exam 2 om
Which of the following statements is true?
Employees' level of flourishing is related to organizational outcomes such as productivity and financial performance.
What is true about research on the relationship of virtuous leadership to organizational and individual employee performance?
Recent research in this area has shown a positive relationship between these variables.
In Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory,
Satisfaction comes from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction comes from hygiene factors.
Expectancy theory contains three elements; they are:
expectancy, instrumentality, valence
Forming an overall impression about a person or object and then having that impression bias ratings about that person or object is known as the ________ perceptual error.
halo
Our self-efficacy is an example of a factor that influences:
our expectancies
Shawn is a member of the student ethics committee. In meetings, he sometimes appears to be paying attention, but at other times does not appear to be tracking the conversations. He rarely contributes to the discussions. He is exhibiting the __________ style of listening.
passive
______ is a reciprocal belief that another person will consider how their intentions and behaviors will affect you.
trust
Competence trust is:
trust of capability
Contractual trust is:
trust of character
Communication trust is:
trust of disclosure
To manage e-mail effectively, an employee should:
use a spell-checker
Philip got a mail from his supervisor with compliments and praises for his work over the past few months. This instance is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval
Teams that work together over time and distance via electronic media to combine efforts and achieve common goals are called:
virtual teams
To minimize contrast effects bias, a manager should:
evaluate employees against a predetermined standard.
I will perceive negative inequity when:
another's ratio of outputs to inputs exceeds my ratio of my outputs to my inputs.
Janelle filled out a peer evaluation rating form for her teammates in her OB class. She rated everyone as a "3" or "4" on the 6-point scale. This is an example of ___________ perceptual error.
central tendency
Which of the following is not one of the competencies (Cs) of effective teams?
competitiveness
If every instance of a target behavior is reinforced, a _________ schedule is in effect.
continuous
Dr. Hogan carefully selected the final examinations written by her best students to read first. They all received excellent grades. After these, she read the rest of the exams and graded most of them average or worse. This is an example of _________ perceptual error.
contrast effects
Evaluating people or objects by comparing them with characteristics of other recently observed people or objects is known as the ________ perceptual error.
contrast effects
Which of the following is not an example of a crucial conversation?
conveying routine feedback
Self-efficacy is a component of:
core self-evaluation
XYZ Inc. brings together specialists from production, marketing, and finance from around the world, and gives each such team the power to make its own decisions. This implies that the firm is creating a(n) _____ team.
cross-functional
Rebecca e-mailed a wedding invitation to her cousin Shawn. A few days later, she got a reply saying that he can't make it to the wedding because he will not be able to get any vacation. In the communication process, Shawn's reply is an example of __________.
feedback
Carolyn is a very likable employee. Recently, her boss rated her at the highest level of all areas of performance, even though in some areas her performance did not warrant this judgment. This is an example of a ___________ perceptual error.
halo
Which of the following is not a benefit of virtual teams?
Easier to establish team cohesion
Which of the following statements about mindfulness is false?
Mindfulness requires less effort than letting our minds wander.
Which of the following is not an outcome likely to result from positive emotions?
More conformity to others' opinions
What has been shown by research to reduce social loafing?
Providing hybrid rewards
Of the following, which is the least frequently experienced?
awe
In a self-managed team:
leadership responsibilities often shift as members step up.
Negative nonverbal communication skills include all but one of the following. Which one?
leaning forward
A low instrumentality means that:
the person does not believe putting forth effort will result in gaining a reward.
A group member who says _____ is performing a maintenance role.
"Let's accept and praise the various points of view."
A group member who says ___________ is performing a task role.
"Let's focus on the main goal here. What are we trying to accomplish?"
Which of the following statements about goals and goal setting is not true?
Goals should be set at a level just beyond reachable ("stretch" goals)
Which of the following is true about balancing positive and negative emotions?
Ideally, we should try to have more positive experiences than negative.
Matt completed his assignments on time as his teacher had said that she would allow extra play time to children who submit their assignments on or before time. Which of the following made Matt complete his assignments on time?
Positive reinforcement
Which forms of consequence strengthen a desired behavior?
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Kelly is a successful attorney specializing in corporate law. While it has nothing to do with her field of employment, Kelly has always been interested in the history of religion. Using what little free time she has, she decided to take a course in comparative religion at the local university. She thinks that the course would be interesting and enjoyable. Kelly is not pursuing a degree in the subject, nor is she taking the class for a grade. What can you say about Kelly's motivation for taking the class?
She is intrinsically motivated.
Which of the following is not a form of social support?
Spending time discussing your own vision for yourself
Papa Bill's, a local pizza chain, instituted a new compensation policy to increase the on-time delivery of its pizzas. Drivers were paid an extra $1.00 for each on-time delivery, payable on the next pay period. However, a review of the policy showed that traffic tickets for reckless driving among delivery drivers had increased by 50 percent since the new policy was introduced. Which of the following best explains why this reward system did not perform as expected?
The organization was unintentionally rewarding counterproductive behavior.
A group becomes a team when:
accountability shifts from strictly individual to both individual and collective.
Eileen is on a five-person team in her business strategy class. The team is responsible for participating in a 10-week simulation of a firm in the airline industry. Eileen contributes frequently in discussions in the twice-weekly team meetings. She is exhibiting the ______ style of listening.
active
If a person wants to be an effective listener, he or she should:
actively try to help the sender convey his or her message.
Communication competence is:
an individual's ability to effectively use communication behaviors in a given context.
Avoiding extreme judgments and rating people and objects as average or neutral is known as the _______ perceptual error.
central tendency
A document that describes how a team will operate is called a:
charter
Dr. Davis, an accounting professor, was concerned that his classes were not engaging his students as much as he would like. He asked his boss, the department chair, and two of his colleagues to sit in on one of his classes this term, to give him comments and suggestions for improvement. He also passed out forms to his students at the end of the term, asking the same. He was __________.
conducting a 360 degree feedback process
Which of the following is not one of the Cs of team players?
conscientious
In the leniency perceptual error, a person:
consistently evaluates people in an extremely positive fashion.
Barbara is training her new puppy to sit on command. Every time the puppy responds correctly, he receives a treat. Barbara is using a __________ reinforcement schedule.
continuous
Chuck is concerned with what he considers to be an unfair situation at work. Although he put in 10 hours of overtime last week, he received the same pay as a co-worker who didn't put in any overtime. This week he decided to take an extra hour for lunch every day. Using the terminology of equity theory, Chuck has decided to ____.
decrease his inputs
Folding arms, crossing hands, and crossing legs communicate:
defensiveness
To minimize central tendency bias, a manager should:
define an accurate profile with both high and low points.
In a practical sense, the best size for a team is:
determined by the task to be performed
Motivation refers to the psychological processes that underlie:
direction, intensity, and persistance of behavior or thought
Professor Jones learns that faculty members in another college with the same degree, years of teaching experience, and publication record are making significantly more money than he is. He considers this unfair. Which aspect of justice is he reacting to?
distributive
As HR Director at a large manufacturing firm, it is Henry's responsibility to ensure that employees are properly compensated according to a biweekly time schedule. Many of Henry's employees chose to have their pay checks automatically deposited into their designated bank accounts. However, it is still necessary to inform these workers that their pay has been properly deposited. Which of the following communication media should Henry choose to convey this information?
George's boss gave him a new project to do that entails developing a complex Excel spreadsheet. George has extensive previous experience and training in Excel. George is probably experiencing:
efficacy
Harry is thinking about meeting Connie. He writes a text message to Connie, inviting her for a drink at the local bar. This is an example of __________.
encoding
Which of the following is not a component of virtuous leadership?
engagement
The model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice is:
equity theory
the need for prestige and reputation is part the need for:
esteem
the need for self-confidence and strength is part the need for:
esteem
According to expectancy theory, a person's motivation will be highest when:
expectancy, instrumentality, valence are all high.
Allen used to make suggestions to his boss about how the department's performance could be improved. Although his boss always said they were great ideas, they were never acted upon. Allen then stopped making suggestions. This is an example of:
extinction
Polly worked as a bartender. A few people used to wave money at her so that she would serve them first. She found this to be rude and, hence, either ignored them or always served them last. People came to realize that she served only the people who waited politely, and much of the rude behavior stopped. Polly used the model of __________.
extinction
Which forms of consequences weaken an undesirable behavior?
extinction and punishment
Sharon is the Director of Human Resources at a company that is undergoing a merger with another organization. As a result of the merger, a portion of the combined workforce will be laid off. Sharon understands that even with a lucrative severance package, the news will adversely affect the lives of these employees. Therefore, she wants to break the news to them in a sensitive manner so as to maintain the company's image. Which of the following is the most appropriate communication medium to use in this situation?
face-to-face conversation
The richest form of communication is:
face-to-face exchanges
Which of the following is not a characteristic of high-performing teams?
focused on group dynamics
The capacity to foster collective abandonment of justified resentment, bitterness, and blame is known as:
forgiveness
______ groups are assigned by organizations or managers, while _______ groups form when members' purpose of getting together is friendship or a common interest.
formal; informal
To develop hope, a person should:
generate an important goal that is attainable yet challenging.
To enhance a worker's expectancy, a manager could:
give feedback and coach the employee.
Susan, a management major, is taking an overload of classes this term. On a team project in one of her classes, one of her teammates sees how busy she is and does the final proofreading of the team project for her. Susan is likely to be feeling:
gratitude
A ______ is a set of expected behaviors for member of the group as a whole.
group role
Pat and Chris are both computer programmers, but Pat earns more money than Chris. However, Chris perceives an equitable relationship because Pat:
has more education and experience.
To reduce the chances of another person becoming defensive, a manager should:
have two-way problem-solving discussions.
Armando has a goal of earning a B in his statistics course, but currently his grade is a C-. Therefore, he decides to study more hours for the next test and even get involved in a study group. Armando is experiencing:
hope
According to Professor Fred Luthans, people with high levels of positive psychological capital have high levels of:
hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism.
Ted was dissatisfied with his job. He said that the company policy, supervision, and working conditions were responsible for his dissatisfaction. According to Frederick Herzberg's theory, these extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction are called:
hygiene factors
Open body positions, such as leaning backward or gesturing with palms facing up, communicate:
immediacy
Which of the following is not a way to reduce social loafing?
increase the group size
Which of the following is not a benefit of mindfulness?
increased intelligence
John received a poor performance evaluation from his boss. On the weekend, he talks with his neighbor Faisal about his situation. Faisal asks him questions about his work and the evaluation, and as a result John develops a plan of action for improving his productivity. Faisal has provided:
informational support
Lee and Victor are good friends. Lee's laptop computer has become very slow and is not working correctly, and he goes to Victor and asks for help. Victor downloads some anti-malware software onto Lee's computer, and its performance improves. Victor has provided:
instrumental support
How an individual perceives the movement from performance to outcome is called:
instrumentality
Eileen signed up for a photography class after having seen some spectacular wildlife art pictures done by a local artist. She is likely to be experiencing:
interest
Manash pays attention in his management class, where the professor has entertaining, interesting visual aids. At times, he makes good eye contact with the professor, and occasionally raises his hand to ask questions. On other days, he is quiet and his eyes are on his notebook. He is exhibiting the ________ style of listening.
involved
Jill is a sales representative for a large pharmaceutical corporation. According to the current compensation system, if Jill meets her target for the quarterly sales projections, she will receive a bonus equivalent to 7% of her annual salary. Jill is working hard to meet the sales goal so that she can use the bonus money as a down payment on a new car for herself. Which of the following is true regarding Jill's motivation?
it is extrinsically motivated
the theory of motivation states that motivation is a function of 5 basic needs that are met sequentially is:
maslow's need hierarchy
Dr. Riley, a professor in the finance department, keeps his office door open only a crack during his office hours, asking visitors to knock before entering. When his door is open, people tend to stop to say hello, and that interrupts what he is doing. He finds that this increases his ability to grade exams quickly but accurately. This is an example of his increasing his:
mindfulness
Chris just finished a calculus test. Afterward, he walked all the way across campus without being aware of anything or anyone he passed. This is an example of:
mindlessness
Dr. Beswick was writing questions for a test, but found herself listening to reggae music coming from an adjoining office, and thinking about her upcoming trip to the Caribbean. She is experiencing:
mindlessness
Therese is making a presentation in one of her classes. Her PowerPoint slides contain several arithmetic errors that Kathy is finding distracting. This is an example of:
noise
Juan finishes the special report he is producing for the Vice President of Marketing. Juan has spent many extra hours compiling this report, and he knows it is of excellent quality. Juan is likely to be experiencing:
pride
The perceived fairness of the processes used to make allocation decisions is called:
procedural justice
Well-being is the combined impact of all but one of the following. Which one?
productivity
Barney was late to work one morning, so he drove over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, he got pulled over by a police officer and received a ticket. This scenario is an instance of __________.
punishment
The perceptual model of communication depicts communication as a process in which:
receivers create meaning in their own minds.
Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor
recognition
To minimize halo perceptual error, a manager should:
record examples of positive and negative performance throughout the year.
Imelda's life is difficult right now. Her husband and she recently decided to divorce and she is now a single parent of two pre-teenagers. They are good kids, but it is difficult taking care of them and managing her full-time job as a middle manager. Imelda has started taking work home at night and finishing projects at night after her children are in bed. Imelda is likely exhibiting:
resilience
Anna blinks her eyes whenever she looks up at the sun. This is an example of __________.
respondent behavior
Unlearned reflexes are:
respondent behavior.
The three global values that are essential for promoting positive OB are:
restorative justice, compassion, and temperance.
A _____ is a set of expected behaviors for a particular position.
role
Which of the following is not a motivating factor?
salary
Sarah and Bill were recently hired at the local manufacturing plant. Before being hired, they were interviewed by the team members with whom they were going to work. The team contained members from various areas of the manufacturing process. As part of the training process, Sarah and Bill met the other team members a number of times, and learned how to perform several administrative tasks, including scheduling work assignments for the team. Sarah and Bill's new team is an example of a _____.
self-managed team
Groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains are called:
self-managed teams
Compared to men, women are more likely to:
share credit
According to research, the most effective teams are those with:
similar levels of conscientiousness and mixed extraversion.
Jackson and Samuel both work for XYZ Company, in different departments. They discover a common interest in classic cars, and on weekends often meet up at car shows. They are probably providing _______ to each other.
social companionship
An expectancy of zero means that:
the person does not feel confident in his/her ability to do the job.
A low valence means that:
the person does not value the outcomes.
Perceptions of equity are based on comparing:
the ratio of my output to my input, compared to another's total output to input
the theory of motivation that focuses on two sharply contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature is:
theory x and theory y
______ is a positive set of assumptions about people at work.
theory y
Recent research shows that in early stages of team development, teams perform better when members have a high:
tolerance for uncertainty
Experts estimate that about ________ of every conversation is interpreted through nonverbal communication.
65%-95%
_________ happens when our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing. `
Attentional hyperactivity
Therese and Kathy both work in the accounting department at ABC Company. They go out to lunch, and Therese spends time telling Kathy how much she is valued by her co-workers and their boss. Therese is performing:
esteem support
Ken recently completed his MBA degree. He has received two job offers. Which of the following theories is most useful in predicting the choice that Ken will make?
expectancy theory
__________ holds that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.
expectancy theory
Which of the following is not a behavior that would build trust?
keep information to yourself
Dr. Slotsky is a well-liked professor. Last term, no one received less than a B in any of his courses. Dr. Slotsky may be suffering from _________ perceptual error.
leniency
Touching another person communicates:
liking
Of the following, which is the most frequently experienced?
love
In regard to differences in how men and women communicate, in general:
males are expected to hide their emotions.
Josh used to run into heavy traffic every day while driving to work. One morning, he left his home earlier than usual and did not run into heavy traffic. Again the next morning, he left earlier and avoided heavy traffic. His behavior of leaving earlier enabled him to avoid heavy traffic and reach the office on time. Which of the following processes did Josh engage in?
negative reinforcement
Dana is trying to talk to a client from Russia, but his Russian accent is so thick that she can hardly understand what he is saying. In this situation, Dana's communication with her client is hampered due to __________.
noise
Teams with high levels of ______ and ______ deal with task conflict better than those without these characteristics.
openness; emotional stability
Behavior that is learned when one acts on the environment to produce desired consequences is known as:
operant behavior
When Eileen sees that the sun is shining brightly, she puts on sunglasses. This is:
operant behavior
Teams are task groups that have matured to the _____ stage.
performing
Flourishing represents the extent to which our lives contain:
perma
As the mother of two small children, Jen struggles to make ends meet on her minimum-wage job. After paying rent and child care expenses, there is sometimes not enough money left at the end of the month to pay the heating bill. More than once the family has gone without warmth on cold nights, and she and kids have gone to bed hungry. Which of the five basic needs is Jen struggling to meet?
physiological
When involved in a crucial conversation, a manager should avoid:
starting with the most controversial elements
Negative reinforcement is:
strengthening a behavior by contingently withdrawing something displeasing.
A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable are a(n):
team
In a study of executives from 300 companies, the most desirable soft skill named was:
teamwork