exam 2- psych

Which of the following statements is true about taste? Select one: a. All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste b. Tastants are pleasant stimuli and odorants are unpleasant stimuli c. The back of the tongue contains receptors for bitter taste so that we can spit out potentially poisonous food d. Taste is a "contact" sense while smell is a "chemical sense"

a. All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste

When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests: Select one: a. Fear may undermine their performance b. Their fluid intelligence declines. c. They will often work harder to overcome the stereotype but their performance will remain unaffected. d. They are able to overcome biases in the tests.

a. Fear may undermine their performance

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct? Select one: a. In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses. b. In operant conditioning, the behaviors are elicited by the stimulus, whereas in classical conditioning, the behaviors are emitted by the organism. c. In operant conditioning, the likelihood of the response leading to the outcome is certain, whereas in classical conditioning, the likelihood of the US eliciting the UR is uncertain. d. In operant conditioning, the outcome does not depend on the organism's response, whereas in classical conditioning, whether the US is present does depend on the organism's response.

a. In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

A memory template created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events is known as a schema. What is the best example of a schema below? Select one: a. Jessica knows that when going to a restaurant it is typical to be seated, given menus, time to order, and she will be expected to pay the bill after she finishes eating. b. Terri believes that Chinese students should like taking tests more than Australian students due to personal opinions her parents have shared with her. c. Grayer feels that sidewalks should work like streets, where people walk on the same side of the sidewalk as where they'd drive on the street. d. Barry has never been to a library so turns to others around him to know how to act.

a. Jessica knows that when going to a restaurant it is typical to be seated, given menus, time to order, and she will be expected to pay the bill after she finishes eating

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what? Select one: a. Reinforcer devaluation effect b. Renewal effect c. Law of effect d. Preparedness

a. Reinforcer devaluation effect

Emily naturally blinks whenever her sister pretends she's going to poke her in the eye. Her sister, a psychology major, then decides to have a little fun. She pairs the word "psychology" (conditioned stimulus) with pretending to poke Emily in the eye (unconditioned stimulus). Soon, Emily blinks as soon as she hears the word "psychology." According to the concept of blocking, what would happen in this scenario if Emily's sister also started snapping her fingers when she said the word psychology? Select one: a. Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus b. Emily will stop blinking because she is getting too many conditioned stimuli than classical conditioning can account for c. Emily will blink twice, one for each conditioned stimulus that causes the conditioned response d. Snapping her fingers will become a second conditioned stimulus causing Emily to blink

a. Snapping her fingers will not have any additional effects because it is not adding any surprise to predict the unconditioned stimulus

Psychologists best define drive states as: Select one: a. affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill survival or reproductive goals b. the cause of all human thoughts, feelings, and actions c. inflexibly defined patterns of behavior common to all organisms d. the desire to be accomplished in one's field of study

a. affective experiences that motivate organisms to fulfill survival or reproductive goals

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura? Select one: a. attention, retention, initiation, motivation b. attention, initiation, motivation, retention c. initiation, motivation, attention, retention d. motivation, attention, retention, initiation

a. attention, retention, initiation, motivation

System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________. Select one: a. conscious; slow b. intuition; slow c. conscious; fast d. intuition; fast

a. conscious; slow

The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur. Select one: a. discriminative b. contextual c. reflexive d. temporal

a. discriminative

Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods. Select one: a. emotional Intelligence b. practical Intelligence c. street smarts d. interpersonal intelligence

a. emotional intelligence

When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her: Select one: a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. information processing memory d. implicit memory

a. episodic memory

According to researcher Carol Dweck, when children believe that their intelligence is changeable and evolving, they experience a(n) ________ mindset. She notes that this mindset is healthier than other beliefs about one's own intelligence. Select one: a. growth b. malleable c. dynamic d. static

a. growth

In order to achieve a goal, a certain level of psychological driving force is need to enable action. What is this psychological driving force called? Select one: a. motivation b. priming c. self-regulation d. goals

a. motivation

Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. Instead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as a ___________. Select one: a. photo spread b. mock witness profile c. schema d. foil

a. photo spread

Dianne is learning to play tennis. She is quite an accomplished badminton player. She is having a difficult time adjusting her stroke to account for the weight of the racquet and ball in tennis. This is an example of: Select one: a. proactive interference b. semantic interference c. retroactive interference d. cerebellar interference

a. proactive interference

Memory that is not embedded in a context is called: Select one: a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. implicit memory d. information memory

a. semantic memory

Kai has now learned that the past participle of "run" is "ran", and no longer incorrectly says "runned". In which area of language development is he progressing here? Select one: a. syntactic b. narrative c. semantic d. pragmatic

a. syntactic

Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect? Select one: a. The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. b. The more you watch soccer on TV, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. c. The more you play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. d. The younger you are when you begin to play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.

a. the more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.

In the real world Classical and Operant Conditioning occur together. The stimulus - response - outcome framework can explain many behaviors. Occasion setting is defined in the most complex link. Occasion setting is when: Select one: a. the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect b. the response signals the stimulus-outcome relationship is in effect c. it is time to throw a party d. the outcome signals the stimulus-response relationship is in effect

a. the stimulus signals the response-outcome relationship is in effect

Imagine that you have a pet rat named Scabbers. Normally, you feed Scabbers bits of lettuce, carrots, fruit, and plain cheerios. However, you've noticed that Scabbers has started to become very picky - he refuses to eat almost anything you give him. What part of Scabbers' brain might be damaged? Select one: a. ventromedial hypothalamus b. medial hypothalamus c. dorsal hypothalamus d. lateral hypothalamus

a. ventromedial hypothalamus

Which type of intelligence related skill would be found in Stratum I? Select one: a. verbal comprehension b. broad retrieval c. processing speed d. auditory perception

a. verbal comprehension

Stimulus-control techniques have gained popularity in laboratory research. Now, scientists interested in perception have studied "higher" cognitive processes in pigeons such as whether or not they know how to categorize. This higher cognitive process can also be described as which of the following? Select one: a. Ability to recognize new stimulus items b. Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes c. Ability to self-regulate responses to gain higher rewards d. Ability to perceive different colors and shapes

b. Ability to sort or arrange different items into classes

"Feelings" is a general term used to describe a wide range of states that include emotions, moods, and traits. These states are similar in the fact that they involve changes in subjective experience, physiological responding, and behavior in response to a meaningful event. What are the differences between these states of emotions, moods, and traits? Select one: a. Emotions may last for days, whereas moods typically occur on the order of seconds, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations. b. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations. c. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, moods are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations, and traits may last for days. d. Emotions are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations, and moods typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas traits may last for days.

b. Emotions typically occur on the order of seconds, whereas moods may last for days, and traits are tendencies to respond a certain way across various situations.

Which of the following is not a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures? Select one: a. The quality of childhood nutrition has generally increased over time. b. IQ tests have become progressively easier over time. c. The rates of many childhood diseases have fallen over time. d. The amount of scientific education people typically receive has increased over time.

b. IQ tests have become progressively easier over time.

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning? Select one: a. In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary. b. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary. c. In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning. d. In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning

b. In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective: Select one: a. People generally show differences in their abilities in sub-areas of the intelligence test such as math scores and verbal score. b. People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores. c. Traditional intelligence tests fail to tap true ability. d. Different sub tests in intelligence tests show no correlation.

b. People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores.

Which of the following best explains the fact that Marcus doesn't need additional sensory information when listening to a friend speak to him while they are in a quiet library? Select one: a. Multimodal perception b. Principle of inverse effectiveness c. Superadditive effect of multisensory integration d. Superior Temporal Sulcus

b. Principle of inverse effectiveness

Which of the following is the best definition of "Just Noticeable Differences"? Select one: a. The phenomenon in which bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed. b. The phenomenon in which the minimum possible threshold for sensing a stimuli is identified. c. The phenomenon in which people become less sensitive to stimuli over the lifespan. d. The phenomenon in which visual stimuli takes priority in the brain over audio stimuli of the same intensity.

b. The phenomenon in which the minimum possible threshold for sensing a stimuli is identified

According to the Flynn Effect, which of the following would be the most accurate prediction about intelligence? Select one: a. When fraternal twins Marcie and Marcus take the same test of intelligence, Marcie will score 10 to 15 points higher than Marcus. b. When Chris takes a test of intelligence and his grandson Abraham takes an equivalent test 50 years later, Abraham will have a higher score. c. If you give Quianna an intelligence test, she is likely to perform better in the morning or in the evening than she would if she took the same test in the middle of the afternoon. d. When Sorel takes an intelligence test in his native language of Flemish, he will perform better than when he takes the same test translated into English, which Sorel speaks as a second language.

b. When Chris takes a test of intelligence and his grandson Abraham takes an equivalent test 50 years later, Abraham will have a higher score.

A Pavlovian conditioned response elicits: Select one: a. salivation b. a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed c. a voluntary response d. the single reflex that is measured

b. a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed

Intelligence is: Select one: a. the ability to navigate many different social and academic settings b. an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information c. how smart someone is d. a trait that cannot be measured

b. an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Joseph is very focused on counting the number of acorns that have fallen from a tree in his front yard. He is concentrating so hard, in fact, that he fails to notice the obvious and important fact that there is dog poop underneath the tree as well. Failing to notice this available information leads Joseph to step in the mess. Which of the following is this an example of? Select one: a. bounded rationality b. bounded awareness c. bounded self-interest d. bounded willpower

b. bounded awareness

Research finds that the USA has organ donation consent rates of about 4.25 to 44%. In some other countries, that rate is as high as 99% or above. According to the text, what would increase organ donation consent rates in the USA? Select one: a. changing to an "opt in" system in the USA b. changing to an "opt out" system in the USA c. offering financial incentives for people to become organ donors d. making organ donation mandatory except in cases of medical exceptions

b. changing to an "opt out" system in the USA

In Pavlov's experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell, generally? Select one: a. unconditioned. b. conditioned. c. discriminative. d. neutral.

b. conditioned

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)? Select one: a. taste aversion conditioning b. conditioned compensatory responses c. operant conditioning d. reinforcement responses

b. conditioned compensatory responses

Shared, socially transmitted ideas that are reflected in and reinforced by institutions, products, and rituals are called __________. Select one: a. ethnicity b. culture c. race d. nationality

b. culture

When it comes to making rational decisions humans tend to rely heavily on _________. Select one: a. all of these b. intuition c. what others think d. systematic thinking

b. intuition

Louisa and Ray are evaluating the amount of recess time that should be given in the next school year at a new combined school for children from School A and School B. Louisa has a report that says over the last year children had no recess time at School A. Ray has a report that children had 60 minutes of research time each day. Due to anchoring, Louisa is likely to give a recommendation that is: Select one: a. the same as Ray's b. lower than Ray's c. unrelated to Ray's: she will stay with her current statistics from school A (zero recess time) d. higher than Ray's

b. lower than Ray's

The nerves that are responsible for converting tactile stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can understand are called __________ receptors. Select one: a. somatotopic b. mechano c. somatosensory d. auditory

b. mechano

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a: Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

b. positive reinforcement

Dr. Zaius is always emphasizing the importance of earning good grades. Almost every day in class, he says that if students don't get good grades, they won't be accepted into graduate school or will miss out on job opportunities. Dr Zaius' emphasis on the negative outcomes of grades illustrates a _______ focus on goals. Select one: a. deliberative b. prevention c. promotion d. implemental

b. prevention

The drive of hunger declines when you eat and eventually leads to the termination of eating behavior. What is another term used to describe the fulfillment of the hunger drive? Select one: a. plenum b. satiation c. replenishment d. success threshold

b. satiation

Bosay is at the electronics store trying to decide which new game system to buy. She takes her time, studies the features of each, and is very effortful in her decision. When she finally buys a system, she feels confident that she has made the right choice. Bosay has used ________ decision making to assist with this purchase. Select one: a. System 1 b. System 2 c. Type B d. Type A

b. system 2

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is: Select one: a. the response given by the subject outside of the stimulus b. the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus c. the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus d. the response triggered by the conditioning

b. the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor-you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in-but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect. Select one: a. celebrity b. tip-of-the-tongue c. forgetting d. slippage

b. tip-of-the-tongue

Which of the following would be an example of a 'false memory'? Select one: a. Drew learned about organic chemistry when he was in junior high school, but now that he is in his fifties he cannot recall any of the details of those lessons. b. Sarah is 8 years old and often tells her mother about conversations that she had with her "imaginary friend." Sarah is aware that this friend does not really exist. c. Gina remembers getting lost in a shopping mall when she was a child because her sister often tells her that this event occurred, even though it never really happened. d. When he was a child, Hector was tormented by a child who lived in his neighborhood. Today, as an adult, Hector has no memory of these painful events.

c. Gina remembers getting lost in a shopping mall when she was a child because her sister often tells her that this event occurred, even though it never really happened.

Judge Martinez is presiding over a murder trial, and is getting ready to explain to the jury what their role will be as they hear the case. If he wants to reduce the problems associated with memory and the legal system, which of the following should he do based on recommendations offer in the text? Select one: a. Give each lawyer a chance to speak privately with the jury members. b. Remind the jury that eyewitness testimony is inadmissible in court and should not be considered. c. Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony. d. Make sure that all jurors come to a quick decision since intuitive decisions are often more accurate than careful deliberation.

c. Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony.

While gossip can hurt individuals, it has upsides. What is one of the main functions of gossip in our social world? Select one: a. Gossip spreads information which helps to identify the weak links in the communication chain. b. Gossip allows individuals to express their frustration in an open environment with little risk to their own social identity. c. Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances. d. Gossip creates social bonds between individuals meeting for the first time.

c. Gossip helps regulate the social world by communicating what is right or wrong and under what circumstances.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? Select one: a. a promotion at work b. a good grade on a test c. a glass of water d. praise from parents

c. a glass of water

When Oludapipo goes into a car dealership to shop for a new truck, the price sticker on the vehicle that he wants says $32,000 even though he thinks it should really be closer to $25,000. As he negotiates with the salesperson, Oludapipo offers 30,000 rather than starting at $25,000. In this example, the number on the price sticker has served as a(n) __________. Select one: a. heuristic b. adjustment c. anchor d. bounded rationality

c. anchor

As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error __________. Select one: a. stabilizes b. increases c. declines d. is no longer important

c. declines

Your drive to school each day is pretty standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, you are sitting at a red light when you witness a high speed car chase - complete with cops, a helicopter, and news vans. Even years later, you can recall lots of details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to school? Select one: a. Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect b. retroactive interference c. distinctiveness d. proactive interference

c. distinctiveness

Which of the following is consistent with the concept behind drive-states? Select one: a. eating a doughnut that someone brought to work after a large breakfast b. buying the newest generation of iPhone c. drinking a glass of water after a long hike d. working hard to earn a promotion

c. drinking a glass of water after a long hike

Which of the following emotions would combine high arousal (HA) and unpleasant (N) dimensions? Select one: a. astonished b. unhappy c. hostile d. sluggish

c. hostile

Paulo is being tested in the office of a licensed psychology. The test is examining Paulo's ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information. In short, his cognitive capacity is being assessed. Paulo is probably undergoing a(n) __________ test. Select one: a. adaptive skills b. memory c. intelligence d. aptitude

c. intelligence

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________. Select one: a. primary somatosensory cortex b. cribriform plate c. olfactory epithelium d. anosmia

c. olfactory epithelium

The tendency to inflate your own sense of competence or to be more certain than you should be is called __________. Select one: a. anchoring b. intuition c. overconfidence d. a type II error

c. overconfidence

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced: Select one: a. lexicon b. situation modeling c. priming d. intergroup bias

c. priming

Perception plays a large role in successful self-regulation. When individuals perceive the discrepancy between their current state and their desired end state, they are calculating their ______________. In comparison, ______________ involves the perception of the value and attainability of a goal. Select one: a. highlights; balance b. balance; highlights c. progress; commitment d. commitment; progress

c. progress; commitment

What phenomenon describes the possibility of an extinguished response being activated again in a new context? Select one: a. extinction b. recovery c. renewal effect d. context cues

c. renewal effect

A _______________ is a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description. Select one: a. social brain hypothesis b. linguistic intergroup bias c. situation model d. cognitive map

c. situational model

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place. Select one: a. a set of rules b. a complex game c. social models d. reinforcements

c. social models

Susan ate a donut even though she is on a diet because they were at the morning meeting and she had skipped breakfast. Susan demonstrated bounded __________; the argument that we give greater weight to our immediate concerns, even when they are in opposition to our long-term goals. Select one: a. awareness b. self-interest c. willpower d. ethicality

c. willpower

Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the _______ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are appropriate to show. Select one: a. acting b. mood c. politeness d. display

d. display

When motivation is driven by the benefits associated with achieving a goal, such as fame or fortune, it is __________. Select one: a. equilibrated b. homeostatic c. intrinsic d. extrinsic

d. extrinsic

Wei-Tang is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wei-Tang chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate? Select one: a. hindsight bias b. functional fixedness c. mental set d. framing effect

d. framing effect

When a goal-directed action becomes automated and routine it is called a: Select one: a. association b. learned behavior c. conditioned response d. habit

d. habit

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ and _____________ in regulating the social world. Select one: a. stereotypes and outgroups b. friendships and ingroups c. social networks and friendships d. ingroups and outgroups

d. in-groups and outgroups

Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence: Select one: a. ability to problem solve to a high level: ability to problem solve at a basic level b. ability to apply information in novel settings: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations c. ability to problem solve at a basic level: ability to problem solve at a high level d. information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

d. information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

__________ motivation stems from the inherent pleasure associated with pursuing a goal, such as having a fulfilling experience. Select one: a. Goal-focused b. Extrinsic c. Drive-focused d. Intrinsic

d. intrinsic

Half-way through your 15 mile hike, you realize that you forgot your water bottle. By the time you get back to your car, all you can think about it getting something to drink. You stop at the store, but they are charging $10 for a bottle of water. Even though that price is outrageous, you willingly pay it because you are so thirsty. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. set point b. reinforcement value c. illustrative motivational state d. narrowing of attention

d. narrowing of attention

Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individual's: Select one: a. personality b. intelligence c. coping style d. personal identity

d. personal identity

Kurt's mom was so upset when she overheard him swearing that she made him clean his room! This is an example of: Select one: a. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment

d. positive punishment

According to the module, if you are European American, what is the biggest contributor to life satisfaction? Select one: a. physical health b. relationship harmony c. conformity to emotional norms d. self-esteem

d. self-esteem