Exam 2 Paragraphs

Explain the benefits and disadvantages of liberalist control during the last part of the nineteenth century.

Liberals >look to Europe for future >wants reduced power & influence of Catholic Church >supports urbanization >promotes free trade >wants end of hierarchies, slavery and free Indian tribute >supports order and progress >supports foreign investment -Upper class revolted against liberals with conservatives, fought for 3 years, liberals defeated rebels, Juarez=president again

Describe how Sarmiento explained the conflict between civilization and barbarism in 19th-century Argentina.

-He said that they cannot have laws and order in Argentina because it is so spread out and the gauchos are still able to rise up and use caos. -said the gauchos are dangerous to the nation because they have a hatred for men of refinement and acts of necessary cruelty makes them familiar with bloodshed and hardens their hearts -he said that people cannot lead with the way that the gauchos are -terror, blood, barbarism

Describe two different examples of women's life in nineteenth-century Latin America.

-Richard Slatta, chapter in book called Women and Family Life >women in the gauchos eyes were seen as worthless and all they served as was a distraction and didn't do anything >Life growing up in the Pampas for girls was learning how to take care of the house and other chores -Flora Tristán >wrote Women of Lima >Women of Lima had to wear a saya(national costume) and manto that entirely hid their faces, so that they were able to go out and flirt >the costumes changes the person >gives the women more freedom >the Lima women were seen as free and enjoys her independence. >concerned very little with household affairs but devote just enough time to keep everything in order

Describe how Latin American poets depicted the United States-Latin American relationship.

-Rubén Darío wrote To Roosevelt >in this poem he offers a warning >reaction to what happened in Panama- revolt >response to Roosevelt's invasion of Panama in 1903 >he said to Roosevelt that we have just as much history but we also have peace, love and God on our side -Pablo Neruda wrote The United Fruit Company >it was L.A's most famous poem >takes socialist approach >about American imperialism >US managed to take advantage of these countries from their own benefit >influences/exploited corrupt Central American politicians dependent on income from the banana business in the early mis-20th century

Explain how the changing image of the gaucho throughout the nineteenth century reflected the sociopolitical evolution of Argentina.

-The gaucho was originally a Spaniard of the Rio de la Plata region who lived off the land by relying primarily on cattle for food and other necessities -many gauchos became soldiers -Sarmiento in his writing (Sarmiento Describes the Gaucho) he had a certain type of vision of Argentina; one that would be defined by European influence -S. sees the gauchos as a drain on society that kept Argentina from realizing its potential as a nation -gauchos that are independent were seen as a threat and a law was made to collect them forcibly and make them fight -force associated with authentic Argentinian image

What were the main conflicts in post-independence Latin America?

-US intervention caused tremendous resentment among many Cubans who thought the US were trying to help Cuba become independent -US takes advantage of Cuba >controls sugar industry, makes them follow Platt Amendment, US gets Guantanamo Bay

Describe the influence of foreign investment in Latin America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

-a lot of investment by European -Lo moderno- el tren -started dressing like the Europeans and playing European sports -started forming elite sports clubs >sign of being prestige -huge European migration (especially to places like Argentina)

Describe the relationship between the US and Latin America in the nineteenth century.

-economic and political tension and rivalry

Explain the importance of Benito Juarez for nineteenth-century Mexico.

-from Oaxaca -lead La Reforma: liberal political and social revolution in Mexico -1st indigenous president -zapotec -liberal -Anti-clerical -the resistance movement that he made was able to defeat the war and forced Maxamilian to be executed -Mexican lawyer and liberal politician of Zapotec -he was an important Mexican liberal during the time of the US Mexican War -opposed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -he successfully defended his government against Conservative opponents in the War of the Reform

Explain how gaucho traditions have been maintained in Argentina. Give specific examples.

-tradition of the gauchos is drinking mate -they used to carry knives (facón) and used it to eat, work and fight -they had the bolas, which is an instrument used for work and as a weapon -the malabo: dance from Argentina and originated as a tournament of gaucho skills, danced so by men

Describe the causes and influences of the Independence movements in Latin America.

1)Enlightenment though -popular sovereignty, people together have the right to rule and not just God -Ex: writers like Thomas Pain (thinking on how communities can govern themselves) 2)Revolutionaries -1776: American Revolution -1789: French Revolution 3) Free commerce interest -criollos resentment of political/economic interests and Spanish control 4)Juntas (independence) -no to the French -create own government to rule country -Napolian invasion of Spain-(1810) >Venezuela >Argentina -> Real movement of independence came from the criollos

Describe how the ideas that José Martí expressed in "Our America" break from the Latin American liberalist tradition.

1)Freedom-from Spain 2)US- is a threat 3)racial inequality 4)unity 5)strength=American history -laws+systems=OURS

Explain the benefits and disadvantages of the United Fruit Company's involvement in Central America and the Caribbean.

Benefits: railroads, ports, schools, employment, hospitals, housing Disadvantages: Vast lands underdeveloped, monopolized banana industry, discouraged national development, interfered in local politics, racist practices, unstratified US interventions, controlled transported tariffs

Describe the difficulties faced by the two great Liberators of Latin America during the Independence movement.

Bolivar >he had to fight to impose unity on the revolution and it broaden its social base, both become permanent challenges to Latin American leaders -Gran Colombia >Bolivars vision was to unite and create a US(Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) >didn't work because everyone wanted their own territory and power -the unequal distribution of land and the landowner's inability to use it effectively combined to prevent social and economic development in L.A. -HUGE gap between wealthy creoles and EVERYONE else is dirt poor