Exam 3
What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?
OVLT and subfornical organ
In operant conditioning, reinforcement is ____.
an event that increases the future probability of a response
Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____.
are the same as the temperatures of their environments
A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ____.
confabulation
Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks.
memory
A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.
retinohypothalamic
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____.
hypothalamus
When do the secretions of melatonin begin?
a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.
activity of the vagus nerve
Leptin is produced by ____.
body fat
Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the ____.
conditioned response
What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?
consistently feeling sleepy during the day
Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____.
constant ; variable
The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.
homeothermic
Which of the following accurately describes H.M.'s memory problems?
impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory
Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____.
juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling
The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.
lateral hypothalamus
When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them.
leukocytes
What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?
osmotic
An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?
paraventricular
There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.
spatial
Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.
stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus
Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?
their own and the skin
If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop ____.
Alzheimer's disease
Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?
Part of the brain is still asleep.
When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?
Travel to the west is easier.
What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?
Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.
Producing long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system requires ____.
a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds
An electroencephalograph displays ____.
a net average of all the neurons' potentials
A set point refers to ____.
a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level
If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.
continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically ____.
cycles back through stages 3 and 2
A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to ____.
enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly
Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.
extracellular fluid
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.
interrupted or shortened REM sleep
Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced ____.
little apparent effect
Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.
loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories
The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.
melatonin
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.
occur during NREM sleep
Amyloid is to ____ as tau is to ____.
plaques; tangles
One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ____ memory with respect to the task.
procedural; explicit
Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.
reading and rereading them
The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____.
receptors around the third ventricle
Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____.
remain relatively stable
A possible treatment for Alzheimer's is the administration of drugs that ____.
stimulate acetylcholine receptors
