actively assist their children to develop the ability to produce coherent accounts of past events by providing "scaffolding" for their children's narratives. An effective way to structure children's conversations about the past is to ask them elaborative questions, that is, questions that enable them to say something—anything—that advances the story.

The critical skill for second and third grade readers, developing fluency in reading simple material, depends on A. reading for content B. vocabulary growth C. automating lexical access D. representation of meaning in long-term memory

C. automating lexical access

Young children have difficulty understanding that plants are alive because children equate being alive with: A. having fur. B. being able to dance. C. being able to move. D. having legs.

C. being able to move.

An infant is considered premature or preterm if it is born A. weighing less than 5.5 poinds (2500 grams) B. born before the calculated due date C. born earlier than 38 weeks after conception D. born at 35 weeks after conception, or earlier

C. born earlier than 38 weeks after conception

Research by Meltzoff indicates that very young children are able to learn from what kind of models? A. adults but not children B. children but not adults C. both children and adults D. neither children nor adults

C. both children and adults

Researchers with an interactionist view of language development would be most interested in which of the following? A. electrical activity in the brain taking place while speaking B. deaf children's development of their own sign language in the absence of language exposure C. children's ability to use the social context to interpret others' speech D. the statistical regularities of speech

C. children's ability to use the social context to interpret others' speech

Which part of the neuron receives input from other cells? A. axon B. synapse C. dendrites D. cell body

C. dendrites

Differences between the counting abilities of preschoolers in China and United States indicate: A. all of these are true. B. Chinese children do not show superior counting ability for numbers lower than thirty. C. differences in language effect timing of development of counting. D. differences in the ability to count to ten are apparent at age three.

C. differences in language effect timing of development of counting Differences in ability to count to ten are NOT apparent at age 3. Chinese children DO show superior counting ability for numbers lower than thirty due to the easier numerical alphabet (fifteen vs thirty five)

Children who make magnitude comparisons slowly, are slow to make directional judgments (left/right, up/down, above/below) are at risk for A. Turner's syndrome B. William's sydrome C. discalculia or math disability D. dyslexia

C. discalculia or math disability

Bonnie is a preschooler whose father works outside the home and whose mother stays hom e with her. Upon learning that her friend's mother works outside the home, Bonnie is confused because she believes that only fathers work outside the home. Piaget would say that Bonnie is in a state of: A. insufficient assimilation B. concrete operational thinking C. disequilibrium. D. poor accomodation

C. disequilibrium Disequilibrium is a cognitive state in which new information or a new situation cannot be assimilated into a child's existing schemata (schemes / concepts). Cognitive change comes about through accomodation... the change of concepts or the development of new concepts... driven by the child's effort to understand her world.

The coding of spatial locations relative to one's own body is referred to as: A. external environment representation. B. dead reckoning. C. egocentric representation. D. egotistic representation.

C. egocentric representation.

Researchers working on diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson's are interested in early embryonic stem cells because of their: A. size. B. genetic make-up. C. flexibility. D. specialized function.

C. flexibility

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for foresight and goal-directed behavior? A. parietal B. temporal C. frontal D. occipital

C. frontal

The developmental window of opportunity for normal language acquisition closes... A. gradually between birth and age 2 B. Abruptly with the onset of puberty C. Gradually between age 5 and puberty

C. gradually between age 5 and puberty Critical period: The time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between two stimuli, a researcher shows one stimulus to the infant until she becomes disinterested. The researcher then shows the other stimulus to the infant and records whether the infant becomes interested in the new stimulus. This method is called the: A. pattern recognition technique. B. contrast sensitivity technique. C. habituation technique. D. preferential-looking technique.

C. habituation technique Habituation can be based on voluntary indicators of attention, such as looking, or physiological measures such as change in heart rate.

Psychological traits, such as empathy, aggression, and shyness, follow which type of inheritance pattern? A. dominant-recessive B. X-linked C. polygenic inheritance D. mutations

C. polygenic inheritance

Toddler Seth calls all of his stuffed animals, including teddy bears, bunnies, dogs, and ducks, "bear." When shown pictures of a teddy bear and a stuffed animal rabbit and asked to point to the bear, which of the following is Seth's most likely response? A. He will point to both the rabbit and the bear. B. He will point at neither object. C. He will point at the bear only. D. It is unclear whether he will point at the bear or the rabbit, but he will point to one and only one of the objects.

C. he will point at the bear only

Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his: A. erogenous zones. B. conscience. C. id. D. superego.

C. id

Encoding of frequency information begins A. when pre-schoolers acquire concepts of narrative structure B. when toddlers learn to count C. in early infancy D. when pre-schoolers acquire the vocabulary to talk about yesterday, today, and tomorrow

C. in early infancy

Experiments conducted by Anne Fernald on eight-month-olds' comprehension of the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech indicated that: A. infants this age cannot differentiate between positively-toned and negatively-toned speech. B. although infants this age can differentiate between positively-toned and negatively-toned speech, they do not behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone. C. infants this age behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech. D. infants this age can adapt their behavior to the emotional tone of their mothers' speech only if the content of the speech is consistent with the emotional tone.

C. infants this age behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech.

Experiments conducted by Anne Fernald on eight-month-olds' comprehension of the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech indicated that: A. infants this age cannot differentiate between positively-toned and negatively-toned speech. B. although infants this age can differentiate between positively-toned and negatively-toned speech, they do not behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone. C. infants this age behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech. D. infants this age can adapt their behavior to the emotional tone of their mothers' speech only if the content of the speech is consistent with the emotional tone.

C. infants this age behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech. Fernald had mothers either say "Yes, good boy." or "No, don't touch." Half the statements were said with an encouraging tone of voice and half were said in a sharp forbidding tone. Infants played more with the toy when their mother's tone was encouraging, regardless of the words used.

Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep? A. deep sleep state B. absence of eye movements C. irregular heart rate D. regular breathing

C. irregular heart rate

Jane, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Jane: A. is demonstrating her undeveloped theory of mind. B. has a false belief. C. is engaging in object substitution in pretend play. D. is engaging in sociodramatic play.

C. is engaging in object substitution in pretend play.

When asked to solve the problem "6 × 3 = ? × 2", Arianna answers 18. She probably does NOT yet have the concept of: A. integers. B. division. C. mathematical equality. D. multiplication.

C. mathematical equality.

Erin knows that languages generally have a way to express numbers, that sentences generally contain multiple words, and that some languages use sounds that are not part of her native language. Clearly, Erin has what type of knowledge? A. categorical perception B. comprehension C. metalinguistic D. pragmatic

C. metalinguistic

Children whose parents over-regulate their eating behavior are: A. better at monitoring their own food intake than other children. B. better at regulating their own food intake as adults. C. more likely to struggle with their weight as adults. D. likely to engage in social aggression against other children.

C. more likely to struggle with their weight as adults

"Run," -ed, -s, -ing, -un" are all: A. Syntactic elements B. Phonemes C. Morphemes D. None of the above

C. morphemes

Imagine a young child is presented with a novel word, "encyclopedia," when her grandmother says, "Oh, look at the encyclopedia." In front of the child are two objects, a bright pink-covered book - "book" is a word the child already knows - and a green onion, an object the child has never seen before. The child will most likely make the assumption that the novel word refers to the: A. book. B. pages of the book. C. onion. D. color of the onion.

C. onion

Imagine a young child is presented with a novel word, "encyclopedia," when her grandmother says, "Oh, look at the encyclopedia." In front of the child are two objects, a large book - "book" is a word the child already knows - and a green onion, an object the child has never seen before. The child will most likely make the assumption that the novel word refers to the: A. book. B. color of the onion. C. onion. D. pages of the book.

C. onion Children map words to referents as if they are following rules.... and one of the early rules is objects have only one name. So if an infant hears a new word, it is mapped to a novel object, not to objects the child has names for.... This is the mutual exclusivity assumption.

Nursery rhymes are particularly good at fostering which of the following prereading skills? A. comprehension monitoring B. learning that words have spaces between them C. phonemic awareness / phonological awareness D. understanding multiple perspectives

C. phonemic awareness/phonological awareness

Which of the following acts as a defensive barrier against toxins and infections? A. umbilical cord B. amniotic sac C. placenta D. amniotic fluid

C. placenta

Perceptual constancy enables babies to do which of the following? A. realize that the toy in their current view is the same as the one they viewed prior to blinking B. recognize moving point-light displays as a person walking C. recognize that Mommy does not actually change size as she walks toward them despite the fact that her size on their retina changes D. realize that the cat is still whole when it stands behind a table leg

C. recognize that Mommy does not actually change size as she walks toward them despite the fact that her size on their retina changes

Which of the following is NOT an example of a way in which adults help toddlers learn words? A. putting vocal stress on new words B. repeating new words C. saying new words in the first position in a sentence D. labeling objects when child is attending to them

C. saying new words in the first position in a sentence

Which of the following is NOT a movement generally performed by fetuses? A. sucking B. exercising breathing muscles C. scratching itches D. swallowing E. moving arms and legs

C. scratching itches

Which of the following is a true statement about gene expression? A. All genes that are possessed by an individual are expressed continuously. B. All genes that are contained in a particular cell are expressed in that cell, but not all genes are contained in every cell. C. Some genes are expressed for only a short period of the cell's life. D. All genes possessed by an individual are expressed at some point in the individual's life. E. Both B and D are true statements. F. Both C and D are true statements.

C. some genes are expressed for only a short period of a cell's life

In the study by Boismeyer, compared to other newborns, those who were provided with extra visual stimulation while awake: A. spent less of their subsequent sleep time in non-REM sleep. B. were more likely to develop colic. C. spent less of their subsequent sleep time in REM sleep. D. were more likely to develop 20/20 vision.

C. spent less of their subsequent sleep time in REM sleep

Grammatical rules are generally learned in which of the following ways? A. all at once B. through explicit teaching by parents C. step by step D. through rote memorization

C. step by step

Infants in which substage of the sensorimotor period begin to show interest in toys, animals, and people beyond their own bodies? A. substage 2 B. substage 0 C. substage 3 D. substage 1

C. substage 3

When young children talk with their peers, they generally: A. speak holophrastically. B. listen to each other's narratives. C. take turns talking in a series of nonsequitors. D. engage in lengthy dialogues.

C. take turns talking in a series of nonsequiters

Children or infants who suffer brain damage: A. only suffer long-term consequences if they are particularly genetically vulnerable to synapse elimination. B. almost always suffer very serious long-term consequences. C. tend to experience a shift in the area in which a particular brain function is located. D. can nearly always make a complete and long-term recovery.

C. tend to experience a shift in the area in which a particular brain function is located

Children who demonstrate gesture-speech mismatches when asked to explain how they arrived at an incorrect answer to a mathematical problem: A. have less variability in their thought than do other children. B. learn less from instruction than do children whose speech and gestures are consistent. C. tend to have a heightened readiness to learn from instruction. D. are more likely to be developmentally delayed.

C. tend to have a heightened readiness to learn from instruction.

Young babies who use "baby signs": A. are usually deaf. B. are often emotionally disturbed. C. tend to have larger verbal vocabularies at age three. D. tend to have delays in the development of spoken language.

C. tend to have larger verbal vocabularies at age three.

Young babies who use "baby signs": A. tend to have delays in the development of spoken language. B. are usually deaf. C. tend to have larger verbal vocabularies at age three. D. are often emotionally disturbed.

C. tend to have larger verbal vocabularies at age three.

Young babies who use "baby signs": A. tend to have delays in the development of spoken language. B. are often emotionally disturbed. C. tend to have larger verbal vocabularies at age three. D. are usually deaf.

C. tend to have larger verbal vocabularies at age three. Gesturing starts early: infants often produce recognizable, meaningful gestures ("baby signs") before they speak recognizable words. The more children gestured at 14 months, the larger their spoken vocabulary was at 42 months. Deaf Nicaraguan children were all brought together in a special school and quickly created their own sign language (NSL) together.

The level of which hormone determines whether a fetus develops female or male sex organs A. testosterone produced by the mother B. progesterone produced by the mother C. testosterone produced by the fetus D. progesterone produced by the fetus

C. testosterone produced by the fetus

Bronfenbrenner was the founder of: A. the psychosexual perspective. B. behaviorism. C. the bioecological model. D. the theory of social cognition.

C. the bioecological model

Bronfenbrenner was the founder of: A. the theory of social cognition. B. behaviorism. C. the bioecological model. D. the psychosexual perspective.

C. the bioecological model.

The study by Brown in which preschool children were shown hands kneading material in a container demonstrated that young children tend to interpret "some sib" as A. the container. B. the act of kneading. C. the material. D. a statement about the potential activity of others.

C. the material.

Meltzoff explains infant attraction to faces, and neonatal imitation of facial gestures in terms of A. visual preference for objects with strong external contours B. the operation of an attentional system that draws the eye to any complex moving sound-emitting object C. the operation of an innate face processing system D. visual preference for objects with more contrast in the upper half

C. the operation of an innate face processing system

Genes code for: A. specific behaviors. B. the construction of DNA. C. the production of proteins. D. traits.

C. the production of proteins. For example, receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters are proteins. Some genetic variations produce fewer or more than the normal density of specific receptor types. Some genetic variations result in NO receptors of specific types. These variations can have significant behavioral effects.

The external validity of a research finding involves the extent to which: A. the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate. B. different observers of the same behavior agree. C. the results of a study will be replicated when similar studies are conducted with different participants and methods. D. none of the above is true.

C. the results of a study will be replicated when similar studies are conducted with different participants and methods external validity is the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

The interactionist perspective on the nature of human language stresses A. the interaction between morphemes and syntactic structure B. the interaction between parents and children C. the social communicative function of language D. The interaction of sytax and pragmatics

C. the social communicative function of language Michael Tomasello is the most prominent proponent of the interactionist perspective he stresses the origin of language in gestures that request, indicate, and narrate. Read "The Orignis of Human Communication" (Tomasello, 2008) for a detailed introduction to his thinking and research.

Syntactic bootstrapping refers to children's use of which of the following as a cue to figure out the meaning of a novel word? A. adults' focus of attention B. the linguistic category of the novel word C. the structure of the whole sentence D. the contrastive use of a familiar and unfamiliar word

C. the structure of the whole sentence

Stacy and Tracy are identical twins who were reared together. Stacy is quite athletic and not very artistic, whereas Tracy is not very athletic but is artistic. These personality differences can be attributed to: A. their shared environment. B. their nonshared genetics. C. their nonshared environment. D. their shared genetics. E. mitochondrial DNA

C. their non shared environment

Generally, the first word an infant can recognize is: A. bottle. B. mama. C. his or her own name. D. dada.

C. their own name

Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta? A. to allow for the transport of nutrients to the fetus B. to allow for the removal waste products from the fetus C. to cushion the fetus D. to provide a barrier to infection

C. to cushion the fetus

Core-knowledge theorists would be most likely to believe that there is a specialized learning mechanism for which of the following? A. home maintenance such as cleaning and ordering objects neatly B. sibling cooperation C. understanding gravity D. play with sticks and balls or similar objects

C. understanding gravity

Which of the following is an example of overregularization? A. referring to all four-legged animals as "doggie" B. calling a rabbit "wabbit" C. using the word "gooses" D. using the word "elbow" to refer to a knee

C. using the word "gooses"

The range of performance between what children can do unsupported and what they can do with optimal support is referred to as the: A. area of adjacent development. B. area of favorable development. C. zone of proximal development. D. zone of optimal development.

C. zone of proximal development

cultural differences

CHINA: age 4 = 40 words; age 5= 100 words USA: age 4 = 10 words; age 5= 50 words

Why do infants form categories?

Categories are adaptive; infants form them by 3-4 months old. They enable accurate, rapid inferences. In the first years of life, infants process the statistical regularities in experience. Toddlers interpret the actions of others in terms of intention and preference. Toddlers also make inferences about causality.

The Flynn effect is believed to be caused by:

Changes in environment

The research by Thelen that had infants partially immersed in a tank of water demonstrated which of the following to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex?

Changing ratio of weight to strength.

Which of the following views best represents sociocultural theories?

Child as social being

Bioecology of child maltreatment

Child maltreatment - intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18 Effects of maltreatment on children: - Less secure relationships with parents - Less empathy - Lower self esteem - More conflicts with peers, difficulties with academic work in elementary school - Risk for developing serious psychopathologies

Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model

Child's environment composed of nested structures. Positions child in a web of influences. Microsystem: immediate, bi-directional environment that a person experiences (child, family) Mesosystem: connections among microsystems (school, church, doctor's office) Exosystem: environmental settings that child does not experience directly (mass media, neighbors, community health board, welfare services) Macrosystem: larger cultural context in which other systems are embedded (broad ideologies, laws, customs of society) Chronosystem: historical changes that influence other systems (time period)

Which of the following pieces of evidence would provide the most support for the influence of nurture on the development of empathy?

Children who grow up with caring parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants.

Dweck and Self-Attribution Orientations

Children with a mastery orientation attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended, the strategies used, and persist in the face of failure Children with a helpless orientation attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self (such as ability) and tend to give up in the face of failure

Autism and False-Belief Tasks

Children with autism find false-belief tasks hard to solve even as teenagers. Problems: - They have trouble establishing joint attention with other people - Show less distress than other children when other people appear distressed - Poor language skills further limit their opportunities to learn about others' thoughts and feelings - The understanding that beliefs affect behavior eludes them, even in comparison to children with mental retardation and to deaf children who acquire sign language late in development - This pattern of findings suggests that children with autism have impaired "mind reading mechanisms," and that this deficit interferes with many aspects of their social functioning

Distributive Justice/Chocolate-giving Study

Children, in a group of four, are given a group task, groups varied by ages of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. Reward for task completion is 10 candy bars (or 10 card-board candy bars in control groups). One child is given the task of distributing awards. Older children, more verbal children, more likely to voice principles of either equity or merit

General ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects are referred to as:

Concepts

In ________ theory(ies), children are born with specialized learning abilities to allow them to easily learn information of evolutionary importance.

Core-knowledge

An experimenter shows a child two clay "sausages" that are identical in size and shape and then allows the child to watch as she rolls one of the clay sausages into a longer, thinner sausage. The experimenter then asks the child whether the two clay sausages still contain the same amount of clay. A child in Piaget's preoperational stage would be most likely to say which of the following? A. A child in the preoperational stage would not be able to answer the question as he or she would not yet understand size comparisons. B. "Wait, I don't understand, how did you make that sausage bigger?" C. "Yes, they have the same amount of clay." D. "No, the longer sausage has more clay than the shorter sausage."

D. "No, the longer sausage has more clay than the shorter sausage."

Beginning in the first years of life: A. Infants process the statistical regularities in experience B. Toddlers interpret the actions of others in terms of intention and preference C. Toddlers make inferences about causality D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Educational interventions for children with dyslexia are most likely to be effective if these A. begin early and are sustained B. focus on strategies that enhance phonological recoding C. encourage greatly increased time spent reading D. All of the alternatives are correct

D. All of the alternatives are correct

Which of the following is a true statement about the taste and smell of amniotic fluid? A. Amniotic fluid has a constant taste and smell. B. Amniotic fluid can take on a variety of flavors but has a constant smell. C. Amniotic fluid has a constant taste but can take on a variety of odors. D. Amniotic fluid can take on a variety of flavors and odors.

D. Amniotic fluid can take on a variety of flavors and odors

Typically developing children pass explicit false belief tasks: A. Only after experience with the tasks B. Beginning at about age 18 months C. Beginning at about age 2 D. Beginning at ages 4-4.5

D. Beginning at ages 4-4.5

Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of the impact of nurture on infants' motor development? A. Infants develop motor skills on their own timetable, regardless of child-rearing practices. B. Child-rearing practices can accelerate infants' motor development, but not retard it. C. Child-rearing practices can retard infants' motor development, but not accelerate it. D. Child-rearing practices can either accelerate or retard infants' motor development.

D. Child-rearing practices can either accelerate or retard infants' motot developmetn

Which of the following is a true statement about the effect of brain damage on language for a right-handed individual? A. Damage to the left hemisphere does not result in any language impairments. B. Damage to any part of the left hemisphere results in similar language impairments. C. Damage to a part of the left hemisphere could result in impairments in language production but not in syntax. D. Damage to Broca's area results in a language production impairment.

D. Damage to Broca's area results in a language production impairment.

Which of the following is the best advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language? A. Begin exposure to the second language well after you are sure the child has learned the native language completely and proficiently. B. As long as the child is exposed to the second language for an extended period of time, it does not matter when exposure to the language begins. C. Wait to expose the child to a second language until he or she is old enough to be motivated to learn the language. D. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

D. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

Which of the following is the best advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language? A. Begin exposure to the second language well after you are sure the child has learned the native language completely and proficiently. B. As long as the child is exposed to the second language for an extended period of time, it does not matter when exposure to the language begins. C. Wait to expose the child to a second language until he or she is old enough to be motivated to learn the language. D. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

D. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible. The ability to learn new languages worsens dramatically after around puberty. Critical period: The time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful

Among the best predictors of a child's ultimate reading comprehension is: A. Personality traits like agreeableness or conscientiousness B. Hearing acuity within normal range C. Visual acuity within normal range D. Extent of pre-school exposure to reading

D. Extent of pre-school exposure to reading

Most psychologists agree that intelligence tests: A. Measure an unchanging trait of individuals B. Adequately capture all aspects of an individual's adaptive abilities C. Cannot be changed by experience D. Predict some important outcomes reasonably well

D. Predict some important outcomes reasonably well

Which of the following aspects of Piaget's theory is LEAST likely to be considered an asset by current cognitive developmentalists? A. integrated depiction of cognitive development from birth through adolescence B. observations of age-related changes in children's behavior C. tasks for testing children's abilities at different ages D. the exact ages at which children are able to complete cognitive tasks

D. The exact ages at which children are able to complete cognitive task

Monica's grandmother wants to teach her granddaughter a new concept. Piaget's theory would suggest that Monica's grandmother do which of the following? A. Wait to teach the concept until Monica's way of thinking is appropriate, and carefully explain all of the relevant aspects of the concept to Monica. B. Try to teach the concept as early as possible, and carefully explain all of the relevant aspects of the concept to Monica. C. Try to teach the concept as early as possible, and then find a way for Monica to learn the concept by actively experiencing it. D. Wait to teach the concept until Monica's way of thinking is appropriate, and then find a way for Monica to learn the concept by actively experiencing it.

D. Wait to teach the concept until monica's way of thinking is appropriate, and then find a way for monica to learn the concept by actively experiencing it

A male zygote has which of the following patterns of sex chromosomes? A. XX B. YY C. XYZ D. XY

D. XY

Habituation to a stimulus and increased response to a novel stimulus indicate all of the following EXCEPT: A. a preference for novelty. B. the ability to differentiate between the two stimuli. C. learning. D. a preference for the characteristics of the novel stimulus over the old one.

D. a preference for the characteristics of the novel stimulus over the old one

Babbling... A. emerges after cooing B. consists of repeated consonant-vowel combinations C. Emerges around 6 months D. All of the above

D. all of the above

Biological understanding emerges early because: A. In evolutionary terms, it's highly adaptive B. Children experience their own eating, sleeping, physical states, illness, recovery, growth C. Children have extensive experience with a variety of living things D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Children (and adolescents and adults) with a growth mindset: A. Believe their abilities can be increased by effort and strategy changes B. Are more likely to persist on difficult tasks C. Prefer challenging tasks to easy tasks D. All of the above

D. all of the above

Children's play is beneficial because: A. It facilitates development of ToM B. It facilitates development of self-regulatory abilities C. It promotes development of social skills D. All of the above

D. all of the above

Cross cultural differences in the relationship between SES and math achievement: A. reflect differences in beliefs about contributors to math achievement B. reflect differences in teacher's expectations of lower/higher SES children C. reflect inequalities in teacher preparation D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Infant preferences based on prenatal experience have been demonstrated for: A. sounds. B. flavors. C. smells. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above

Infants are sensitive to which of the following properties of their native language? A. stress pattern B. distributional properties C. pauses between words D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Infants' preparation for speaking includes: A. practice producing sounds. B. games like peek-a-boo. C. following adults' gaze when they are talking. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above

Onishi and Baillargeon (2005) assessed understanding of false belief in babies under 2 years old. A. This test was an implicit theory of mind B. Looking times were significantly longer when the observer's reach violated what the observer could have known C. The findings provided evidence for theory of mind and understanding of false belief in infants D. all of the above

D. all of the above

What can parents of a low-birth-weight (LBW) baby do to help cope with the difficulties associated with parenting a LBW baby? A. learn more about infant development B. get social support C. understand that the baby will not hit developmental milestones at the same time as do normal-weight babies D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is associated with obesity? A. social isolation B. lower household income C. diabetes D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Among the first 10 words spoken by infants in three different languages, Tardif et all (2008) found A. references to people, sound effects, and social function words (baby versions of hello, good-bye, others) B. there was much overlap across languages C. strong cultural differences were apparent D. all of the alternatives are correct

D. all of the alternatives are correct

Children with finger agnosia A. are likely to suffer from other forms of agnosia B. are likely to develop dyslexia C. have major delays in motor development D. are likely to have difficulty learning basic mathematical facts and skills

D. are likely to have difficulty learning basic mathematical facts and skills

Newborns' bias toward which of the following is an underlying factor in their attraction to human faces? A. objects with irregularities around the perimeter B. configurations with some dark elements and some light elements C. oval-shaped objects D. arrays with more elements in the upper half than in the lower half

D. arrays with more elements in the upper half than in the lower half

The average six-year-old child is ______ the average college student at the basic grammatical structure of his or her native language. A. slightly less competent than B. more competent than C. much less competent than D. as competent as

D. as competent as Linguistic competence refers to the ability to communicate with language... to form grammatically correct utterances. College students have more "verbal ability", than children, as indexed by vocabulary, but not more linguistic competence.

At what stage are individuals able to perform a systematic scientific experiment, according to Piaget's theory? A. concrete operational stage B. preoperational stage C. sensorimotor stage D. formal operations stage

D. formal operations stage

Findings from psychological research can assist courts in obtaining more accurate testimony from young children. Which of the following methods have been demonstrated to increase the likelihood of accurate testimony? A. informing children's interviewers of the prosecutor's beliefs about the event in question B. asking children questions multiple times C. offering children rewards for answering questions accurately D. asking children nondirected questions

D. asking children non directed questions

Kim is a four-year-old who has just been in an accident and has sustained brain damage to an area of the brain that is specialized for a particular skill. Her doctor tells her parents that she is lucky to be so young and that she should recover her ability in this domain. Her doctor is counting on Kim's brain to: A. direct her skeletal and muscular system to work harder at the skill. B. create new neurons to replace the damaged ones. C. regenerate brain tissue. D. become rewired as a different area takes over for the damaged area.

D. become rewired as a different area takes over the damaged area

Two infants of different ages, Diego and Hannah, are tested with the preferential-looking technique to determine their visual acuity. A series of black-and-white-striped patterns are presented individually next to a gray square. Diego can distinguish stripes that are narrower than those Hannah can distinguish. Compared to Hannah, Diego has: A. a smaller retina. B. better object segregation. C. more intelligence. D. better contrast sensitivity.

D. better contrast sensitivity

According to evolutionary psychologists, all of the following are associated with the large size of the human brain (relative to body size) in comparison with other species EXCEPT: A. prolonged period of immaturity and dependence. B. high level of neural plasticity. C. increased social complexity. D. birth occurring at a more mature stage of development.

D. birth occurring at a more mature stage of development.

Which group(s) of infants would know their own limitations if placed at the top of a steep incline? A. experienced crawlers only B. both beginning and experienced crawlers, but not walkers C. both beginning and experienced walkers, but not crawlers D. both experienced crawlers and experienced walkers only E. experienced crawlers and all walkers

D. both experienced crawlers and experienced walkers only

Which of the following best represents the view of core-knowledge theories? A. child as social being B. child as scientist C. child as computational system D. child as product of evolution E. child as couch potato

D. child as product of evolution

Researchers with a connectionist view of language development would be most interested in which of the following? A. young children's sensitivity to pragmatic cues B. specific links between particular brain structures and specific language abilities C. critical periods for language acquisition D. children's overregularization errors

D. children's overregularization errors

Austin working on the classic pendulum problem. He believes that the heaviness of the weight is the most important factor, tests his belief with unsystematic experiments, and concludes that his belief is accurate even though no clear conclusion could be drawn. Austin is in which of Piaget's stages? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. formal operations D. concrete operations

D. concrete operations

Which of the following strategies usually develops first for solving addition problems? A. decomposition B. retrieval C. counting from the larger addend D. counting from 1

D. counting from 1 FASTEST strategy is retrieval, but that takes a lot of memory to develop.

The study involving American and Chinese college students who were asked to solve two problems, one that required a solution similar to the strategy in the Hansel and Gretel story and one that required a solution similar to a strategy in a Chinese fairy tale demonstrated the impact of which of the following on analogical reasoning? A. social scaffolding B. differences in parents' educational practices C. informal theories D. culturally-specific content

D. culturally-specific content

The discovery of "Minamata Disease" demonstrated the: A. greater vulnerability of males than females. B. effects of cultural differences in birthing practices. C. protective value of the placenta. D. detrimental impact environmental factors can have on prenatal development.

D. detrimental impact environmental factors can have on prental development

Normal differences in rates of synapse production in different areas of the brain are related to A. the different rates of synapse elimination. B. the infant's nutritional status. C. the incapability of the brain to develop simultaneously in multiple areas. D. differences in timing of development of various skills and capabilities.

D. differences in timing of development of various skills and capabilities Genetically, humans are programmed for sequential development of different areas of the brain. These sequences may depend on normal experience and are reflected in behavioral and cognitive development.

Normal differences in rates of synapse production in different areas of the brain are related to A. the incapability of the brain to develop simultaneously in multiple areas. B. the different rates of synapse elimination. C. the infant's nutritional status. D. differences in timing of development of various skills and capabilities.

D. differences in timing of development of various skills and capabilities.

The "voluntary" motor abilities of a healthy newborn human include A. kicking away obstructions B. reaching toward interesting objects C. all of the other alternatives are correct D. directing gaze, head turning, sucking and other mouth and tongue movements

D. direct gaze, head turning, sucking and other mouth and tongue movements

Cell migration occurs during which period? A. zygotic B. fetal C. apoptosis D. embryonic

D. embryonic

Babies born to mothers who used cocaine during pregnancy are more likely to have all of the following EXCEPT: A. small head size. B. high-pitched cries. C. long-term social deficits. D. facial deformities. E. impaired ability to regulate arousal.

D. facial deformities

Parental investment theory explains the higher rate of murder committed by stepfathers against step-children than of murder committed by fathers against biological children in terms of the difference in: A. attachment. B. time spent with the children. C. societal endorsement. D. genetic similarity.

D. genetic similarity

Generally, the first word an infant can recognize is: A. bottle. B. dada. C. mama. D. his or her own name.

D. his or her own name.

The period in which infants use one word at a time is referred to as the: A. pragmatic period. B. period of telegraphic speech. C. period of overextension. D. holophrastic period. E. period of nouncentric speech.

D. holophrastic period

Which of the following lists the periods of language development in the correct chronological order? A. telegraphic speech, holophrastic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences B. telegraphic speech, holophrastic speech, complex sentences, three-word utterances C. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, complex sentences, three-word utterances D. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences E. holophrastic speech, complex sentences, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances

D. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three -word utterances, complex

Experiments conducted by Anne Fernald on eight-month-olds' comprehension of the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech indicated that: A. infants this age can adapt their behavior to the emotional tone of their mothers' speech only if the content of the speech is consistent with the emotional tone. B. although infants this age can differentiate between positively-toned and negatively-toned speech, they do not behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone. C. infants this age cannot differentiate between positively-toned and negatively-toned speech. D. infants this age behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech.

D. infants this age behave as if they comprehend the meaning of the emotional tone of their mothers' speech.

An infant randomly makes many vocalizations throughout the day. Some of her vocalizations elicit no response from her parents, but several elicit laughter and hugging from her parents. Eventually, she learns to make those vocalizations in order to get laughter and hugs. The infant has learned this through which type of learning? A. classical conditioning B. perceptual learning C. observational learning D. instrumental conditioning

D. instrumental learning

An infant is allowed to play with a toy block in the dark so that he cannot see it. Later, he is shown the block as well as a ball. If he realizes that it was the block, and not the ball, that he played with in the dark, he has learned this through which of the following? A. bimodal distribution B. inter-object recognition C. visual localization D. intermodal perception

D. intermodal perception

According to Dodge's information-processing theory of social problem solving, aggressive children's primary problem is that they: A. have a poor capacity to generate strategies to achieve their goals. B. expect aggressive behavior to be useful in getting along with others. C. do not possess the ability to formulate socially-acceptable goals. D. interpret the behavior of others as hostile even in the absence of any indication of hostility.

D. interpret the behavior of others as hostile even in the absence of any indication of hostility.

Research on the Piraha of Brazil, whose number terms entail "one-two-many," and research by Xu and colleagues provide evidence for the impact of: A. cognition on culture. B. culture on cognition. C. cognition on language. D. language on cognition.

D. language on cognition

According to psychoanalytic theory, during which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities? A. phallic B. oral C. anal D. latency E. genital

D. latency

Children's general knowledge about vehicles is an example of information stored in: A. sensory memory. B. working memory. C. short-term memory. D. long-term memory.

D. long term memory This is an example of long-term semantic memory. Psychologists make distinctions between Implicit/procedural memory and Explicit/declarative memory. Explicit memory concerns episodes and general knowledge about the world.

According to core-knowledge theories, children's informal theories have which of the following properties? A. They are precisely-specified deductive systems. B. Events are explained only in terms of observable causes. C. Vast numbers of abstract categories are formed to divide up the objects and events in the world. D. Many phenomena are explained in terms of a few basic principles.

D. many phenomena are explained in terms of a few basic principles

Erin knows that languages generally have a way to express numbers, that sentences generally contain multiple words, and that some languages use sounds that are not part of her native language. Clearly, Erin has what type of knowledge? A. pragmatic B. categorical perception C. comprehension D. metalinguistic

D. metalinguistic Meta-linguistic knowledge refers to knowledge about properties of languages in general, just as the term meta-cognitive knowledge refers to the child's understanding of thinking processes (association, step-by-step goal and sub-goal analysis) and understanding of learning strategies (such as focused attention, rehearsal, and organization).

As children use addition strategies more frequently, they become: A. perfectionists. B. more likely to become frustrated. C. less accurate. D. more likely to use retrieval. E. slower.

D. more likely to use retrieval

As children use counting strategies more frequently, they become: A. more likely to become frustrated. B. less accurate. C. perfectionists. D. more likely to use retrieval. E. slower.

D. more likely to use retrieval.

Experiences that are unique to the individuals in a family are referred to as: A. shared environment. B. nonshared genetics. C. shared genetics. D. nonshared environment.

D. non shared environment

Which of the following is a true statement about environmental pollutants? A. There is no evidence that environmental pollutants can impair prenatal development. B. Only pollutants that are ingested, such as mercury, can impair prenatal development. C. Only pollutants that pass through the respiratory system, such as automobile emissions, can impair prenatal development. D. Pollutants that are ingested and those that pass through the respiratory system can both impair prenatal development.

D. pollutants that are ingested and those that pass through the respitory system can both impari prenatal development

The cultural practice of referring to ships as female is an example of something a child would learn with which type of development? A. semantic B. phonological C. metalinguistic D. pragmatic E. syntactic

D. pragmatic

Marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations are referred to as: A. historical anomalies. B. generation-dependent plasticity. C. growth disturbances. D. secular trends.

D. secular trends

Cell differentiation refers to the ________ of cells. A. division. B. death. C. migration. D. specialization.

D. specialization

Children's first sentences can often be described as: A. narratives. B. overrregulated speech. C. holophrastic speech. D. telegraphic speech. E. pragmatic speech.

D. telegraphic speech

Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as: A. dermatogens. B. illegal drugs. C. pollutants. D. teratogens.

D. teratogens

Which of the following variables is most strongly associated with children's reading achievement? A. parental IQ B. knowledge of the alphabet before entering school C. family income D. the amount of reading parents do to and with children

D. the amount of reading parents do to and with children

In a study of adopted children (Tienari et al, 1990), the finding that the only children who had a considerable likelihood of becoming schizophrenic were those who had a schizophrenic biological parent and who were also adopted into a troubled home is evidence of: A. the influence of nurture. B. the interaction of nature and nurture. C. random variation in the population. D. the influence of nature.

D. the influence of nature and nurture

Meltzoff explains infant attraction to faces, and neonatal imitation of facial gestures in terms of A. the operation of an attentional system that draws the eye to any complex moving sound-emitting object B. visual preference for objects with more contrast in the upper half C. visual preference for objects with strong external contours D. the operation of an innate face processing system

D. the operation of an innate face processing system

Earlier research on the timing of synapse production and elimination failed to show the changes at adolescence because: A. the brains of adolescents are too mature to examine with child measures and too immature to examine with adult measures. B. only males were examined. C. adolescents often fail to comply with important procedural instructions. D. the same individuals were not followed over time.

D. the same individuals were not followed over time.

The interactionist perspective on the nature of human language stresses A. The interaction of sytax and pragmatics B. the interaction between morphemes and syntactic structure C. the interaction between parents and children D. the social communicative function of language

D. the social communicative function of language

An infant who is using social referencing would learn which of the following? A. to crawl more quickly because her parents provide a lot of encouragement B. to crawl around an obstacle by seeing an adult crawl around the obstacle C. not to crawl down a steep incline by seeing another infant fall D. to avoid crawling off the side of a bed by seeing an adult's fearful facial expression

D. to avoid crawling off the side of a bed by seeing an adult's fearful facial expression Infants don't have to fall down the stairs to learn approaching a top stair is dangerous...they learn by social referencing...observing the emotional reactions of significant adults to their movement and apparent intended movement.

Of the following, which is the first psychological concept infants develop? A. understanding of the role of belief in behavior B. understanding of false knowledge C. understanding of deception D. understanding of intention

D. understanding of intention

Children learning to read Chinese A. experience dyslexia at a higher rate than children learning to read alphabetic languages with "shallow" orthographies (regular letter-sound correspondences). B. experience dyslexia at a higher rate than children learning to read alphabetic languages with "deeper" orthographies (more complex letter-sound correspondences) C. progress through the same stages and at the same rate as beginning readers of alphabetic languages D. use different parts of the cortex than children learning to read alphabetic languages

D. use different parts of the cortex than children learning to read alphabetic languages

Infants generally begin to associate words with their referents: A. at two months of age. B. at 18 months of age. C. by trial-and-error babbling. D. well before they can produce any words. E. with explicit instruction by their caregivers.

D. well before they can produce any words

Which of the following groups of Romanian-born children adopted by British families fared the best in terms of weight gain following adoption? A. those who were adopted between the ages of 24 and 42 months B. All of the adopted children fared equally poorly in terms of weight gain. C. those who were adopted between the ages of six and 24 months D. those who were adopted before age six months

D.those who were adopted before age six months

Which of the following is a true statement about the disproportionate number of males and females? A. Sperm containing a Y chromosome swim faster than those containing an X chromosome. B. Male fetuses are more vulnerable to miscarriage than are female fetuses. C. Cultural values and governmental policy contribute to the differences in the number of male and female babies born and raised in some societies. D. A and B are true. E. All of the above are true.

E. all of the above are correct

Which of the following is a problem with the use of formula for infant feeding in underdeveloped countries? A. The formula is often mixed with polluted water. B. The formula does not contain antibodies against infections. C. The formula is frequently diluted because of high cost. D. Both A and C are problems. E. All of the above are problems.

E. all of the above are problems

Academic skills

Early experience in the home establishes the basis for academic skills. Reading: phonemic awareness, knowledge of the alphabet, vocabulary development. Automating visual retrieval of meaning, by reading frequently. Comprehension: representing a continuous stream of ideas in working memory then long term memory Caregivers/teachers must monitor comprehension: vocabulary, experience with stories both increase comprehension. Writing: automating low-level skills Calculation: begins with numeric equality, counting, finger counting, adding on, retrieval

Which statement about epigenetics is TRUE?

Early experiences can alter the expression of one's genes.

Ecological Theories vs Evolutionary Theories of Social Development

Ecological - Place individual development in a broader context than do other theories of social development Evolutionary - Emphasizes adaptive function & the child's active role in selecting and influencing the environment. Evolutionary psychology can't be tested and overlooks the human capacity to change No one approach to social development has systematically integrated biology, cognition, and the influence of others and the broader environment

Eric has an IQ of 100 at age 5 and an IQ of 100 at age 22. What can you say about his intelligence in comparison to others his age?

Eric's comparative intelligence has remained stable.

Sandra Scarr has proposed three processes by which an individual's genes are associated with the type of environment he or she encounters. Which of Scarr's processes involves children's influence on other people's behavior?

Evocative

Which of the following statements is the best advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language?

Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

Which statement is the BEST advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language?

Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

Concepts

General ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects, events, qualities, or abstractions that are similar in some way good and bad, hard to get rid of if we already have an idea

Which maternal disease during pregnancy is LEAST likely to have a direct negative effect on the health of the baby?

HIV

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?

Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill.

Habituation indicates that a fetus:

Has learned to recognize a stimulus.

Dodge/Highly aggressive children theory

Highly aggressive children demonstrate hostile attribution of intent - they perceive others being more hostile than they really are. Research is concerned with: - Children with problematic aggressive behavior - Cognitive biases in attributional thinking - Children's thinking about social problem solving

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that:

IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied.

Ten month old Judy sees novel sightflowers arranged in a vase. Which of the following is the most important cue that would help Judy know whether she is seeing a single object or multiple objects?

Independent movements of the flowers as they are removed from the vase.

According to core-knowledge theorists, why do children form intuitive theories?

Intuitive theories were necessary in human evolutionary past.

Which of the following statements is an example of a symbolic representation?

Jared puts a bowl on his head and tells his father he has on a firefighter's helmet.

Claudia, a 10-month-old baby, and her mother are playing. Claudia's mother looks up at the ceiling fan and says, "Claudia, look at the fan. See how it goes around and around?" Claudia notices that her mother is looking up, so Claudia looks up at the fan as well. Claudia and her mother are engaging in:

Joint Attention

Kevin and his mother are playing with an interesting squeaky toy. Kevin's mother squeezes the toy in front of him and then hides it under a blanket. Kevin has fun finding the toy under the blanket and then giving it back to his mother. After several rounds of this game, Kevin's mother hides the toy behind a pillow instead of under the blanket. Rather than looking behind the pillow, however, Kevin lifts the blanket to look for the toy. Which of the following statements is true?

Kevin is making the A-not-B error.

Rico the border collie

Knew more than 200 words and could learn and remember new ones Used same process toddlers use to learn new words

________ can cause a change in IQ score over time.

Knowledge of the test items The child's alertness on the test days Divorce

What is required for language?

Language is species-specific: meaning that only humans acquire language in the normal course of development Language is species-universal: meaning that language learning is achieved by typically developing infants across the globe. ***Non-human primates may be able to learn some signing in English, but are incapable of learning human language. Critical period: The time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful Infant-directed speech: used when talking to babies and very young children; used by most cultures, to varying degrees

Language Development

Language: systems of representing thoughts, feelings, stories, and knowledge that enable communicating these to other people Comprehension: understanding what others say or sign or write Production: speaking, or signing or writing

The preferential-looking technique is founded on the expectation that infants:

Look longer at objects they like/find interesting.

The few studies that have examined the association between HOME scores and children's IQ scores in adoptive families have indicated that the associations for children who are adopted are ______ the associations found with children living with their biological parents.

Lower than

Role of media on children's aggression

Media viewing involves frequent exposure to violence and aggression AND can also lead to decreased physical activity. Initial concerns about social isolation from computer and video game use somewhat reduced Socioeconomic inequities may be exacerbated by unequal access to computers Children's possible exposure to pornography and predators via the internet

Brofenbrenner Model and Child Abuse

Microsystem (child and immediate surroundings): substance abuse in parents, unrelated adult male (relates to parental investment theory - stepfathers!) Mesosystem (connections among microsystems - home, school, church, doctor's office etc): family's social isolation, lack of social support Exosystem (environmental systems that the child does not directly experience): low family income, increased stress on parents

The basic understanding of desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions is referred to as a theory of:

Mind

Numerical Understanding

Most basic numerical understanding is numerical equality, realization that all sets of N objects have something in common 5 months old: infants appear to have a sense of numerical equality (at least for sets of 1, 2 or 3 objects). In addition, infants possess an approximate sense of larger numbers. 3-4 years of age: children begin to show precise representations of sets even slightly larger than 3.

A commonsense understanding of oneself and other people is referred to as:

Naive Psychology

Narratives & Children

Narratives are descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story. Usually can be produced by 5 years of age. Conversational skills/narrative-telling skills increase with cognitive and social development. The development of narrative-telling increases the ability to take other people's perspectives!

Prominent themes in language development

Nature vs. Nurture The Sociocultural Context Individual Differences The Active Child

Which of the following statements about infants' ability to distinguish between speech sounds is true?

Newborns possess an innate ability to discriminate between speech sounds they have never heard before.

Which of the following statements about nonhuman primates' ability to learn language is true?

Nonhuman primates can learn vocabulary and simple sentence structure, but the communicative system they can acquire is not generally considered to be a language.

University of Virginia researchers recently completed an extraordinary study of 7 year olds, some of whom did and did not live in poverty. Results indicated that 60% of the variance in IQ among children raised in poverty could be attributed to the shared environment, whereas the contribution of genes was close to 0%. In contrast, among children raised in affluent household, the result was nearly the reverse. These results dramatically illustrate what concept?

Norm of reaction.

Types of Play

Object substitution (18 months): Ignoring many of a play object's characteristics so that they can pretend that it is something else (ex. banana is a phone) Pretend play (18 months): make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations Sociodramatic play (30 months, more complicated than object sub/pretend play): A kind of pretend play in which they enact miniature dramas with other children or adults, such as "mother comforting baby" or "doctor helping sick child." Promotes self-regulation, social skills. Young children's sociodramatic play is typically more sophisticated when they are playing with a parent or older sibling who can scaffold the play sequence than when they are pretending with a peer Games with number lines, counting, puzzles promote spatial and quantitative thinking

IQ is a strong predictor of success in which of the following domains?

Occupational Economic Academic

Dweck and Theories of Intelligence

Older children's cognitions are more complex than preschoolers! Mastery vs helpless becomes entity vs incremental. Some have an entity theory of intelligence and think level of intelligence is fixed. When they experience failure, conclude that they are not very smart and there is nothing they can do about the situation. Other children hold an incremental theory of intelligence and believe that intelligence can increase as a function of experience. They try harder after failure. Praising children for WORKING HARD supports an incremental model and a mastery-oriented motivational pattern. Offering PRAISE AND/OR CRITICISM focused on enduring traits can lead to an entity model and a helpless orientation

Evolutionary psychology applies natural selection and adaptation to behavior

Our large brains necessitate prolonged immaturity! Brain size a consequence of neural plasticity in learning from experience Play as an evolved platform for learning Prolonged immaturity requires a great deal of nurturance from parents Humans are "slow-developing, big-brained species" compared to other primates The larger the brain size of various primates, the longer their developmental period

Which statement about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners is TRUE?

Over half of 15-year-olds have dated someone.

Parent's role in correcting grammar

Parents generally ignore even wildly ungrammatical mistakes - In general, parents are more likely to correct factual errors than grammatical errors.

The observable expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as the individual's:

Phenotype.

Phonemes

Phonemes: units of sound in speech; a change in phoneme changes the meaning of a word (r vs l) For example, "rake" and "lake" differ by only one phoneme (/r/ versus /l/), but the two words have quite different meanings to English speakers. Limited number of phonemes. Thus, the first step in children's language learning is phonological development: the mastery of the sound system of their language.

________ is NOT a prereading skill.

Phonological recoding

Poverty vs. Affluence

Physical environment of home & neighborhood Social environment of home (parental competence, knowledge of development, presence of non-father adult male) Social environment of neighborhood Adequacy of school environment Affluent families may pressure their children to excel and may provide children with little support Demands of dual careers may leave young adolescents unsupervised for hours each week

Egocentrism is characteristic of Piaget's ________ stage.

Preoperational

Dweck, achievement-related attributions, "persisters"

Preschoolers - by age 3, some learners are persisters (learning optimists) and others are non-persisters. Depends on parental encouragement/criticism. Stark differences in "doll play" reaction to failure Persisters: he wants to try again Nonpersisters: he's punished because he can't do the puzzle

The attempt to overcome obstacles and attain goals is referred to as:

Problem Solving

Dodge's Information Processing approach

Proposes that children go through six steps in solving social problems: 1. Encode a problematic event 2. Interpret / represent the social cues involved 3. Formulate a goal to resolve the incident 4. Generate strategies to achieve the goal 5. Evaluate the potential strategies 6. Enact a behavior Typical research paradigm identifies two groups, presents scenarios, asks for interpretation, suggested reaction

The characteristic intonation patterns, tempo, rhythm, and cadence with which a language is spoken are referred to as:

Prosody

Perceptual constancy enables babies to do which of the following:

Recognize that mommy does not actually change size as she walks toward them despite the fact that her size on their retina changes.

Which of the following is not an example of self-locomotion?

Reaching.

Which of the following statements about infants' abilities to recognize numerical equality and numerical inequality is true?

Recognition of numerical equality is limited to smaller sets than is recognition of numerical inequality.

After 10-year-old Bryan's mother tells him his grandmother's phone number, to remember it while he goes to the phone to dial it, Bryan keeps repeating it to himself. Brian is utilizing:

Rehearsal

Which statement is NOT one of the primary reasons to learn about child development, as outlined in the text?

Research on child development can assist court orders regarding child custody.

_____ is NOT an example of a way in which adults help toddlers learn words.

Saying new words in the first position in a sentence

________ is NOT an example of a way in which adults help toddlers learn words.

Saying new words in the first position in a sentence

Numeric equality

Sense of larger numbers. --It is not until 3 or 4 years of age, however, that children show precise representation of sets even slightly larger than 3

Siblings raised in the same family household are almost as different from one another as two random strangers from the same culture. To explain this finding, Sandra Scarr proposed a number of factors that make siblings so different from one another. Which of the following is not one of the four factors Scarr identified as involved in the differences among siblings?

Sociocultural context.

Which of the following is a true statement about gene expression?

Some genes are expressed for only a short period of the cell's life.

The parents of 2-year-old Jackson are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement?

Sometimes his parents give Jackson what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.

Selman's Stages of Social Development

Stage One (6-8 years): Another person can have a different perspective, attribute this to the other person not having the same information Stage Two (8-10 years): Children can think about another's point of view Stage Three (10-12 years): Children can compare their own and the other's points of view Stage Four (12+ years): Adolescents can compare another's perspective to that of a generalized other ***all about cognitive role-taking

Bioecology of ADHD

Stimulants affect nearly 70% of children for whom the meds are prescribed. Brofenbrenner Model ex. Macrosystem (general society): availability of medications depends on factors outside the influence of the family Chronosystem (time period): is ADHD the result of compulsory schooling [recent phenomenon in Western culture?] - children with attentional problems don't find niches outside the classroom.

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the:

Strange Situation

Critics of the conclusion that infants understand arithmetic argue that infants instead rely on:

Subitizing

The most basic sense of time is:

Temporal Order

Test-retest reliability refers to:

The degree of similarity in the results of the same measure when it is given at two different times.

Which statement about media and children is TRUE?

The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior.

The three layers of the blastocyst develop into:

The different parts of the body of the embryo.

Which statement BEST characterizes the results of research on children from Romanian orphanages?

The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect.

The relationship between nature and nurture on developmental outcomes can BEST be described by which statement?

There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes.

Amelia, a 5-year-old, is told a story about a girl named Brenda. Brenda is looking for her favorite doll. Although Brenda thinks the doll is under the bed, it really is in the kitchen cabinet. When Amelia is asked where Brenda will look for her doll, Amelia will most probably predict that Brenda will look in which location?

Under the bed

Theory of Mind

Understanding of intention comes before understanding of knowledge or belief. Implicit (understanding) and explicit (explaining to others) theory of mind False belief tasks - Toddler & preschool children (by 4-5, can pass explicit) Infants (Have been able to pass implicit belief tasks at 15 months old)

_____ is NOT among the psychological concepts that emerge at the end of the 1st year and the beginning of the second.

Understanding of other's beliefs

In which country are infants expected to sleep in their own bed, separate from their parents, by 6 months of age?

United States

Which statement about the vocalizations and babbling of deaf infants is TRUE?

Until approximately 6 months of age, deaf infants produce vocalizations similar to those of hearing infants.

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development?

When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.

Word Segmentation

Word segmentation: Which sounds go together in words? Infants tune into phonemic features in second half of the first year, but some words recognized earlier. Distributional properties: The phenomenon that, in any language, certain sounds are more likely to appear together than others. Like English - /d/ plus vowel is much more likely to happen than /d/ plus consonant. Infants identify patterns in the speech surrounding them. They then focus to sound patterns that make a difference in their native language. This lays groundwork for becoming native listeners and native speakers.

Which of the following is not clearly heard by the fetus?

Words spoken by people talking to the mother.

A male zygote has the _____ pattern of sex chromosomes.

XY

Are all 5 language learning factors necessary to learn a sign language?

Yes

Does heredity contribute to individuals' self-esteem?

Yes, it does so at least in part by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem.

Is either visually based retrieval or phonological recoding a direct way of identifying words?

Yes; visually based retrieval is a direct way of identifying words.

A child's intelligence quotient is:

a score that takes into account the mean and standard deviation of intelligence scores for children of the same age.

According to Tomasello's interactionist view of language development, language is:

a set of social conventions that enable people to communicate.

Erikson's stages are characterized by:

a specific crisis that must be resolved

The study by DeCasper and Spence in which pregnant women read to their fetuses from The Cat in the Hat demonstrated that newborn infants were _____ to recognize the story they had heard while in the uterus, and/but _____ prefer it over other stories.

able; did

After a period of exploration, Michael has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Michael would be classified into which identity-status category?

achievement

Compared to the other theories described in the chapter, dynamic-systems theories place particular emphasis on children's:

actions.

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?

adolescents

Cardinality

as numbers that are used to quantify a set. If a child understands this they understand that the final number in the sequence refers to the total objects in the set

Research has suggested that pretend play and sociodramatic play:

are correlated with higher levels of social understanding.

Empiricists

argue that concepts arise from basic learning mechanisms. learn from being told

Nativists

argue that innate understanding of concepts plays a central role in development. already has an idea when you are born

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as:

authoritarian

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, self-confidence, and social behavior?

authoritative

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

authoritative

ToM: if children lack ToM

autism forms: dont understand mental states of other

According to sociocultural theories, helping children with ________ is considered an important way that parents use scaffolding.

autobiographical memories

age 3: ToM

aware of inner self - desire to do something (I want M&M's)

Young children have difficulty understanding that plants are alive because children equate being alive with:

being able to move.

age 4: ToM

belief and desire come together to form a connection (I know where mom hides the cookies, I'm going to get a cookie)

A recessive gene governs trait M. If a child exhibits trait M, then:

both her parents must have the recessive gene for trait M.

How can parents play an active role in their children's competencies in peer relationships?

both monitoring their children's social life and coaching their children in social skills.

The earliest age at which fetal habituation has been observed is ______ weeks' gestation. A. 16 B. 25 C. 32 D. 37 E. 39

c. 32

A maturational account of motor development suggests that neonatal reflexes disappear because of cortical maturation. Thelen suggested that some reflexes might disappear because of A. extinction of a classically conditioned response B. Piagetian accommodation C. changing relationships between muscle strength and body weight D. operant learning

c. changing relationships between the muscle strength and body weight

Mandy and Candy are fraternal twins who were reared together. Bernie and Ernie are identical twins who were reared together. Which of the following is a true statement? A. Mandy and Candy are more genetically similar to each other than are Bernie and Ernie. B. Mandy and Candy are as genetically similar to each other as are Bernie and Ernie. C. Mandy and Candy have the same level of shared environment as do Bernie and Ernie. D. Mandy and Candy have a greater level of shared environment than do Bernie and Ernie. E. None of the above is a true statement.

c. mandy and Candy have the same level of shared environment than do Bernie and Ernie

age 2: ToM

children can empathize with adults

When young children converse with other young children, their conversations can generally be described as:

collective monologues

The view that BEST represents information-processing theories is of the child as:

computational system

The realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person's appearance or behavior is referred to as gender:

constancy

The perspective that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combining rudimentary innate knowledge with subsequent experiences is referred to as:

constructivism

Research has suggested that pretend play and sociodramatic play:

contribute to advancements in children's psychological understanding.

Which of the following arithmetic strategies usually develops first?

counting from 1

The period before approximately age 5 is considered to be the _____ period for language development.

critical

The parents of Elizabeth, a 2-year-old, are trying to teach her what hammers are. Which of the following actions would be MOST likely to help her learn this new category?

demonstrating what hammers do

Naïve psychology

desire and beliefs come together Cannot hold on to these because they are abstract ideas -Refer to invisible mental states -Develop early in live (3 mo.)

Morphemes: dog vs dogs

dog: 1 morpheme meaning canine dogs: 2 morphemes, 1 meaning canine, 1 mean plural

Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has:

doubled

Crystallized intelligence refers to:

factual knowledge about the world.

Which friends are MOST likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings?

female pair with a high-quality friendship

Brenda is 35 years old and pregnant with her first child. She is NOT at greater risk for:

fetal death

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as _____ intelligence.

fluid

The notion that children's later adjustment depends on how well suited adults' parenting style is to their children's temperament is referred to as:

goodness of fit

Which list is the chronological order (from earliest to latest) in which children are able to identify emotions in others?

happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions

The period in which infants use one word at a time is referred to as the:

holophrastic period

Which sequence lists the periods of language development in the CORRECT chronological order?

holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences

Consistent with research on nonhuman primates and rodents, children who have been exposed to adverse rearing conditions demonstrate disruptions in their:

hormonal systems

Perceptual categorization

how we see things then categorize them -Categorical difference between cats and dogs, based on what objects look like they are put into a category that are different from a different category

Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her:

id

The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior is known as:

imaginary audience

The finding that identical twins reared together are more similar in intelligence than are identical twins reared apart is evidence for the:

importance of environmental factors

The dynamic-systems approach is intended to counter which disadvantage of other theories of cognitive development?

impression that children's thinking and their actions are independent

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her:

internal working model

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as:

internalization

A researcher is interested in examining the association between how humorous children are and their school achievement. Two observers go to children's homes and judge children as "not funny at all," "slightly funny," or "very funny." Upon comparison of the observers' judgments, it is apparent that the observers have a high level of disagreement as to children's humor level. This measure of humor level has poor:

interrater reliability

The mutual understanding that people share during communication is known as:

intersubjectivity

hierarchies: very specific: subordinate

lions, lynxes

False- belief task

look where it actually is than the place where it is before Children who have not developed a theory of mind don't have the same knowledge -box of smarties contains pencils (developed ToM = child would say that smarties are in the box) (undeveloped ToM= pencils are in the box)

Bergelson and Swingley demonstrated that when 6-month-old infants were shown pictures of common items and researchers named one item, infants:

looked at the correct picture more often than at the other picture

Children's semantic development refers to their learning of the:

meaning system and words of their language

Children's semantic development refers to their learning of the:

meaning system and words of their language.

The family is part of which level of the bioecological model?

microsystem

A structured understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior is referred to as a theory of:

mind

Children who are NOT nominated by their peers either as being liked or as being disliked are categorized as:

neglected

Reflexes are the primary manner of interacting with the world for children of what age?

newborn

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the CORRECT developmental sequence?

preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

Make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, such as if they were in a situation different from their actual one is called:

pretend play

Which list places the types of play in a typical developmental progression?

pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play

The overlapping-waves theory is a perspective on the development of:

problem solving

Which activity is NOT thought to be a contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

putting baby to sleep on its back

Baby Sam is holding a new toy. As he holds it, his father says, "ball," repeatedly. Sam must figure out whether the word "ball" describes the object he is holding, the color of the object, the sound the object makes when it is squeezed, or the way the object moves on and off the floor when he drops it. Baby Sam is encountering the problem of:

reference

Generativity

refers to the idea that through the use of the finite set of words and morphemes in humans' vocabulary, we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional:

regulation

Developmental changes such as puberty, graying hair, and the reduced organ capacity that comes with age are caused in part by:

regulator genes

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as:

rejected

Encoding refers to:

representing features of objects in memory

Encoding refers to:

representing features of objects in memory.

Syntax

rules in a language that specify how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.) can be combined

Mental representations incorporating everything children know about gender are referred to as gender:

schemas

The FIRST clear sign of happiness in infants is:

smiling

A set of skills that help individuals achieve their goals in interpersonal interactions while maintaining positive relations with others is referred to as:

social competence

Essentialism

something within the animal/human that makes it like that

Children's phonological development refers to their learning of the:

sound system of their language

Children's phonological development refers to their learning of the:

sound system of their language.

Infants exhibit greater left-hemisphere activity when listening to _______________, but greater right-hemisphere activity when listening to ______________

speech; non-speech sounds

According to the "social dosage effect":

spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behavior.

Which form of cyberbullying is the MOST common?

spreading rumors

What is the MOST common method of communication with friends used by those ages 12 to 17 years?

texting

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand:

that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth.

Phonological Development

the acquisition of knowledge about the sound system of a language

Bronfenbrenner was the founder of:

the bioecological model

Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained?

the frequency with which they are activated

Studies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that:

the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone.

Fast-Mapping

the process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar and the unfamiliar word

Individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth are considered:

transgender

Prior to 5: ToM

understand what other people believe -Hard time understanding that once they know something why other people don't

Theory of Mind

understanding your own and others mental state 2-3 understands your own mental states (tired, hungry)

Phonemes

units of sound in speech

Sociometric status refers to how:

well accepted a child is by the peer group

Durations

when the ratio is 2:1 (10 sec to 5 sec) then change it up the child will understand

Production

with regard to language, speaking (writing, or signing) to others

Comprehension

with regard to language, understanding what other say, sign, or write