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#19 Cognitive walkthroughs focus on

b. designer presents an aspect of the design & usage scenarios

#17 Field studies are done in natural environments

b. natural environments

#19 Field studies are done in natural environments

b. natural environments

Novices can learn the

basic functionality quickly- Why are DM interfaces so enjoyable

Used mainly as the

basis for evaluating systems- Usability principles

Co-operation of people

being observed is required-Ethnography

24 Evaluation & design are

closely integrated in user-centered design.

Shneiderman (1983)

coined the term Direct Manipulation

Collections of

comments, incidents, and artifacts are made-Ethnography

Direct observation in

controlled environments-Observation

QN=39 Dancing butter,drinks,breakfast cereals,is known as...

d. Anthropomorphism

The do's and don'ts of

interaction design- Design principles

"By interaction design, we mean designing (a) products to support the way people (b) in their everyday and working lives."

interactive, communicate

Fill in the blank (a), (b) with:

interactive, communicate

Avoid cluttering the

interface - follow the google.com example of crisp, simple design-Design implications for attention

Craik (1943) described mental models as

internal constructions of some aspect of the external world enabling predictions to be made- Mental models

Three main data gathering methods

interviews, questionnaires, observation

Introduction

introduce yourself, explain the goals of the interview, reassure about the ethical issues,ask to record, present any informed consent form-Running the interview

Users should be

involved through the development of the project- Core characteristics of interaction design

Predicts which cognitive processes are

involved when a user interacts with a computer- Model Human processor(Card et al, 1983)

Large overhead to learning

set of commands-command interfaces

How knowledge is

shared and accessed- What's involved

There are different kinds of requirement, each is

significant for interaction design

Concerned with the nature of cognitive phenomena across individuals, artifacts, and internal and external representations

(Hutchins, 1995)-Distributed cognition

Many people have erroneous mental models

(Kempton, 1996)

Lead people into false sense of belief, enticing them to confide personal secrets with chatterbots

(e.g. Alice) -Disadvantages of Virtual characters

Attributing human-like qualities to inanimate objects

(e.g. cars, computers)- Anthropomorphism

It is important to stress that it is a description of the user interface but a structure outlining the conceMARK and the relationships between them

. FALSE

...involves linking the categories and subcategories into a theory, and as theory building is quite complex

. Selective coding.

Three levels of 'coding'

1-Open: identify categories-Grounded Theory

User-centered design rests on three principles

1. Early focus on users and tasks

Two aims

1. Understand as much as possible about users, task, context

According to Norman, how many kind of affordance are there?

How many aims do we achieve in the requirement activity?

How many aims that we are trying to achieve in the requirements activity?

SPSS is ...?

A kind of tool to support data analysis

(Robson, 2002). Robson suggests the .... steps for an interview

How many cognitive frameworks?

What is storytelling?

A method of telling story to communicate

How many steps of theory of action

From Flickr's website (2005): "is almost certainly the best online photo management and sharing application in the world"

A claim

To develop use case, first specify?

Actor

#64 Important problems may get missed

Advantages and problems:Biggest problems

#32 Designer presents an aspect of the design & usage scenarios

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#37 Performed by a carefully managed team

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

Which is one kind of requirement?

All above

#58 Expert evaluation: heuristic & walkthroughs

Analytical evaluation

#59 Relatively inexpensive because no users

Analytical evaluation

#60 Heuristic evaluation relatively easy to learn

Analytical evaluation

#61 May miss key problems & identify false ones

Analytical evaluation

#62 Predictive models are used to evaluate systems with predictable tasks such as telephones

Analytical evaluation

#63 GOMS, Keystroke Level Model, & Fitts' Law predict expert, error-free performance

Analytical evaluation

#26 Briefing session to tell experts what to do

Analytical evaluation:3 stages for doing heuristic evaluation

#27 Debriefing session in which experts work together to prioritize problems

Analytical evaluation:3 stages for doing heuristic evaluation

#54 Use the web and other resources to research claims that heuristic evaluation often identifies problems that are not serious and may not even be problems

Analytical evaluation:A project for you ...

#55 Decide whether you agree or disagree

Analytical evaluation:A project for you ...

#56 Write a brief statement arguing your position

Analytical evaluation:A project for you ...

#57 Provide practical evidence & evidence from the literature to support your position

Analytical evaluation:A project for you ...

#28 Few ethical & practical issues to consider because users not involved

Analytical evaluation:Advantages and problems

#29 Can be difficult & expensive to find experts

Analytical evaluation:Advantages and problems

#24 Heuristic evaluation is referred to as discount evaluation when 5 evaluators are used

Analytical evaluation:Discount evaluation

Theories, models and frameworks

Are used to inform and inspire design

"People will want to watch movies on their cell phones". This sentence is a/an ...

Assumption

Involves audio and/or visual senses

Attention

Core cognitive aspects

Attention, Perception and recognition, Memory, Reading, speaking and listening, Problem-solving, planning, reasoning and decision-making, learning

Decision about conceptual design should be made ... commencing any physical design?

Before

Well known fact that we recognize things much better than being able to recall things

Better at remembering images than words, Why interfaces are largely visual- Memory

Which statements are the problems with interface metaphors? (choose 3)

Break conventional and cultural rules,Conflict with design principles,Forces users to only understand the system in terms of metaphors

HTA involves?

Breaking tasks down into sub-task

Categorizing data

Categorization scheme may be emergent or pre-specified-Simple qualitative analysis

#160 approachinfluences...methodsused,turn,data is collected,analyzed...

Choose the evaluation approach & methods

25 The third step of DECIDE framework points to

Choose the evaluation approach and methods

Relationship with participants

Clear and professional,Informed consent when appropriate-Four key issues

determine ways of restricting the kinds of user interaction that can take place at a given moment

Constraints

#257 Taking the prototypes and creating a whole

Construction

Optimizing the interaction requires?

Context of use, types of activity, cultural differences, and user groups

23 Context of use, user experience, culture differences, user groups optimize interaction between users & interactive product requires, is that true? If not, what?

Context of use, types of activity, culture differences, user groups

Contextual inquiry rests on what main principles:

Context, partnership, interpretations and focus

Four main principles

Context,Partnership,Interpretation,Focus-Contextual Inquiry

What is the approach that emerged from the ethnographic approach to data gathering?

Contextual inquiry

Well known phenomenon in advertising

Dancing butter, drinks, breakfast cereals- Anthropomorphism

#166 Develop an informed consent form

Decide about ethical issues

Setting goals

Decide how to analyze data once collected-Four key issues

8 What is the fifth step of DECIDE framework?

Decide how to deal with the ethical issues

4 Usability testing is an adapted form of experimentation

TRUE

5 Expert evaluation: heuristic & walkthroughs

TRUE

#124 No order effects

Different:participant design:Advantages

#127 Many subjects & individual differences a problem

Different:participant design:Disadvantages

Vanilla or multi-flavor design

Ease of finding something versus aesthetic and enjoyable experience

Proposes 7 stages of an activity

Establish a goal, Form an intention, Specify an action sequence, Execute an action, Perceive the system state, Interpret the state, Evaluate the system state with respect to the goals and intentions

QN=3 What does Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) provided for professionals to deal with their issues?

Ethical code

Informants are useful

Ethnography

Interpretivist technique

Ethnography

#85 Results validated statistically,Strongly controlled conditions

Experiments for research

#86 Experimental design,Scientific reported to scientific community

Experiments for research

Right dialog box was designed for

European adult male intellectuals- Marcus (1992)

#284 How much structure does it provide?

Evaluate metaphors

#285 How much is relevant to the problem?

Evaluate metaphors

#286 Is it easy to represent?

Evaluate metaphors

#287 Will the audience understand it?

Evaluate metaphors

Choose the right answers (Choose 2)

Flair and creativity, Seek inspiration

Cooper:

From research and product to goal-related

1.Identify needs and establish requirements

Four basic activities in the design process

2.Design potential solutions ((re)-design)

Four basic activities in the design process

3.Choose between alternatives (evaluate)

Four basic activities in the design process

4.Build the artefact

Four basic activities in the design process

Robotic interfaces

Four types

5 Challenging is one of followings that users experience goals, but what is NOT?

Frustrating

Which step is not one of first steps in analyzing data?

Gathering

Qualitative data analysis may be framed by 3 theories. What are they? (Choose 3)

Grounded Activity Boundary

Task analysis

HTA

Users have created a range ofemoticonscompensate for lack of expressiveness in text communication:

Happy:),Sad:<,Sick:X,Mad>:,Very angry >:-(- User-created expressiveness

When consistency breaks down

Have to find other initials or combinations of keys, thereby breaking the consistency rule - e.g. ctrl+S, ctrl+Sp, ctrl+shift+L

What is HTA?

Hierarchical Task Analysis

Many techniques, the most popular is

Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)-Task analysis

#248 Uses materials that you would expect in the final product

High-fidelity prototyping

#249 Prototype looks more like final system than low-fidelity

High-fidelity prototyping

#250 high-fidelity Macromedia Director, Visual Basic, Smalltalk

High-fidelity prototyping

#251 Danger think they have full system......see compromises

High-fidelity prototyping

Behaviour is very important

How an agent moves, gestures and refers to objects on the screen, Exaggeration of facial expressions and gestures to show underlying emotions (c.f. animation industry)

#164 Select users,Select equipment,Find evaluators

Identify practical issues:how to

What are NOT cognitive frameworks in interaction design?

Image processing and Internal cognition

Interaction log is method of?

Indirect observation

Identifying needs if one step of...?

Interaction design process

#264 Interface metaphors combine familiar knowledge knowledge

Is there a suitable metaphor?

24 Advantages of matched participant design

Same as different participants but individual differences reduced

And the more it is processed in terms of thinking about it and comparing it with other knowledge

Processing in memory

Users can tell you what they 'need' to help them achieve their goals

L. False

Problems include(of Asynchronouscomputermediated communication):

LAMING!!!, Message overload, False expectations as to when people will reply

#260 Evolutionary prototyping,'Throw-away' prototyping

Product must be engineered

22 Identifying and specifying relevant usability and user experience helps analyzing & evaluating aspects, if NOT? What it is?

Lead to design of good interactive products

Instead interfaces are better conceptualized as 'perceived' affordances

Learned conventions of arbitrary mappings between action and effect at the interface, Some mappings are better than others

What term is used to represent a model that captures a set of activities and how they are related?

Lifecycle Model

Which kind of user involvement is consistent, but loose touch with the rest of user group?

Long term

Choose the statements which are NOT correct in the following list: (Choose 2)

Low - fidelity prototypes may be vertical or horizontal, High - fidelity prototypes

#240 Uses a medium which is unlike the final medium

Low-fidelity Prototyping

#241 Is quick, cheap and easily changed

Low-fidelity Prototyping

Who "prefer a more detailed presentation, curvilinear shapes and the absence of some of the more brutal term... favored by male software engineers."

Marcus (1992)

who like "suave prose, a restrained treatment of information density, and a classical approach to font selection"

Marcus (1992)

Small screens, small number of keys and restricted number of controls

Mobile challenges

...are typically abstracted from a theory coming from a contributing discipline

Models

#206 Early tests of printed scenarios & user guides

Multiple methods to evaluate the 1984 OMS

Which is NOT true about Expectation management?

N. Make the users active stakeholders

User is NOT a person

N. Who will be affected by the system

Interview often take place in ...?

Neutral environment

...is the process through which categories, their properties, and dimensions are discovered in the data

Open coding

Process that categories, properties, dimensions are discovered in the data

Open coding

Need communication both ways

Newsletters and other dissemination devices

Reach wider selection of users

Newsletters and other dissemination devices

Match between system and real world is in....

Nielsen's heuristics

According to Strauss and Corbin (1998), which are three aspects of "coding" in grounded theory?

Open coding, Axial coding, Selective coding

A use case is not associated with actor?

Cognitive tracing involves internally manipulating items?

Gathering ethnography is hard

Metaphors are not so popular?

Questionnaire must be direct or indirect?

Questions for interview must be open?

The framework is simple but not effective

23 Advantages of diff participant design

No order effects

What is NOT a data gathering method?

None

According to Norman's theory of action, there are 7 stages of an activity. What is NOT one of them?

None of above

Why are Direct Manipulation (DM) interfaces so enjoyable (Choose 3)?

Novices can learn the basic functionality quickly,Experienced users can work extremely rapidly to carry out a wide range of tasks, even defining new functions,Users can immediately see if their actions are furthering their goals and if not do something else

HTA is ?

One kind of task analysis

Which reasons for user involvement are important if the product is to be usable and used? (Choose 2)

Ownership, Expectation management

Can make a big difference to acceptance and success of product

Ownership-Importance of involving users

Make the users active stakeholders

Ownership-Importance of involving users

More likely to forgive or accept problems

Ownership-Importance of involving users

Pilot studies

Small trial of main study-Four key issues

Prototyping may be low fidelity - such as (A), or high fidelity - such as (B). What to fill in (A) and (B), respectively?

Paper - based, software - based

Which kind of user involvement has patchy input and very stressful?

Part-time

#167 Know the goals of the study

Participants have a right to

#168 Know what will happen to the findings

Participants have a right to

#169 Privacy of personal information

Participants have a right to

#170 Leave when they wish

Participants have a right to

#171 Be treated politely

Participants have a right to

Problems with online questionnaires

Sampling is problematic if population size is unknown

What is PIM?

Personal information management

HTA focuses on the ctions?

Physical and observable

Choose the correct statements in the following list: (Choose 2)

Physical design specifies, Conceptual design develops an outline

#181 Evaluating design ideas mobile device for rural nurses

Six evaluation case studies

Problems with data gathering

Political problems within the organisation

...., such as the amount of time available to carry out the evaluation, the availability of participants, and suitable equipment, also impact these decisions

Practical issues

The information processing provides?

Predictions about human performance

Safety is ...?

Protecting users from dangerous conditions

Help users encode files in richer ways

Provide them with ways of saving files using colour, flagging, image, flexible text, time stamping, etc

What is RAD?

Rapid applications development

#183 Evaluating affective: challenge engagement collaborative

Six evaluation case studies

Why 'establish'

Requirements arise from understanding users' needs-Establishing requirements

Advantages of online questionnaires

Responses are usually received quickly

Interviews which reflect on an activity that was performed in the recent past, can be called...

Retrospective interviews

Each planned data gathering should be tested by?

Running a pilot study

#184 Improving a design: the HutchWorld patient support system

Six evaluation case studies

#185 Multiple usability:olympic messaging system(OMS)

Six evaluation case studies

#186 Evaluating a new kind of interaction: an ambient system

Six evaluation case studies

"What is the range of errors that are possible using the product and what measures are there to permit users to recovery easily from them?". Which usability goal is this question for?

Safety

4 Good utility is one of followings that is usability goals, but what NOT?

Satisfactory

What is commonly used for expressing proposed or imagined situations to help in conceptual design?

Scenario

Essential use cases represent abstractions from ?

Scenarios

Task descriptions

Scenarios,Use Cases,Essential use cases

Which is not one of theories that qualitative data analysis may be framed

Scientific theory

Attention is process of...?

Selecting things to concentrate on

Need to optimize the interactions users have with a product

So that they match the users' activities and needs- What to design

#155 Identify the best metaphor on which to base the design

Some examples of goals

#156 Check to ensure that the final interface is consistent

Some examples of goals

#100 Time to complete a task

Some type of data

What is cognition?

Something goes on in our heads when we carry out our everyday activities

What is requirement?

Statement that specify user's need

A sequence of actions or events that the user and the system go through to achieve a task is called a ...

Storyboard

#244 Often used scenarios,bringing more detail,to role play

Storyboards

The Star lifecycle model

Suggested by Hartson and Hix (1989)

11 Predictive models is less expensive than user testing

TRUE

11 the fifth step of DECIDE framework is to decide how to deal with the ethical issues

TRUE

17 People can NOT design a user experience

TRUE

8 Design interfaces that promote recall NOT rather than recognition by using menu, icon, and consistently placed objects

TRUE

9 Design interfaces that constrain and guide users NOT to select appropriate actions after learning

TRUE

A grounded theory approach to analysis emphasizes the important role of empirical data in the derivation of theory

TRUE

It is important to test a specific hypothesis that makes a prediction about the way users will perform with an interface

TRUE

16 A main reason of having better understanding of people in context in which they live, work, and learn is NOT that can help designer evaluate user experience of product to fit it, but?

That can help designer understand how to design interactive product to fit it

What is the central component of a conceptual model?

The interface metaphor

#192 Analytical evaluation,Controlled experiment,Field study

The language of evaluation

Qualitative data may be framed by?

Theories

Which provide another way of framing and informing design and research?

Theories, models, frameworks

Which sentence is true about design principles?

They are intended to help designers explain and improve their design, They ensure that designers have provided certain features at an interface

#265 understand,identify potential problem,generate metaphors

Three steps:Is there a suitable metaphor?

Provide information about shared objects and progress of collaborative tasks

Tickertape, Babble

Jordon (2000) based on

Tiger's (1992) framework of pleasure

What is the central concern of interaction design?

To develop interactive products that are usable

What is NOT objection to the use of metaphors in interaction design?

Too detail information

HTA was originally designed to identify ?

Training needs

.... involves a combination of data gathering techniques

Triangulation

The interaction design lifecycle model is complementary to lifecycle models from other fields.

True

.... is always advisable to have a plan of the main topics to be covered

Unstructured Interviews

Which can help lead to the design of good interactive products?

Usability and user experience

Selecting terms to convey a person's feelings, emotions, etc., can help designers understand the multifaceted nature of the user experience

Usability and user experience goals

#107 Aim is improvement with each version

Usability engineering orientation

"Does the product provide an appropriate set of functions that will enable users to carry out all their tasks in the way they want to do them?". Which usability goal is this question for?

Utility

#190 throughout; finished products evaluated information products

When

Talk is central

Verbal and non-verba communication

External consistency refers to designing operations, interfaces, etc., to be the same across applications and devices

Very rarely the case, based on different designer's preference

Fill in (a) in this sentence: "The more (a) the more likely users will be able to know what to do next."

Visibility

6 Visibility, Constraints, Feedback, Adaption is not the design principles, so what it is?

Visibility, Constraints, Feedback, Consistency

#267 Do different interface types provide insight?

WIMP, shareable, augmented reality, etc

#291 What information needs to be available?

What data is required to perform the task?

#292 How is this data to be transformed by the system?

What information needs to be available?

Increasingly appearing on our screens

Web agents, characters in videogames, learning companions, wizards, pets, newsreaders, popstars- Virtual characters

#188 conceptual,prototypes new system, complete prototypes

What

Increases learning burden on user, making them more prone to errors

When consistency breaks down

#189 in natural and laboratory settings

Where

Stakeholder is a person

Who have a direct or indirect influence on the system requirements

Personal information management (PIM) is a growing problem for most users

Who have vast numbers of documents, images, music files, video clips, emails, attachments, bookmarks, etc.,

Need to take into account:

Who the users are. What activities are being carried out, Where the interaction is taking place- What to design

#187 to check that users can use the product and that they like it

Why

Identify and explain the nature and causes of problems users encounter

Why do we need to understand users

22 Cognitive walkthroughs are guided by these questions

Will the correct action be sufficiently evident to the user?

24 Cognitive walkthroughs are guided by the first question

Will the correct action be sufficiently evident to the user?

23 Cognitive walkthroughs are guided by the third question

Will the user associate and interpret the response from the action correctly?

24 Cognitive walkthroughs are guided by the second question

Will the user notice that the correct action is available?

The design of spaces for human communication and interaction

Winograd (1997)

Annotating involves modifying external representation?

Yes

Is it important to have good understanding of problem space?

Yes

One cannot design user experience, only design for user experience?

Yes

Team members always look at problems and see them in the same way?

Yes

When a person manipulates the physical object/s it causes

a digital effect to occur, e.g. an animation-Tangible interfaces

Elvin is

a distributed awareness system that provides a range of client services (Segall and Arnold,1997)

6 Fitts'Law predicts that the time to point at an object using a device is

a function of the distance from the target object & the object's size

Can encourage users toexplore different parts of

a game or story-Interfaces and interactions

Consider which interface is best for

a given application or activity

A conceptual model is:

a high-level description of how a system isorganized and operates. (Johnson andHenderson, 2002, p. 26)

A theory is

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of a phenomenon

#25 Disadvantages of matched participant design

a. Cannot be sure of perfect matching on all differences

QN=52 The mappings between the ... and the user experience the product is designed to support

a. Concepts

#6 The experimenter controls the independent variable(s) but not the dependent variable(s).

a. TRUE

Proposes that digital objects be designed so they can be interacted with

analogous to how physical objects are manipulated

Cognition involves several processes including

attention, memory, perception and learning

Idea is they are

automatically forwarded to the appropriate service

#11 Consistency not called "Having attribute of an object that people know how to use it", so this is concept of:

b Affordance

1 Consistency not called "Having attribute of an object that people know how to use it", so this is concept of:

b Affordance

be aware of

both people's sensitivities and their capabilities

Many designed to be very detailed and animated making them

both visually attractive and informative-Icons

GUIs provide visually-based options that users need only

browse through until they recognize one- Recognition versus recall

#220 The main methods are

bserving, asking users, asking,experts

Semi-structured - guided

by a script but interesting issues can be explored in more depth. Can provide a good balance between richness and replicability

#21 How many rules of Conversational mechanisms?

c 3

Well-designed interfaces

canelicit good feelings in users

Experienced users can work extremely rapidly to

carry out a wide range of tasks, even defining new functions- Why are DM interfaces so enjoyable

Helps overcome some of the navigation problems associated with

cascading menus-Contextual menus

Need to determine how to brand a web page to

catch and keep 'eyeballs'-Usability versus attractiveness debate

The principle here is that the data is divided up into elements and each element is then categorized, can be found in....

categorizing data

But also content and navigation are

central

Turn-taking used to

coordinate conversation

Break conventional and

cultural rules

Annoying and frustrating

e.g. Clippy- Disadvantages of Virtual characters

Identifying needs and

establishing requirements for the user experience- What is involved in the processof interaction design

We don't remember

everything - involves filtering and processing what is attended to- Memory

15 Performed by anyone in Pluralistic walkthrough

false

A number of menu interface styles

flat lists, drop-down, pop-up, contextual, and expanding ones-Menu

Four key issues of data gathering

goals, triangulation, participant relationship, pilot

Combines different media within a single interface with various forms of interactivity

graphics, text, video, sound, and animations-Multimedia

The way an interface is designed can

greatly affect how well users can perceive, attend, learn and remember how to do their tasks

There is a wealth of resources now so do not have to draw or invent icons from scratch

guidelines,style guides,icon builders,libraries

Do not always

have a clear goal in mind but react to the world

Learnability refers to

how easy a system is to learn to use.

Effectiveness refers to

how good a product is at doing what it is supposed to do

Enables calculations to be made of

how long a user will take to carry out a task- Model Human processor(Card et al, 1983)

Context is

important in affecting our memory (i.e., where, when)- Memory

But considering alternatives is

important to'break out of the box'-Where do alternatives come from

20 The aim of field study

is to understand what users do naturally and how technology impacts them.

20 Cognitive walkthroughs experts focus on

is told the assumptions about user population, context of use, task details

Instructing

issuing commands using keyboard and function keys and selecting options via menus

Physical actions and button pressing instead of

issuing commands with complex syntax- Core principles of DM

Decisions about conceptual design should be

made before commencing any physical design

The ..... that are used to convey to the user how to understand what a product is for and how to use it for an activity.

major metaphors and analogies

Warm-up

make first questions easy and non-threatening-Running the interview

Badly designed interfaces

make people angry and frustrated

Lifecycle models are

management tools,simplified versions of reality-Lifecycle models

Benefits

more ideas and designs generated- Working in multidisciplinaryteams

when frightened or angry we focus narrowly and body responds by tensing muscles and sweating

more likely to be less tolerant- Claims from model

when happy we are less focused and the body relaxes

more likely to overlook minor problems and be more creative- Claims from model

She may also have a tendency to concentrate .... usability aspect at the expense of missing others.

more on one

The ... attention that is paid to something and the ... it is processed in terms of thinking about it and comparing it with other knowledge

more, more

Consistency is

most important design principle-Research and design issues

Exploit's users' knowledge of how they

move and manipulate in the physical world- Manipulating

Exploring

moving through a virtual environment or a physical space

Virtual objects can be manipulated by

moving, selecting, opening, and closing them- Manipulating

Data gathering sessions for interaction design usually result in a few data?

Getting requirement right and soon is not very important?

Process in HCI is similar to process in water fall model?

Explains human behavior in terms of

our practical activity with the world-Activity Theory

People like to share their

photos with the rest of the world- Assumptions

Interfaces are virtual and do not have affordances like

physical objects- What does 'affordance' have tooffer interaction design

Environment or context of use

physical: dusty? noisy? vibration? light? heat?humidity

A central concern has been to develop systems that allow people to communicate with each other when they are in .... and thus not able to communicate in the usual face-to-face manner

physically different locations

#229 In interaction design it can be (among other things)

piece software limited functionality target another language

Run a

pilot session-Some basic guidelines

...is involving reflective cognition

planning

Cognitive tracing involves externally manipulating items into different orders or structures

playing scrabble, playing cards- Annotation and cognitive tracing

Enables more options to be shown on a single screen than is

possible with a single flat menu-Expanding menus

Many innovative interfaces have emerged

post the WIMP/GUI era, including speech,wearable, mobile, and tangible

9 The keystroke model allows .. to be made about how long it takes an expert user to perform a task

predictions

Frameworks tend to be

prescriptive, providing designers with concepts, questions, and principles to consider

Main body

present questions in a logical order-Running the interview

Can provide better ways of

presenting information than can either one alone-Interfaces and interactions

Human activity does not

proceed in such an orderly and sequential manner

Concepts that users are exposed to through the

product

Marcus (1992)

proposed interfaces for different user groups

Safety refers to

protecting the user from dangerous conditions and undesirable situations

These are then evaluated to see if the designers have interpreted the users' requirements correctly and embodied them in their designs appropriately

requirements

The term '....' is normally used to describe the activity of investigating and analyzing an initial set of requirements that have been gathered, elicited, or captured

requirements analysis

Intermittent users can

retain operational concepts over time- Why are DM interfaces so enjoyable

Since has been much popularised in interaction design to discuss how to design interface objects

scrollbars to afford moving up and down, icons to afford clicking on- Affordances

In Coversation, if the listener to whom the question or opinion is addressed does not accept the offer to take the floor, the ... rule is applied

second

Moving a mouse around the screen can be

slower than pressing function keys to do same actions- disadvantageswith DM

Key concern is designing for

small screen real estate and limited control space

7 The further away & the ... the object, the longer the time to locate it and point to it.

smaller

Technical feasibility

some not possible-How do you choose among alternatives

Design principles of

spacing, grouping,and simplicity should be used

...is form of language processing

speaking

Used most for inquiring about very

specific information-Speech interfaces

Need to have a good understanding of the problem space

specifying what it is you aredoing, why, and how it will support users in the way intended

Applications include automatic diaries and

tour guides-Wearable interfaces

Involve all the

stakeholder groups-Some basic guidelines

Not a description of the user interface but a

structure outlining the concepts and the relationships between them- What is and why need a conceptual model

Interviews may be

structured, semi-structured or unstructured

Techniques can be combined depending on

study focus, participants, nature of technique and available resources

Evaluations that are done to assess the success of a finished product, such as those needed to satisfy a funding agency that its money has been used well or to check that a standard is being upheld, are known as...

summative evaluation

Much research focus has been on how to

support conversations when people are 'at a distance' from each other-Designing technologies to support conversations

Concerned with extending and

supporting all manner of human activities

Aims to derive theory from

systematic analysis of data-Grounded Theory

We need to

take into account cognitive processes involved and cognitive limitations of users

The communication that

takes place as the collaborative activity progresses- What's involved

The distributed problem-solving that

takes place- What's involved

Where users instruct a system by telling it what to do

tell the time, print a file, find a photo- Instructing

Norman argues it does not make sense to talk about interfaces in

terms of 'real' affordances- What does 'affordance' have tooffer interaction design

Closure

thank interviewee, signal the end,e.g, switch recorder off-Running the interview

Web browsers, MP3 players, etc., provide lists of visited URLs, song titles etc.,

that support recognition memory- Recognition versus recall

More chance of error, since caller might assume that

the system is like a human-Format

Teasley et al (1994) found this not to be true

the European dialog box was preferred by all and was considered most appropriate for all users, round dialog box was strongly disliked by everyone

Anthropomorphism is

the attribution of human qualities to objects

The best way to present your findings depends on

the audience, the purpose, and the data gathering and analysis undertaken

The data analysis that can be done depends on

the data gathering that was done

13 The experimenter controls the independent variable(s) but not

the dependent result

In the 1980s, the prevailing paradigm in human-computer interaction was how to design user-centered applications for ...

the desktop computer

Core design concerns include whether size, orientation, and shape of

the display have an effect on collaboration

The gulf of evaluation

the distance from the physical system to the user

The gulf of execution

the distance from the user to the physical system while the second one

'Real' users, not managers

traditionally a problem in software engineering,but better now

Designers are

trained to consider alternatives,software people generally are not-Where do alternatives come from

Information is

transformed through different media (computers, displays, paper, heads)-Distributed cognition

If interactive technologies could be designed to be more .... then it might be easier to understand them in terms of how they work and what to do when they don't

transparent

Despite many advances mobile interfaces can be

tricky and cumbersome to use, c.f.GUIs

12 Predictive models provide a way of evaluating products or designs without directly involving users

true

16 Pluralistic walkthrough calls: Variation on the cognitive walkthrough theme.

true

17 Pluralistic walkthrough lends itself well to participatory design

true

19 Information at the interface should be structured to capture users'attention

true

9 Typically observation and interviews are used to collect field studies data

true

Activity theory (AT) is a product of Soviet psychology

true

Interface type in 1980s included command and WIMP/GUI

true

Typical users can be taught to do heuristic evaluation, although there have been claims that this approach is not very successful (Nielsen, 1994a)

true

Workshops are used in develop JAD model?

true

Helps users understand the

underlying conceptual model -Benefits of interface metaphors

#219 Three main evaluation approaches are

usability testing, field studies, and analytical evaluation

Command interfaces popular for

web scripting-Research and design issues

People's accounts greatly varied and

were often ad hoc

Major metaphors and analogies that are used to convey how to understand

what a product is for and how to use it for an activity

Sending information back to the user about

what has been done- Feedback

Users rarely know

what is possible-What are 'needs'

Think through

what might provide quality user experiences- Understanding users' needs

Sacks et al. (1978)

work on conversation analysis describe three basic rules

#25 Activity theory (AT) is a product of Soviet psychology

a. TRUE

#25 Usability goals include effectiveness, efficiency, safety, utility, learnability, and memorability

a. TRUE

#24 Asynchronous computer- mediated communication is

b Communication takes place remotely at different times

#10 Icons and other graphical representations should NOT enable users to readily distinguish their meaning

b FALSE

#10 Presentation of the findings should overstate the evidence

b FALSE

#11 Bordering and spacing are NOT effective visual ways of separating info that makes it easier to perceive and locate items

b FALSE

#14 User frustration NOT happens when an application doesn't work properly or crashes

b FALSE

#15 User frustration NOT happens when a system requires users to carry out specific step to perform a task

b FALSE

#17 Embodied conversational interface agents are formed, often to be NOT understood as generating verbal and non-verbal output

b FALSE

#18 Focussed and divided attention NOT enables us to be selective in terms of the mass of competing stimuli but limits our ability to keep track of all events

b FALSE

#20 Information at the interface should NOT be structured to capture users'attention

b FALSE

#21 Expressive interfaces is NOT how the 'appearance'of an interface can affect users

b FALSE

#23 Interface metaphors are NOT commonly used as part of a conceptual design

b FALSE

#23 Synchronous computer- mediated communication defines conversations supported in offline through paper notes

b FALSE

#24 Persuasive technologies is how technologies can be implemented to change people's attitudes and behavior

b FALSE

#25 Asynchronous computer- mediated communication defines communication takes place remotely at same times

b FALSE

#26 Persuasive technologies is how technologies can NOT be designed to change people's attitudes and behavior

b FALSE

#5 Different approaches emphasize different elements e.g. class diagrams for non-object-oriented systems, entity-relationship diagrams for data intensive systems

b FALSE

#14 Process of interaction design is NOT: Identify version - Develop user experience - Building design - Evaluate needs, but:

b Identify needs - Develop design - Building version - Evaluate user experience

#24 Designs imply what for implications?

b Readily distinguishtheir meaning

#4 Good utility is one of followings that is usability goals, but what NOT?

b Satisfactory

#12 All usability and user experience goals will NOT be relevant to design and evaluation of developing product

b TRUE

#17 The current speaker continues talking is rule 3 of Conversational mechanisms

b TRUE

#18 Another person decides to start speaking is rule 2 of Conversational mechanisms

b TRUE

#19 The current speaker chooses the next speaker by asking an opinion is rule 1 of Conversational mechanisms

b TRUE

#21 Usability and user experience goals should be separated with appropriate measures

b. FALSE

#22 Data gathering for requirement including: Interview, questionaire, and studying documentation

b. FALSE

#23 CASE STUDY 8.1 NOT uses ethnographic data to understand Idian ATM usage?

b. FALSE

#23 Interface type in 1980s NOT included command and WIMP/GUI

b. FALSE

#24 Data gathering for requirement including: Interview, questionaire, observation, prototype and studying documentation

b. FALSE

#24 Data in the qualitative data is NOT more difficult to measure than quantitative data

b. FALSE

#282 user interacting computer,but developer is responding rather than system

'Wizard-of-Oz' prototyping

#283 Usually done early in design to understand users' expectations

'Wizard-of-Oz' prototyping

The various coordinating mechanisms that are used

(e.g., rules, procedures)- What's involved

Focuses on the pleasurable aspects of our interactions with products

(i) physio-pleasure, (ii) socio-pleasure, (iii) psycho-pleasure, (iv) ideo-pleasure (cognitive)

email, newsgroups, texting

(of Asynchronouscomputermediated communication)

They use: verbal and non-verbal communication, schedules, rules, and conventions, shared external representations

- Coordination mechanisms

... in which each expert typically spends 1-2 hours independently inspecting the product, using the heuristics for guidance.

. evaluation period

Match the name and definition of prototyping types:

1 - A; 2 - C; 3 - D; 4 - B;

Match the types of interface with the definitions

1 - A; 2 - D; 3 - B; 4 - C;

Match the name with the description of interaction types:

1 - B, 2 - A, 3 - C

21 Cognitive walkthroughs are guided by ... questions

According to Strauss and Corbin (1998), how many aspects of "coding" in grounded theory?

How many fundamental activities that are recognized in all design

How many kinds of average?

How many life cycles in HCI

How many main usability goals you would like for your system?

How many rules of Conversational mechanisms?

How many steps in first phase of analyzing data?

How many styles in interview?

How many theories are for qualitative data analysis?

How many are there in fundamental types of interaction?

How many basic activities does the process of interaction design involve

How many basic activities of interaction design?

How many issues in data gathering

How many life cycles model in software engineering?

How many steps in user-centered design process?

How many steps of interaction design process

Planning an interview involves developing the set of questions to be covered?

How many phases have a basis RAD lifecycle model

How many phases in RAD

It is considered that .... users is an acceptable number to test in a usability study (Dumas and Redish, 1999),

5-12

Usability goal is broken down into ... goals

Usability is broken down into

6 goals

What is a conceptual model?

A high-level description of how a system is organized and operates

Paradigms defines

A particular approach that has been adopted by a community in terms of shared assumptions, concepts, values and practices

What is the waterfall lifecycle model of software development?

A. Requirement, Design, Code, Test, Maintenance

#65 Many trivial problems are often identified

Advantages and problems:Biggest problems

#66 Experts have biases

Advantages and problems:Biggest problems

Life cycles model in HCI are?

All of above

what are the Early focus on users and tasks?

All of other

What is a user-centered approach?

All of others

What is one of the tasks which quantitative data analysis for interaction design usually involves?

All of others

What is step of first steps in analyzing data?

All of others

Which is one kind of average in data analysis?

All of others

Which is one of the things that graphical representations of quantitative data help in identifying

All of others

What HTA involves?

All of the others

What are the activities of a simple interaction design?

All of the others

What is meant by "usable products"?

All of the others

What is the common form of data gathering

All of the others

21 Designs imply what for attention?

All the above

In a nutshell, what do a conceptual model provide

All the above

#30 Best experts have knowledge of application domain & users

Analytical evaluation:Advantages and problems

#1 Show how heuristic evaluation can be adapted to evaluate different products

Analytical evaluation:Aims

#2 Explain how to do doing heuristic evaluation and walkthroughs

Analytical evaluation:Aims

#3 Describe how to perform GOMS and Fitts' Law, and when to use them

Analytical evaluation:Aims

#4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of analytical evaluation

Analytical evaluation:Aims

#31 Focus on ease of learning

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#33 Expert is told the assumptions about user population, context of use, task details

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#34 One of more experts walk through the design prototype with the scenario

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#35 Experts are guided by 3 questions

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#38 The panel of experts begins by working separately

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#39 Then there is managed discussion that leads to agreed decisions

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#40 The approach lends itself well to participatory design

Analytical evaluation:Cognitive walkthroughs

#51 Fitts' Law predicts that the time to point at an object using a device is a function of the distance from the target object & the object's size

Analytical evaluation:Fitts' Law (Fitts, 1954)

#52 The further away & the smaller the object, the longer the time to locate it and point to it

Analytical evaluation:Fitts' Law (Fitts, 1954)

#53 Fitts' Law is useful for evaluating systems for which the time to locate an object is important

Analytical evaluation:Fitts' Law (Fitts, 1954)

#45 Goals - the state the user wants to achieve

Analytical evaluation:GOMS

#46 Operators - the cognitive processes & physical actions needed to attain the goals

Analytical evaluation:GOMS

#47 Methods - the procedures for accomplishing the goals

Analytical evaluation:GOMS

#48 Selection rules - decide which method to select when there is more than one

Analytical evaluation:GOMS

#10 Based on heuristics distilled from an empirical analysis of 249 usability problems

Analytical evaluation:Heuristic evaluation

#11 These heuristics have been revised for current technology

Analytical evaluation:Heuristic evaluation

#12 Heuristics being developed for mobile devices, wearables, virtual worlds, etc

Analytical evaluation:Heuristic evaluation

#13 Design guidelines form a basis for developing heuristics

Analytical evaluation:Heuristic evaluation

#9 Developed Jacob Nielsen in the early 1990s

Analytical evaluation:Heuristic evaluation

#5 Experts use their knowledge of users & technology to review software usability

Analytical evaluation:Inspections

#6 Expert critiques (crits) can be formal or informal reports

Analytical evaluation:Inspections

#7 Heuristic evaluation is a review guided by a set of heuristics

Analytical evaluation:Inspections

#8 Walkthroughs involve stepping through a pre-planned scenario noting potential problems

Analytical evaluation:Inspections

#49 GOMS has also been developed to provide a quantitative model - the keystroke level model

Analytical evaluation:Keystroke level model

#50 The keystroke model allows predictions to be made about how long it takes an expert user to perform a task

Analytical evaluation:Keystroke level model

#14 Visibility of system status