Exam 2: Lipids

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol form the cells to the liver for excretion? it is known as "good"

HDL

Which lipoprotein is composed mostly of cholesterol and is known as "bad"

LDL

Olive oils and canola oils are examples of what?

MUFA's

Sunflower oils and soybean oils are examples of what?

PUFA's

In phospholipids, how many glycerols, fatty acids and what else?

- 1 glycerol - 2 fatty acids - choline group

Our body needs cholesterol to make certain body compounds, what are they?

- bile acids - steroid hormones - vitamin D

What are some important functions of lipids in the diet?

- essential fatty acids - feel more full (satiety) - energy when exercising

What is the point of condensation and hydrogenation?

- join fatty acids together - break fatty acid bonds into triglycerides

What are the disadvantages to hydrogenation?

- makes trans fat - makes the cholesterol levels higher - increases the risk of heart disease

What are the two ends called of a fatty acid?

- methyl group - acid group

What are the 2 examples of monounsaturated fatty acids?

- oleic acid - palmitoleic acid

What are some important functions of lipids in the body?

- storage form of energy - cell membrane structure - shock absorber - stabilizes blood glucose levels - body temperature regulation

What chemical signals the gallbladder to release bile?

CCK - cholecystokinin

What two acids are linked to reducing heart disease?

1. EPA 2. DHA

Name the 4 lipoproteins

1. chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL

What are the 2 essential fatty acids?

1. omega 3 2. omega 6

What are the two main types of fatty acids?

1. saturated fatty acid 2. unsaturated fatty acid

What are the 3 lipids discussed in class?

1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. sterols

In triglycerides, there are _____ glycerols and _______ fatty acids

1; 3

Where is the double bond in an omega 6 essential fatty acid?

6 carbons from the methyl end

Fatty acids that the body requires but cannot make, and so must be obtained from the diet

essential fatty acids

EPA and DHA are present the most in what food?

fatty fish

The longer the carbon chain, the ___________________ the fat is at room temperature

harder

A chemical process by which hydrogens are added to MUFAs and PUFAs to reduce the number of double bonds, making the fats more saturated and more resistant to oxidation

hydrogenation

Where are phospholipids soluble?

in fat and water

Where in the body are phospholipids made?

in the liver

Where are micelles formed?

in the small intestine

What is the importance of phospholipids?

they act as an emulsifier to mix fat with water in such products like mayo and salad dressing

What role does bile play in fat digestion?

it breaks fat up into smaller molecules

How does HDL lower the risk of heart disease?

it removes LDL

The most well known phospholipid is ______________________, what does it do?

lecithin - helps mix water and oil

In fat digestion, what enzyme is used in the mouth to "melt" some fats

linguinal lipase

Are PUFA's linoleic or oleic?

linoleic

Clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood. They are mad cup of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein

lipoproteins

Tiny spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during digestion

micelles

A fatty acid that lacks 2 hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons

monounsaturated fatty acids

(omega 3/omega 6): fatty fish, flaxseed, chia seeds, oils, yeast

omega 3

(omega 3/omega 6): mayonnaise, margarine, nuts, oils, salad dressings, seeds

omega 6

Where are phospholipids found?

on the cell membrane

Emulsified fat binds with _______________ to produces monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids

pancreatic lipase

In fat digestion, what enzyme is used in the small intestine

pancreatic lipase

Eating too many exogenous cholesterol can cause what to happen?

plaque build up in the arteries

The double bond represents the ___________________________________

point of unsaturation

A fatty acid that lacks 4 or more hydrogen atoms and has 2 or more double bonds between atoms

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Omega 3 and omega 6 are types of what kind of fatty acids?

polyunsaturated fatty acids

(unsaturated fats/saturated fats) which one is bad for you?

saturated fats

(unsaturated fats/saturated fats) which one is solid at room temperature?

saturated fats

A fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms

saturated fatty acid

The shorter the carbon chain, the _______________ the fat is at room temperature

softer

Endogenous cholesterols are called _____________________________

sterols

The more double bonds there are, the greater risk of what?

the food going bad (oxidation)

Which lipoproteins transports lipids to tissues?

VLDL

What is atherosclerosis?

a disease caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that leads to heart attacks and strokes

Where are most saturated fatty acids found?

animal fats

What disease does cholesterol cause?

atherosclerosis

Fat binds with ____________ to produce what?

bile

Results of blood tests that reveal a person's total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteins. It indicated the risk of heart disease

blood lipid profile

Are sterols found in plants or animals?

both - but only in animals does it contain cholesterol

What is the most well known sterol?

cholesterol

Exogenous cholesterols are called ___________________________

cholesterol (from foods)

What is the largest and least dense lipoprotein?

chylomicrons

Where is the double bond in an omega 3 essential fatty acid?

closer to the methyl end

What is the primary source of trans fatty acids?

commercially baked goods - such as twinkies

How are triglycerides made?

condensation

This is how you join fatty acids to make a triglyceride

condensation

(unsaturated fats/saturated fats) which one is good for you?

unsaturated fats

(unsaturated fats/saturated fats) which one is liquid at room temperature?

unsaturated fats

A fatty acid that lacks some hydrogen atoms and has at least one double bond between carbons

unsaturated fatty acid

In fat digestion, what enzyme is used in the stomach to access and hydrolyze fat

gastric lipase

Fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond. Behave more like saturated fats, increasing blood cholesterol and the risk of heart disease

trans fatty acid

The chief form of fat in the diet

triglycerides

The major storage form of fat in the body

triglycerides