Exam 3

​What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure?

OVLT and subfornical organ​

​In operant conditioning, reinforcement is ____.

an event that increases the future probability of a response​

​Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____.

are the same as the temperatures of their environments​

​A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ____.

confabulation

Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on ____ tasks. ​

memory

A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN.​

retinohypothalamic

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ____. ​

​​hypothalamus

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?​

a couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

​The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____.

activity of the vagus nerve​

​Leptin is produced by ____.

body fat

​Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the ____.

conditioned response​

What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?​

consistently feeling sleepy during the day

​Homeostasis is to ____ as allostasis is to ____.

constant ; variable

​The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.

homeothermic

​Which of the following accurately describes H.M.'s memory problems?

impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory​

​Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____.

juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling​

​The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.

lateral hypothalamus​

When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them. ​

leukocytes

​What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

osmotic

​An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?

paraventricular

​There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.

spatial

​Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.

stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus​

​Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?

their own and the skin​

​If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop ____.

​Alzheimer's disease

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?

​Part of the brain is still asleep.

When traveling across time zones, how does the direction of travel affect one's adjustment to the new time zone?​

​Travel to the west is easier.

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?​

​Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming.

​Producing long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system requires ____.

​a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds

An electroencephalograph displays ____.​

​a net average of all the neurons' potentials

A set point refers to ____.​

​a very narrow range that the body works to maintain at a stable level

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they ____.​

​continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

After entering stage 4 for the first time each evening, the sleeper typically ____.​

​cycles back through stages 3 and 2

​A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to ____.

​enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly

​Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____.

​extracellular fluid

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.​

​interrupted or shortened REM sleep

​Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced ____.

​little apparent effect

​Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

​loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. ​

​melatonin

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.​

​occur during NREM sleep

​Amyloid is to ____ as tau is to ____.

​plaques; tangles

​One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ____ memory with respect to the task.

​procedural; explicit

​Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.

​reading and rereading them

​The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____.

​receptors around the third ventricle

​Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____.

​remain relatively stable

​A possible treatment for Alzheimer's is the administration of drugs that ____.

​stimulate acetylcholine receptors