Exam 2 - Leadership
The nurse-manager facilitates a conflict that involves the delineation of staff job descriptions. What is this an example of? A) Responsibility charting B) Smoothing conflict C) Alternate dispute resolution D) Mediation counseling
A When a supervisor delineates job duties to persons in conflict, it is called responsibility charting. The other options are not related to job description conflict.
Which action on the part of a manager demonstrates the mark of a great leader? A) Acknowledging the accomplishment of staff members at the unit's staff meeting B) Providing onsite in-services on new equipment for the staff C) Including funds in the unit's budget of staff development D) Stressing the importance of patient safety to all new employees
ANS: A The mark of a great leader is when he or she can recognize the excellent performance of someone else and allow others to shine for their accomplishments. While the other options are appropriate, they are not identified as being the mark of a great leader but rather an efficient manager.
Which characteristics are associated with a constructive culture? 1. Affiliative norms 2. Self-actualization 3. Encouragement of humanism 4. Perfectionist norms A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4
ANS: A Affiliation, self-actualization, and encouragement are all characteristics of a constructive culture, whereas perfectionist norms are a characteristic of destructive organizational cultures.
What is the primary responsibility of the committee chairperson during a committee meeting? A) Keeping members on task B) Asking questions C) Resolving conflicts D) Providing information on each agenda item
ANS: A Although all the items may be something the chairperson does, the primary responsibility is to keep members on task so committee work gets completed.
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 established regulations for the education and certification of which health-care worker? A) Nurse aide (NA) B) NAP C) Licensed practical nurse (LPN) D) RN
ANS: A Although the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 established regulations for the education and certification of nurse's aides (minimum of 75 hours of theory and practice and successful completion of an examination in both areas), no federal or community standards have been established for training the more broadly defined NAP. LPNs and RNs are not addressed by this act.
An RN is orienting a new graduate nurse to the unit and has found this individual's charting to be inadequate. What is the most appropriate statement to initiate a discussion with the new RN? A) "Tell me in your own words what you intend your charting to convey." B) "Your charting is non-descriptive." C) "Do you think a refresher course in charting would help you?" D) "Are you having difficulty assessing your patient?"
ANS: A Assertive communication is not rude or insensitive, nor is it passive aggressive.
What is the result of arriving at a consensus? A) All involved parties agree to support the way a conflict has been resolved B) A conflict is resolved by meeting the goals of all involved parties C) It resolves a conflict by an initial unanimous decision D) Conflict is resolved through the mediation process
ANS: A Consensus means that negotiating parties reach an agreement that all parties can support, even if it does not represent everyone's first priorities. Consensus decision making does not provide complete satisfaction for everyone involved in the negotiation as an initially unanimous decision would, but it does indicate willingness by all parties to accept the agreed-upon conditions. Mediation is not a required factor in arriving at a consensus.
Where did critical pathways originate from? A) Case management B) Functional nursing C) Team nursing D) Primary care nursing
ANS: A Critical pathways were developed as a result of the case management system. None of the other options identify that original connection.
What is the largest budget expenditure for health-care organizations? A) The personnel budget B) Short-term capital acquisitions C) The operating budget D) Supplies and equipment
ANS: A Health care is labor intensive; therefore, the personnel budget makes up the largestexpense. The other options represent less expensive expenditures.
Which statement best describes case management? A) Clinical outcomes should occur within a prescribed time frame B) Case managers do not provide direct patient care C) Managed care practice is a unit-based model of care D) The goal is outcome management for every patient
ANS: A In case management, clinical outcomes need to occur within prescribed time frames. Case managers do not provide care; neither is managed care unit based. The goal is outcome management for specific patients, but not every patient needs case management.
What is the most important criterion for success for health-care providers collaborate on patient care? A) Having mutual respect for one another's knowledge and expertise B) Having the skills to negotiate successfully C) Liking each other enough to want to collaborate D) Being willing to cooperate with each other
ANS: A In collaboration, problem solving is a joint effort with no superior/subordinate relationships. Mutual respect is required for its success. While the other options identify factors that add to the collaborative process, its foundation is mutual respect.
What is needed to change a unit culture that has become firmly entrenched? A) New leadership B) A change agent with management skills C) Identification with a unit that is not entrenched D) Administration support
ANS: A It is extremely difficult to change a unit culture without new leadership. The remaining options are directly involved in the change out of entrenchment.
What is the goal of case management? A) Containing health-care costs B) Providing challenging work C) Enhancing professionalism D) Decreasing length of hospital stays
ANS: A The ANA maintains that case management is designed to contain health-care costs. None of the other options identify a goal of casement.
What is included in an MAP? 1. Critical path 2. Nursing care plan 3. Indication of times when nursing interventions occur 4. Nurses follow the care plan to facilitate expected outcomes A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4
ANS: A The care MAP is a combination of a critical path and a nursing care plan, except that it shows times when nursing interventions should occur as well as variances. All health- care providers follow the care MAP to facilitate expected outcomes.
What was the focus historically for case management? A) Individual patient B) Care for populations C) Group of patients with same chronic illness D) Group of patients with same acute need for surgery
ANS: A While the focus historically for case management has been the individual patient, the case manager employed in a disease management program plans the care for populations or groups of patients with the same chronic illness.
What is the positive patient outcome during a single shift of case method nursing? Select all that apply. A) Clear lines of responsibility B) Nursing autonomy C) Holistic patient care D) Unfragmented care
ANS: A, B, C, D This method of assignment is still widely used in hospitals and home health agencies. This organizational structure provides nurses with high autonomy and responsibility. Assigning patients is simple and direct and does not require the planning that other methods of patient care delivery require. The lines of responsibility and accountability are clear. The patient theoretically receives holistic and unfragmented care during the nurse's time on duty. To maintain quality care, this method requires highly skilled personnel and thus may cost more than some other forms of patient care.
Which statement regarding fiscal planning is true? Select all that apply. A) Social influences affect fiscal planning B) The successful fiscal planner is creative C) An understanding of economic forces is necessary D) Practical experience is a key to being a good fiscal planner
ANS: A, B,, C, D Fiscal planning is not intuitive; it is a learned skill that improves with practice. Fiscalplanning also requires vision, creativity, and a thorough knowledge of the political,social, and economic forces that shape health care.
A complex combination of a hierarchical structure with project teams is the definition of which type of organization structure? a. Decentralized b. Matrix c. Centralized d. Divisionalized
ANS: B A matrix organization is a complex combination of a hierarchical structure with project teams or interdisciplinary team relationships for a project. Decentralized organization is when the power to make decisions is filtered down toward the individual worker. Centralized organization is when the power to make decisions is concentrated at the top of an organization. The divisionalized organization is a collection of semiautonomous units linked by a central administrative structure.
Which statement demonstrates an intervention focused on the primary disadvantage of team nursing? A) We are working with 1 fewer team members today. B) The team will be meeting for a care report update in 5 minutes. C) Our patient assignment is comprised of both males and females D) We will be having a member of the float pool on our team today.
ANS: B Disadvantages to team nursing are associated primarily with improper implementation rather than with the philosophy itself. Frequently, insufficient time is allowed for team care planning and communication. This can lead to blurred lines of responsibility, errors, and fragmented patient care. None of the other options address a known disadvantage of team nursing.
What is "Consensus" in negotiation referring to? A) One party wins at the expense of another B) The willingness by all parties to accept agreed-on conditions C) The most rapid conflict resolution strategies D) An unanimous decision has been reached
ANS: B In a consensus, an agreement is found that all parties can support, or at least not oppose. The term is not used to describe any of the other options.
What is the traditional form of communication in organizations that helps to coordinate activities in various levels of the hierarchy? A) Upward B) Downward C) Horizontal D) Diagonal
ANS: B In downward communication, the manager relays information to subordinates. This is a traditional form of communication in organizations and helps to coordinate activities in various levels of the hierarchy. The other forms are not as effective as the various levels of an organization's hierarchy.
A nurse has accepted a position as a staff nurse and will practice primary care nursing. The nurse will be the only RN on the team. What is an appropriate role expectation for role fulfillment? A) Planning nursing care independently of others B) Assigning work according to the expertise of group members C) Being responsible for care planning 24 hours a day D) Carrying out the majority of personal care for your patients
ANS: B In primary nursing, the sole RN would not plan the care without others' input or be responsible for care planning for 24 hours. Neither would the RN carry out the majority of personal care.
What occurs during implementation of a shared governance model? A) Lines of authority are altered B) Joint practice committees are formed C) Participatory management is initiated D) The roles of first-level managers are stabilized
ANS: B In shared governance, the organization's governance is shared among board members, nurses, physicians, and management. Joint practice committees are developed to assume the power and accountability for decision making, and professional communication is egalitarian rather than hierarchical. Shared governance is not associated with the other options.
Which behaviors would be associated with a group in the "norming" stage? A) Group members actively attempt to impress each other with their credentials B) Group members establish short- and long-term goals for the group to accomplish C) Group members achieve stated goals D) The group terminates and celebrates its accomplishments
ANS: B In the norming stage, consensus evolves as group cohesion develops. This is the only option that describes a behavior associated with a group's norming stage.
Max Weber, as part of the scientific management era, contributed immensely to the development of organizational theory. Which statement is NOT representative of his beliefs? A) Bureaucracy could provide a rational basis for administrative decisions B) Worker satisfaction was integral to productivity C) Organization charts could depict the hierarchy of authority D) Impersonality of interpersonal relationships should exist in organizations
ANS: B Max Weber's theories did not address worker satisfaction. The other options do represent the Weber organizational theory.
What are the results of managed care backlash? 1. Delay of payment for services provided 2. Denial of requests for additional treatment 3. Increased premiums to consumers 4. Lower co-pays and deductibles A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 4 D) 3, 4
ANS: B Providers have grown increasingly frustrated with limited and delayed reimbursementfor services provided as well as the need to justify need for services ordered. This phenomenon, referred to as managed care backlash, resulted in some managed careprograms beginning to say "yes" to more treatments although they have passed the costalong with customers in the form of higher premiums, co-pays, and deductibles.
Which factor is primarily important when budgeting for a healthcare facility? A) Services provided B) Budget time frame C) Size of organization D) Acuity of patients being served
ANS: B Selecting the optimal time frame for budgeting is important. Errors are more likely if thebudget is projected too far in advance. The other options are considered but not ofprimary importance.
A nurse-manager is engaged in a negotiation with staff representatives when the discussion becomes controlled by a particularly aggressive member. Which action will the nurse-manager take to assure that the process is successful? A) Asks that the aggressive individual recognize the rights of all the other members B) States, "I need to have time to think over all that we have discussed." C) Halts any discussion until new representatives can be appointed D) Shares with the members that aggressiveness negatively impacts the negotiations
ANS: B Some people win in negotiation simply by rapidly and aggressively taking over and controlling the negotiation before other members realize what is happening. If managers believe that this may be happening, they should call a halt to the negotiations before decisions are made. Saying simply, ìI need to have time to think this overî is a good method of stopping an aggressive takeover. The other options are much less effective and may even lead to increased aggressiveness among team members.
What changed the structure of Medicare payments from a retrospectively adjusted cost reimbursement system to a prospective, risk-based one? A) Zero-based budgets B) Diagnostic-related groupings C) Prospective payment system D) Incremental budgets
ANS: B The impetus of diagnosis-related groupings changed the structure of Medicare paymentsfrom a retrospectively adjusted cost reimbursement system to a prospective, risk-basedone. None of the other options were involved in the change.
What did the interactionist theorists of the 1970s believe about organizational conflict? A) It should be dealt with immediately B) It should be encouraged C) It was an indication of poor management D) It should be avoided
ANS: B The interactionist movement encouraged organizations to promote conflict as a means of producing growth. The remaining options were not necessarily supported by the interactionist theorists.
What does the term optimum span of control mean? A) It defines the manager's decision-making authority B) It identifies the manager's abilities and responsibilities C) It refers to a line-and-staff organizational structure model D) It is the number of subordinates and manager is responsible for
ANS: B The number of people directly reporting to any one manager represents that manager's span of control and determines the number of interactions expected of him or her. None of the remaining options correctly describes this term.
A nurse manager is trying to improve patient satisfaction ratings for her area of responsibility. The manager meets with the staff and forms an ad hoc committee to address the issues around the problem. This is an example of what style of leadership? a. Bureaucratic b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Autocratic
ANS: B The nurse manager fits the description of the democratic style because the staff members have input into the solution of the problem. A bureaucratic manager develops policies and procedures to follow or reinforces existing policies and procedures. A laissez-faire manager presents the problem to the employees, but rather than offering a plan for addressing it, he or she asks employees to solve the problem on their own. An autocratic manager uses the threat of punishment or promise of rewards to solve the problem.
Which behavior by a team member is demonstrated through cynicism and a nonchalance attitude about the group's work? A) Blocker B) Playboy C) Dominator D) Recognition seeker
ANS: B The playboy remains uninvolved and demonstrates cynicism, nonchalance, or horseplay. The blocker persists in expressing negative points of view and resurrecting dead issues. The dominator attempts to control and manipulate the group while the recognition seeker works to focus positive attention on himself.
What nursing model provides the foundation for matching patient needs with nursing competencies? A) Primary nursing practice B) Differentiated nursing practice C) Modular nursing D) Case management
ANS: B To facilitate the effective use of nursing resources, patient needs and nursing competencies should be matched. None of the other options identify that connection.
Changing the operational process of an organization is often necessary when adding or updating patient care and health information technologies. Three key dimensions of the organization design to engage in making this change are: Select all that apply. a. linear process. b. centralization. c. coordination. d. formalization. e. position specialization.
ANS: B, C, D Three key dimensions include centralization, coordination, and formalization. Other dimensions central to organizational structure would include differentiation, the scalar principle, specialization, and span of control. Centralization or decentralization is the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization versus the degree to which decisions are made by lower-level employees. An organization changes as health information technologies require a more centralized approach because the decisions have consequences to all within the organization. Integration and coordination of activities through accountability, rules and procedures, liaison roles, committees, task forces, cross-functional teams, and direct communication plans are structures to direct and guide change. Formalization is the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures to support the calmness approaching change often with education and a well-design communication plan to all impacted by change. A linear process is not a dimension rather a scalar process is needed for the creation of levels of authority in a hierarchy, where the increased layers of management help the organization cope with increasing work complexity and extended time lines. Position specialization focuses on who does which tasks and on minimizing the need for flexibility, cross-training, and productivity which is an option for change effectiveness within the organizational structure.
What is the function of an ombudsperson? A) Providing expert testimony in conflict cases B) Mediating disputes between an organization and its employees C) Educating individuals involved in a grievance situation of their rights D) Monitoring the implementation of the terms of a conflict's compromise
ANS: C A function of an ombudsperson is to assure that those involved in a conflict understand their rights as well as the process that should be used to report and resolve the conflict. This role is not appropriately described by any of the other options.
What location of the SBAR charting tool states the patient's problem? A) Situation B) Background C) Assessment D) Recommendation
ANS: C Assessment is where the nurse states the patient's problem. The problem is not documented in any of the other SBAR locations.
Which situation presents an example of inappropriate delegation? A) Temporary authority is given to support completion of a delegated task B) The person to whom a task is delegated considers it a challenge C) The employee is given exact instructions on completing the task D) Regular updates on the task are exchanged with the manager and the employee
ANS: C If an employee has the skills necessary to complete a task, that employee should be able to carry out the task with autonomy and be provided with the authority and resources necessary. Depending on the complexity of the project, the manager should meet with the employee for updates. One of the goals of delegation is to challenge employees into learning new skills.
Which statement by the nurse-manager demonstrates an understanding of the need to provide effective guidance to those a project has been delegated? A) Don't be afraid to let me know if you feel the project is overwhelming you. B) What do you suggest we do to address the problems that exist with the project? C) I can give you a few solutions for the issues you have been having with the project. D) Do you want more time to complete the project?
ANS: C If the worker is having difficulty carrying out the delegated task, the leader-manager should be available as a role model and resource in identifying alternative solutions. Leaders should encourage employees, however, to attempt to solve problems themselves first, although they should always be willing to answer questions about the task or to clarify desired outcomes as necessary. Suggesting solutions or removing the person from the task prematurely does not demonstrate an understanding of effective guidance.
When a manager appropriately recognizes the successful completion of a delegated team task, what is the primary reward for the manager? A) Less involvement in uncomplicated tasks B) A staff that is familiar with team-related delegated tasks C) Professional recognition as a leader D) Staff that is growing as professional caregivers
ANS: C Leaders are often measured by the successes of those on their teams. Therefore, the more recognition team members receive, the more recognition will be given to their leader. Spending less time on uncomplicated tasks is not the primary gain for the nurse- manager. It is the staff that benefit from the exposure to team work and professional growth.
Which statement is true regarding the general delegation liability of the registered nurse (RN)? A) It is minimal because subordinates alone are held accountable for practicing within the accepted scope of practice for their job classification B) It is great because the RN is automatically held liable for the tasks delegated to all recognized subordinates C) It is reduced when the RN appropriately assesses what and to whom delegation is appropriate and supervises the completion of the tasks D) It is avoided entirely by delegating tasks to only other licensed personnel
ANS: C Proper delegation practices that include assessment and evaluation help protect the RN from liability. The other statements are not true.
Which statement about American health-care budget spending is correct? A) A large health-care budget equals quality health-care outcomes B) America spends less than any other industrialized country on health care C) The outcomes related to lowñbirth-weight infants have not been successfully met D) The scarcity of resources is the biggest factor in the failure to reach outcomes
ANS: C Spending more does not always equate to higher-quality health outcomes. The UnitedStates spends more per capita on health care than does any other industrialized country,and yet our outcomes in terms of teenage pregnancy rates, lowñbirth-weight infants, andaccess to care are worse than many countries that spend significantly less. The problemthen is not a scarcity of resources. The problem is that we do not use the resources wehave available, in a cost-effective manner.
What is an inappropriate reason for delegation? A) To empower subordinates by stretching them in their work assignment B) To free the manager to address more complex, higher-level unit needs C) When the task is not a challenge for the manager D) Because someone else is better qualified to do the task that needs to be done
ANS: C That the manager is not challenged by a task is not a valid reason for delegating that task to another. The other options are all appropriate reasons to delegate tasks to qualified staff.
The nurse-manager is negotiating for the funds necessary to purchase several new isolettes for the facility's newborn nursery. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) states, "I've always been curious about that piece of equipment; how does it actually work?" What negotiation action has the CFO engaged in? A) Collaborating B) Smoothing C) A diversionary tactic D) Appropriate fact finding
ANS: C The CFO was consciously or unconsciously using a diversionary tactic (to attract people's attention away from something which you do not want them to think about). The action described is not accurately associated with any of the other options.
The individual in a clinical nurse specialist role would be known as holding the: a. analyst position. b. line position. c. staff position. d. support staff position.
ANS: C The clinical nurse specialist would be in a staff position that provides expertise and knowledge for accomplishing organizational goals. An analyst position is held by individuals trained in business, data, or financial processes to design, plan, or handle processes to do the sustaining work of the organization. The line position is described as the direct line of hierarchical authority. Support staff are individuals who perform activities that enable individuals to do the direct work of the organization.
What is the primary outcome resulting from the implementation of the functional nursing care delivery system? A) A cost-effective method of care delivery B) Another permanent care delivery option C) Ancillary staff with varying levels of training and education D) A care delivery system addressing the needs of the baby boom patient
ANS: C The employment of personnel with various levels of skill and education proliferated as new categories of health-care workers were created. Currently, most health-care organizations continue to employ health-care workers of many educational backgrounds and skill levels. None of the other options represent a primary outcome of resulting from the implementation of functional nursing.
What does the term unity of command mean? A) The number of individuals directly reporting to a manager B) Having a limited number of top-level managers C) Each employee having only one boss D) A flexible structure that encourages participative decision making
ANS: C Unity of command means one immediate boss per employee. None of the other options correctly describes the term unity of command.
What is the most important component in being well organized and increasing productivity on the unit? A) Adequate resources B) A well-trained staff C) A well-thought-out plan D) Time to carry out your duties
ANS: C Unless the plan is well thought out, patient care has the potential to be disorganized. None of the other options identify that connection.
What is capitation? A) A reimbursement schema whereby health-care organizations receive a predetermined amount (based on a patient's diagnosis for services provided) B) The limited availability of services to patients in managed care organizations C) The use of a "gatekeeper" to ensure appropriate utilization of services D) A predetermined, negotiated payment to providers, per patient, regardless of whether services are used
ANS: D Capitation is a predetermined, negotiated payment to providers, per patient, regardless of whether services are used. None of the other options correctly describe capitation.
What statement about the maintenance of confidentiality is true? A) It must never be breached B) It is made easier with electronic technology C) It is primarily the duty of the medical records staff D) It can be breached when necessary for legitimate professional need
ANS: D Confidentiality of patients must be upheld, unless there is a legitimate professional need to know, such as when a provider must share information about a patient with another provider so that the other provider can assume care. None of the other options is an accurate statement regarding confidentiality.
Which statement is true regarding depiction of staff positions on an organizational chart? A) They are depicted as unbroken lines B) They are represented by double dotted lines C) They are shown as a solid, vertical line D) They are identified with a dotted line.
ANS: D Dotted or broken lines on the organization chart represent staff positions. Formal relationships, lines of communication, and authority are depicted on a chart by unbroken (solid) lines. Double dotted lines are not generally used on an organizational chart.
Which position is characteristic of a middle-level manager? A) Primary care nurse B) Team leader C) Charge nurse D) Nursing supervisor
ANS: D Nursing supervisors are middle-level managers. All the others are first-level managers. Middle level includes: - Nursing supervisors - Nursing directors - Department heads
Equipment depreciation, the number and type of supplies needed by patients, andovertime that occurs in response to an emergency are all examples of what type ofexpenses? A) Controllable B) Fixed C) Capital budget D) Noncontrollable
ANS: D The items mentioned are noncontrollable as these cannot be controlled or fixed and arenot parts of capital costs.
A member of the team reports that they have been given too much to do and are not going to be able to complete the work on time. What action will the RN take to effectively manage this situation? A) Assign the work to another team member B) Take on the responsibility of the tasks C) Have the team member perform only the necessary tasks D) Examine the workload and assist the individual in reprioritizing
ANS: D The manager should help the overwhelmed employee reprioritize the workload with the goal of making it manageable for that employee. None of the other options realistically assist the team member in managing time and prioritizing effectively.
What should the leader remember when forming committees? A) Committees work best when there is an adequate supply of workers, with 10 members being the minimum B) Willingness to work hard is the most important criterion for appointment C) Written agendas provide excessive structure and stifle committee creativity D) There should be sufficient expertise among committee members to accomplish the assigned task
ANS: D The most important criterion for committee selection is overall adequate expertise to accomplish the agenda. The remaining options are not as relevant as the correct option.
A nurse sits at the foot of a patient's bed during an admission interview. This positioning supports the proxemics concept of which psychological comfort zone? A) Intimate relationships B) Personal interactions C) Social exchange D) Public distance
ANS: D The study of how space and territory affect communication is called proxemics. In the United States, between 0 and 18 inches of space is typically considered appropriate only for intimate relationships; between 18 inches and 4 feet is appropriate for personal interactions; between 4 and 12 feet is common for social exchanges; and more than 12 feet is a public distance (Loo). Most Americans claim a territorial personal space of about 4 feet.
When work is redesigned, it frequently has consequences for employees that must be considered. What consequences must be considered? 1. Professional interactions 2. Degree of autonomy 3. Employee evaluation 4. Communication patterns A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4
ANS: D When work is redesigned, it frequently has personal consequences for employees that must be considered. Social interactions, the degree of autonomy, the abilities and skills necessary, employee evaluation, and communication patterns are often affected by work redesign.
Which statement concerning nonverbal communication is true? A) It is consistent across cultures B) It is given more credence than verbal communication when the two are incongruent C) It should be minimized because it confuses the receiver regarding the true intent of the message D) It is a significant part of the communication exchange only when it is not congruent with the verbal exchange
B Because nonverbal communication indicates the emotional component of the message, it is generally considered more reliable than verbal communication. None of the remaining options present true statements regarding nonverbal communication.
A charge nurse assists a group of personnel to resolve their conflict, with the outcome being that the two opposing goals were discarded and new goals were adopted. What is this an example of? A) Smoothing of conflict by the leader B) Facilitating collaboration among personnel C) A majority rule approach D) A good lesson in compromising
B In collaboration, all parties set aside their original goals and work together to establish a common goal. None of the other options are examples of the described outcome.
Regarding group building, what is the responsibility of the gatekeeper? A) Mediating, harmonizing, and resolving conflict B) Accepting and praising the contributions and viewpoints of group members C) Facilitating and promoting open communication of all group members D) Recording the group's process and providing feedback to the group
C The gatekeeper makes sure all voices in the group are heard in order to facilitate and promote open communication. The role of gatekeeper is not accurately described by any of the other options.
Using a decision package to aid in fiscal priority setting is a key feature of what type ofbudgeting? A) Personnel workforce B) Operating C) Capital D) Zero based
D Managers must rejustify their program or needs every budgeting cycle in zero-basedbudgeting. Among the options available using a decision package to set fundingpriorities is a key feature of only zero-based budgeting.
