Exam 2 Review

yogurt has 2 grams of fat, how many kcalories?

18

regular consumption of omega - ___ fatty acids suppresses ___________________, which may protect against some cancers

3 inflammation ex. fish oil supplements

fat supplies __________ percent of energy needs during rest

60

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

__________ cells restore fat after meals

Adipose

Explain difference between cis and trans fatty acids

Cis-and trans-refers to the configuration of hydrogens around the double bond. Trans-fatty acids have hydrogens on OPPOSITE sides of the double bond. Cis-fatty acids have both hydrogens on the SAME side of the double bond (hint: remember cis-and "same").

fatty acids contain an even/odd number of carbons

Even

Triglycerides consist of a ______________ and three fatty acid tails

Glycerol

fats spoil (go rancid) when exposed to what?

Oxygen

Explain partial vs. total hydrogenation

Partial hydrogenation: most often occurs during food processing, where double bonds remain but are changed from cis-to trans-configuration. Total hydrogenation: creates saturated fats from unsaturated ones.

T or F Fatty acid deficiencies are Rare in the US

True

T or F US diet contains excessive solid fats

True

when counting carbons to locate the double bond, you start at which end? a) methyl also known as.... b) acid

a omega

Match these a) sterol b) Phospholipid With these a) Cholesterol b) ex. Lecithin c) soluble in fat and water d) ex. vitamin D e) from cell membranes f) structural component in cell membranes

a --> a, d, f b --> b, c, e

Match these a) saturated fat b) unsaturated fat c) polyunsaturated fat (omega 3 and 6) with these a) had one double bond b) all carbons are linked to hydrogens only c) contains no double bond d) more than one double bond present

a --> b & c b --> a c --> d

Match these a) chylomicrons b) very-low-density lipoproteins c) low-density lipoproteins d) high-density lipoproteins with these a) made in the liver then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides b) higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides, taken up by cells after binding to receptors c) contain the highest amount of triglyceride and therefore are the least dense d) carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion e) high levels of this lipoprotein gave negative health implications

a --> c b --> a c --> b, e d --> d HDL is good cholesterol LDL is bad cholesterol

Unsaturated fats are called such because: a) they have no hydrogens b) they have more hydrogens than saturated fats c) they have a double bond d) they always have multiple double bonds

c not every carbon is saturated with hydrogens and therefore must form a double bond

saturated fatty acids: a) are always 18 carbons long b) have at least 1 double bond c) are fully loaded with hydrogens d) are always liquid at room temperature

c so no double bonds

1 gram of fat contains __________ kcalories a) 4 b) 5 c) 7 d) 9

d) 9 Fat contains 9 kcalories per gram carbohydrates and proteins have 4 kcalories

what speeds up rancidity

heat and light exposure

Lipoprotein lipase _______________ triglycerides

hydrolyzes

replacing ___________- fats with __________________- fats help reduce risk of heart disease

saturated unsaturated

what are SOFAS?

solid fats and added sugars

what is capable of creating saturated fats from unsaturated fats? partial or total hydrogenation?

total hydrogenation

which is more linear, trans or cis fatty acids?

trans (linear) cis (u-shaped)

In the _______ bile is made from cholesterol In the gallbladder ________ is stored In the __________ intestine bile emulsifies fats in the __________, bile that has been trapped by soluble fibers is excreted in feces

Liver bile small colon

which fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature? a) unsaturated b) saturated

b because of their tails straight and stacked (butter) unsaturated: have kinked chains that don't stack

Which are absorbed directly into the bloodstream? a) glycerol and short-chain fatty acids b) short and medium-chain fatty acids c) glycerol, short and medium-chain fatty acids d) none, they are all first transported in the lymph

c all three of these are small enough to easily cross into the intestinal cells and then bloodstream

Saturated fatty Acids: a) are always 18 carbon long b) have at least one double bond c) are fully loaded with hydrogens d) are always liquid at room temperature

c carbons are fully saturated with hydrogens, so NO double bonds

MUFA

monounsaturated fatty acid

Linolenic acid is a ____________ percent of daily energy

omega 3 5 - 10 %

linoleic acid is a ____________ percent of daily energy

omega 6 0.6 - 1.2 %

which fat spoils first? Unsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated?

polyunsaturated

PUFA

polyunsaturated fatty acid

Having too much or too little fat can lead to good/poor health

poor

during times of energy deprivation, fat and lean _____________ tissue are used for energy

protein