EXAM 2
Understand the research discussed in the lecture: including results from Marshall & Biddle; Riemsma; Hutchison; and Marcus.
24 intervention studies that used TTM for PA 18/24 studies showed significant short term effects 8/24 studies showed big long term effects Only 7 studies used all dimensions of the TTM
Understand the Relapse Prevention Model. According to the relapse prevention model (Marlatt, 1985), what are the three high-risk situations for relapse? Under what conditions is relapse more likely and why?
3 High-risk situations Personal Conflicts Negative emotional states Social Pressure Probability of relapse is increased if coping ability is low Decreased ability to cope = decreased self-efficacy
According to your text, research indicates that the largest change in self-efficacy most likely occurs between which two stages?
Action to Maintenance
What is attitude and why is it important to the study of physical activity behavior?
Attitude has 3 components Affective ↝ Our feelings of PA Cognitive ↝ Our beliefs of PA Behavioral ↝ Our actual PA behaviorIt is important to study attitude due to having a correlation with a change of behavior Change of attitude = Change in behavior
Why would a theory such as HAPA utilize a stage approach?
Both stage based and linear model Looks into behaviors hapa=nonlinear change
What are the 5 cognitive and 5 behavioral processes of change? Understand applied examples.
Cognitive Process Behavioral Process Increasing Knowledge Substituting processes Being aware of risks Enlisting Social Support Caring about consequences to others Rewarding yourself (reinforcement) Increasing healthy alternatives Committing yourself Understanding the benefits Reminding yourself
Understand the limitations/criticism of the Health Belief Model
Collection of various individual variables Lack of consistency in operationalizing of variables Application of this model to PA has not been clearly demonstrated.
Describe the decisional balance construct and how it is related to the stages of change construct.
Considers Pros and Cons. Early Stage- Cons > Pros Later Stage- Cons < Pros Pros and cons facilitate behavior change
According to table 11.1 in your text, in which of the following stages of change is the person exhibiting little or no physical activity but has an intention to meet the criterion level of activity?
Contemplation
According to Protection Motivation Theory, perceived self-efficacy is a component of which cognitive appraisal?
Coping appraisal
Describe the self-efficacy construct of the TTM and how it is related to the stages of change construct.
Critical for behavior change Increase with each stage of change Non-linear change
You are walking in a shopping center and you approach the elevator and stairs to get to the second floor. You are walking towards the elevator, but notice that the stairs have a piano on them! Each stair plays music as you walk up. You do not consider any other cognitions, you leave the elevator line and start to walk up the stairs - getting physical activity. In this case the piano on the stairs best represents:
Cue to Action
According to research, perceived severity and susceptibility are the most influential constructs in promoting long term physical activity behavior change.
False
According to the meta-analysis by Hagger, Chatzisarantis & Biddle (2002), subjective norm was a better predictor of intention than was attitude
False
According to the research by Kivineimi, Voss-Humke & Seifert (2007), cognitive beliefs such as perceived barriers and perceived behavioral control had no effect on physical activity behavior. Only affective associations had an effect.
False
In the early stages of change, perception of pros usually outweighs perception of cons.
False
The review by Hutchison, Breckon & Johnston (2009) concluded that the TTM provides an accurate, strong and comprehensive explanation of physical activity behavior.
False
The transtheoretical model really only attempts to explain the stages of behavior change, not strategies for how people transition from one stage to the next.
False
Summarize the findings of the Hagger, Chatzisarantis & Biddle (2002) meta-analysis on the Theory of Planned Behavior and physical activity behaviors. You should be able to discuss which constructs of the model were most strongly associated with physical activity behavior, which were not good predictors, and whether the added constructs of past behavior and self-efficacy were good predictors.
Good predictors Intention to behavior Attitude to intention Bad Predictors Behavior to subjective-norm Past behavior to subjective-norm Past-behavior and subjective norm was an average predictor
Between which two stages do we see the greatest increase in PA? Between which two stages do we see the smallest increase in PA? Do we see increases in PA across all stages, even "inactive" stages?
Greatest increase in PA: Prep to action Smallest increase in PA: contemplation to prep. Yes, we do see increases in PA even in transitions between not active stages.
Which of the following models/theories is considered a "hybrid" model - or classified as BOTH a stage based and linear model?
Health Action Process Approach Model
Describe the basic premises of the natural history of exercise (Sallis & Hovell, 1990).
Helps us understand the different phases of exercise involvement. Assumes different determinants at each phase Attempts to address why people drop out of exercise and why they resume.
Summarize the findings of the Hausenblas, et al. (1997) and the Symons Downs & Hausenblas (2005) meta-analyses on the Theory of Planned Behavior and physical activity behaviors. You should be able to discuss which constructs of the model were most strongly associated with physical activity behavior, and which were not good predictors.
Intention was the strongest predictor of behavior Strongest correlation intention @.5 with behavior Subjective norm is the weakest predictor of behavior Past behavior is the best predictor of intended behavior
At what point does the perception of pros begin to outweigh the perception of cons?
Later Stage
With the knowledge that you have about Jaden's grandmother and her current stage of change, she is likely to have _______________ self efficacy and a _______________ perception of barriers.
Low; High
Be aware of the limitations/critique of the transtheoretical model.
Most studies are cross sectional which limit the ability to determine cause and effect No consistent method for staging subjects Processes of change in PA is unclear Fails to account for effect for age, gender, etc.
Why was the protection motivation theory originally developed?
Originally developed to explain "fear-appeals" for health behavior Pressumes a person can be motivated to protect themselves from health threats
Discuss what is meant by the cyclical nature of the stages.
People may cycle through the stages and regress or never even reach maintenance
Understand discussion of the intention-behavior gap
Person may have great intentions but soon realizes that it actually may be incredibly hard to perform due to barriers
Name and define the 6 stages of change (both generally and with respect to PA specifically). Are these stages more like traits or states? Are they stable or dynamic?
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination Stages are both traits and states Both stable and dynamic
Jaden is a Kinesiology student. In his classes he has been learning a lot about the benefits of physical activity on mental and physical health - especially keeping you healthy and mobile in older age. Jaden knows his grandmother is sedentary and really would like to motivate her to be more active in her daily life. He decides to talk to her about exercising. In their first conversation, Jaden's grandmother tells him that she has no intention of being physically active - she is old and has not even thought about adding it in her daily life. She also is confused about what she would even do at her age for exercise. Based on this scenario, Jaden's grandmother would be placed in which stage of change?
Precontemplation
Which of the following models of behavior change was originally developed to explain "fear appeals" in health behavior change?
Protection Motivation Theory
Understand the Health Action Approach Model (HAPA) including each of the different factors/constructs.
Recognizes a shift in contiguous between motivation and volition Hybrid of attitude and belief model and a stage-based theory
What are the basic assumptions of the transtheoretical model?
Referred to as the "stages of change model" No single approach to facilitating behavior change model Behavior change is a process that progresses in changes Thoughts and behaviors are different at each stage.
What does research show us with respect to changes in self-efficacy from stage to stage?
Research confirms that this proposal increases though it is somewhat non-linear
Are the predictions about the processes of change construct fully supported by research?
Research does not consistently support this processes-by stage interaction
What were the major conclusions from the Milne, Sheeran & Orbell (2000) meta-analysis on Protection Motivation Theory and health behaviors?
Self-efficacy is a consistent predictor of PA behavior Barriers are consistently related to PA behavior No theory is shown to be a reliable predictor of PA Behavior
Is self-efficacy a good predictor of behavior change?
Self-efficacy is a good predictor of behavior change
What are the four major constructs of the TTM?
Stages of change Processes of change Decisional balance self-efficacy
Describe the processes of change construct and how it is related to the stages of change construct.
Strategies and techniques used as a person progresses through the stages. 5 processes of cognitive, 5 processes of behavioral Research does not support processes-by-change interaction.
How does the Theory of Planned Behavior differ from the Theory of Reasoned Action?
TRB contains perceived behavioral control.
From a practical standpoint, how can our knowledge of decisional balance affect how we influence behavior change?
Taking into consideration of pros and cons. Using that info, we influence a change in behavior (good or bad).
Which of the following behavior change models contains the construct of "perceived behavioral control"?
The Theory of Planned Behavior
What does the research tell us with respect to the Health Belief Model in general as well as the predictive value of each of the constructs? Discuss the predictive value of the constructs with respect to both health behavior in general as well as physical activity behavior specifically?
The application of the Health belief model to physical activity has not been clearly demonstrated Perceived barriers have the strongest differentiating factor for PA
All of the following were general conclusions of the Marshall & Biddle (2001) meta-analysis EXCEPT
The construct of decisional balance is not supported by the research.
It is a cultural norm to set new year's resolutions for behavior change goals. However, research says that these resolutions are historically doomed to failure. This supports for which phenomenon?
The intention-behavior gap
According to the Health Belief Model, in order for a person to change their behavior, they must possess which of the following views?
They must be convinced the behavior will be effective. They must view the consequences of NOT engaging in the behavior as being very serious.
According to the article by Kivineimi, Voss-Humke & Seifert (2007) most behavior change models consider only a person's rational thoughts and fail to account for the effect a person's feelings may have on behavior change.
True
According to the health action process approach model (HAPA), people go through non-intentional, intentional, and action stages when it comes to behavior change.
True
According to the review by Janz and Becker (1984), perceived barriers were the most consistently powerful predictive construct of the Health Belief Model.
True
One criticism of the Theory of Planned Behavior is that it lacks consistency in defining and assessing perceived behavioral control.
True
People do not always go through the stages of change in a linear fashion. Rather, they sometimes have to cycle through the stages a number of times before reaching maintenance.
True
The review by Hutchison, Breckon & Johnston (2009) concluded that too many interventions utilize only the stages of change construct of the TTM and/or fail to demonstrate an understanding of how the various constructs of the model work together to explain behavior change.
True
What are some of the major limitations/criticisms of the Theory of Planned Behavior?
Unidirectional model Fails to account for past behavior Inconsistent measurement of PA Lack of experimental support Lack of consistency in defining and assessing PBC Fails to discriminate between intention and expectation
Which of the following refers to the cognitive and/or behavioral strategies people are presumed to use in order to move from one stage to the next?
processes of change