Chapter 15 Quiz

Children show evidence of sensitivity to the "rules" of language by the age of _______ months.

7

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?

Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is

She interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word

Which statement best illustrates the motor theory of language?

When we listen to speech, we process the speech sounds using the same neural systems that we use to make those sounds.

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that

a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find?

abnormal expression of tau

Disturbance in reading is called

alexia

Apraxia is

an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally.

critical period

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

dyslexia

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?

fusiform gyrus

The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia.

global

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they

have difficulty understanding the meanings of words

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______.

in childhood; in adulthood

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation

Hemispheric specialization is also known as

lateralization

PET scans of brain activation during progressively more complex language processing tasks showed _______ in Broca's area as compared to activation during simple word repetition or reading aloud.

marked activation

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?

micropolygyria

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.

micropolygyria

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

recognize faces

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

restraining

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right-handed individuals

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.

right; right

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?

some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the two brain hemispheres is that the hemispheres have many connections and function as one. The solution to this has been to study _______ patients in which the _______ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres.

split-brain; corpus callosum

A native English-speaking person with _______ dyslexia would have great difficulty reading the title The Tough Coughs as He Ploughs the Dough.

surface

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Williams syndrome provides evidence for

the heritability of language

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with

the motor theory of language

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage.

within 3 months