Exam 2 - Quiz Questions and Answers

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a(n) ______ reinforcement schedule.

Fixed ratio

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

How did Lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

He trained rats in the correct route through a maze, then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that this did not inhibit their progress through the maze.

Hertz is a measure of ________.

Hertz

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

It was not empirical.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm?

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch TV after he cleans his room. Evidently, Reggie's mother is attempting to use _______ to increase room cleaning.

Positive reinforcement

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as __ is to ___.

Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

Which of the following is false about sensation?

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."

The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system."

The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."

The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."

An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. According to Pavlov, the dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light:

a half-second before the food

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his levels of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by ___.

a negative reinforcer

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

If the sound of an electric can opener causes a cat to salivate because the can opener has been associated with the presentation of food, the cat's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n):

conditioned response

in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World", infants develop a fear or roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the rose is the:

conditioned stimulus

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

Your heart may race when confronted by a lion but not when approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of:

discrimination

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

how to use a microwave

The ________is also known as the anvil.

incus

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

kinesthesia

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

mild

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is influenced by:

negative reinforcement

You are driving up 101 towards Santa Maria in our 2007 Corvette, pushing the limit at nearly 110 mph. Suddenly, a CHP car comes up behind you, lights and sirens flashing. After you pull over, the CHP officer writes you a speeding ticket that costs nearly $300. Paying the ticket is an example of:

negative reinforcement

You come home after a long day to find your infant daughter crying nearly uncontrollably. You picker her up and rock her. After a bit, she stops crying. Your behavior of picking up your daughter and rocking he is being:

negatively reinforced

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. For Arnold, washing the car is a:

positive reinforcer

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be advised to:

simply ignore her complaining.

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.

subliminal message

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon (tasting)

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Punishment is potentially a hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behavior because:

the use of punishment could condition the children to fear and avoid school.

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

unpredictable number of responses have been made

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children