Exam #3 prep
Jamal worked for a delivery company, and he was driving sometimes up to 10 hours a day. One afternoon, on the way back from making a delivery in his neighborhood, Jamal stopped at the uniform shop to pick up some shirts he needed for work. Usually he would run his errands in his personal vehicle after the day ended, but the uniform shop was on the way to his next delivery anyway. As he turned into the shopping center, Jamal was not paying attention and hit a bicyclist crossing the road, seriously injuring him. Is Jamal's delivery company liable for the bicyclist's injuries?
. Yes, because the stop was a minor detour from his work.
Clean Earth, Inc. is a Delaware benefit corporation that produces cleaning products using 100 percent recycled, organic, and sustainably produced materials. Several years ago, it became a socially conscious organization and has fulfilled all of the reporting requirements since then. Clean Earth executives have decided to purchase its paper product supplies (such as napkins and toilet paper) from a new supplier, who plants two trees for every tree it uses. Since this supplier charges five times more than Clean Earth's previous supplier, profits from Clean Earth's paper products are expected to be cut in half. If a Clean Earth shareholder challenges the decision as being unfair to shareholders, how will a court likely rule?
Against the shareholders, if it finds that Clean Earth has acted in a "responsible and sustainable manner."
An existing collective bargaining agreement (CBA) has expired, and the union and company are unable to reach an agreement on economic issues during negotiations for a new CBA. The expired CBA has a no-strike clause and states that the terms of the old CBA will continue in force as long as the parties are negotiating a new CBA. The union goes on strike, and the company refuses to continue negotiations until the union at least agrees that continuing to bargain would not waive the company's claim that the union had illegally struck. Eventually, the two sides return to bargaining after the company hires replacement workers. The striking workers offer to return to work, but the company refuses to rehire many of them. In court, the union claims that the company committed an unfair labor practice (ULP) by (1) insisting the strike was illegal and (2) refusing to bargain until the union acknowledged the company's position. Why it is very important to the union to establish the company committed a ULP?
Because if the union's strike was a ULP strike, the company is required to rehire the workers.
Russell and Rachel have designed a new type of cell phone that they believe will revolutionize the market. They would like to start a company to produce, market, and sell the phone, and they know that they will need a considerable amount of up-front capital investment to develop a prototype and later to create inventory to sell. What is the best form of business for Russell and Rachel?
Corporation
Camille has been working at a new architecture firm for eight months when she learns that her co-worker Ryan earns $10,000 more than she does each year. Camille is shocked because she and Ryan perform identical services for the firm and have the same rank. What should Camille do?
File a claim with the EEOC regarding a violation of the Equal Pay Act.
George and Susan open a dry-cleaning business together, but do not execute any documents or perform any formalities other than obtaining a "d/b/a" certificate for their business name: "G & S Clean." One day, when George is out for lunch, Susan burns a large hole in a customer's fur coat while cleaning it. Who is liable for the cost of the coat?
G & S Clean is liable, and both Susan and George are personally liable.
Alan and Ivan opened a kosher delicatessen, Main Court, which failed after barely a year in business. One supplier sued for overdue bills. Alan and Ivan will be liable to the supplier if Main Court was which of the following types of organizations?
General Partnership
George is president of Plumbers, Inc. He signs a contract with Susan, which calls for Susan to perform some services and receive $10,000. Susan performs, but Plumbers does not pay. Which of the following, if true, will grant Susan the right to recover from George personally?
George commingled personal assets with corporate assets.
AB has three partners, Ramon, Janna, and Jackie, and $20,000 in assets when it begins its winding-up process. FAB owes $20,000 to a supplier, $25,000 on a bank note, and $5,000 to Jackie for a loan she gave to the partnership. FAB does not have a partnership agreement. What financial rights and obligations does Jackie have?
Jackie must pay a net amount of $5,000.
A random drug test of Fire Department yielded surprising results: Lily, a firefighter, tested positive for a prescription sleep aid; Maria, the fire house secretary, tested positive for amphetamines, which are prescription drugs for stimulation. Lily and Maria both have prescriptions for these drugs, but the drugs are not permitted under the Fire Department rules. The Fire Department fires Lily and Maria. Has the Fire Department violated the law?
Lily's termination is legal; Maria's is illegal.
An elementary school custodian hit a child who wrote graffiti on the wall. Is the school district liable for this intentional tort by its employee?
No if he was an independent contractor, unless the school was negligent in hiring him.
Hannah is a restaurant manager where Ben works as a server. Hanna often flirts with Ben, telling him he gets the most tips because he is "so hot" and asking him to wear a smaller size uniform so she can see his muscles. One day, Hannah is showing a group of the servers pictures from her recent vacation and she said, "The only thing that would have made it better is if Ben was there, so I could see him on a beach without his shirt on." Ben is not actually bothered by any of Hannah's comments, but some of the other servers find them inappropriate. Does Ben have a claim for sexual harassment?
No, because Ben is not actually bothered by Hannah's conduct.
George is a gay mechanic who works for a national chain of car repair shops. George's boss, who did not know George is gay, often made comments about his opposition to gay marriage and his belief that a gay man could never be a good mechanic. One day, George's boyfriend drops George off for work and as George's boss is pulling into the parking lot, George kisses his boyfriend goodbye. The next day, George is fired. Does George have a claim for discrimination under Title VII?
No, because George is not a member of a protected category
Malcolm is a newscaster for a national television network with hundreds of employees. He is steadily promoted to roles with more on-air time and asked to cover major news stories until he turns 35. At that point, Malcolm starts noticing that he is passed over for promotions for younger coworkers with less experience. When he asks why, the network tells Malcolm that his coworkers are more energetic, and that his age makes him out-of-touch with the young viewers. Does Malcolm have a claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA")?
No, because Malcolm is not old enough to be protected by ADEA.
Zack, Gavin and Breana were college friends who decided to go into business together as a party equipment rental service. The three budding entrepreneurs formed as equal owners a Limited Liability Company (LLC) named "Parties R Us." The written operating agreement gave only Zack the authority to manage the business, hire and fire employees, and purchase equipment. Zach contributed to the LLC his knowledge in the party business (his family had owned a similar company), and Gavin and Breana each contributed $100,000 capital. Over the next year, Zack ran the business, but he did not consult with Gavin and Breana, and no meetings were held. When Gavin and Breana asked what was going on with the company, Zach said he was too busy to talk about it. At the end of the first year, despite Zach's best efforts, the LLC's cash was depleted and its liabilities significantly exceeded its assets. To make matters worse, a defective Parties R Us tent had collapsed onto a wedding group, causing serious injuries. One of the wedding guests, Margaret, sued the LLC and received a $500,000 judgement against them. Because the LLC cannot pay Margaret, is it likely that Zack, Gavin, and Breana will be held personally liable for the judgment?
No, because the LLC was an entity independent from its owners.
Frank, the CFO of Springer, Inc., concealed temporary financial losses the company suffered early in the fiscal year in Springer's annual report submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). It is illegal to submit fraudulent SEC filings, but Springer's financial situation had already improved greatly by the time the annual report was filed and Frank did not want to unnecessarily alarm shareholders. When news that Springer submitted fraudulent financials to the SEC broke, the company's stock price dropped by 15 percent and shareholders sued Frank under applicable securities laws. Frank defended on the basis that his actions were protected by the business judgment rule because he was acting in the company's best interests. Was Frank correct?
No, because the business judgment rule does not protect illegal activities.
A law firm requires that applicants for paralegal positions take a technology skills test and will hire only individuals who can type a certain number of words per minute, create sophisticated spreadsheets, and compile a slideshow presentation in under a certain amount of time. All of these are tasks the firm routinely asks paralegals to perform. Many more black applicants fail the test than white applicants. Does the test violate Title VII?
No, because the requirement is job-related and there are not less discriminatory ways to achieve the same result.
Wilma is one of five equal members of Polar, LLC. This year, Polar generates $5 million in profits. The company reinvests $4 million into the company, leaving $1 million to be divided equally among the members. How are federal income taxes paid on Polar's profits?
Wilma (and each of the members) pays taxes on their $1 million share ($5 million divided by 5) of profits.
The Fellowship is a not-for-profit corporation whose primary purpose is promoting goodwill among churches and synagogues. Its annual meeting featured various vendors with display booths. Keener, a church representative, approached the booth of Chris's Cars and Trucks (CCT) about buying a bus for his church. While Keener was test-driving one of CCT's buses, the brakes malfunctioned, and Keener was killed in the resulting crash. If CCT is liable for the accident, could The Fellowship also be liable as CCT's principal?
No, because there was no control or consent between CCT and The Fellowship.
Air USA, a private airline, requires all of its pilots to take annual eye exams to ensure that they are able to properly read all of the airplane's equipment, which often includes reading data in very small print while flying the plane. Has Air USA committed a violation?
No, because this medical exam is related to a job requirement.
The unionized employees of the Premier Music Center, which owns and operates a large concert hall, have gone on strike and are picketing in front of the venue for alleged unfair labor practices. Premier and its employees have worked closely for years with the non-unionized security guards employed by Safe Event, Inc., who also work in the hall and the nearby parking lot. May the Premier employees picket in front of the Safe Event's office as well?
No, the union can only picket in front of the concert hall
Wanda, Derek, and Mitchell formed B. Flowers, LLP three years ago. A year ago, Derek and Mitchell decided that the company was ready to open a new location and had B. Flowers take out a loan from a bank for the extra capital needed to expand. The new location has not performed well, and B. Flowers is unable to pay the remaining $50,000 owed to the bank. Is Wanda liable to the bank for the debt?
No, unless the partners have not complied with the LLP statutory filing requirements.
Marcus owns common stock in XO, an oil and energy company that is about to be liquidated. Is Marcus guaranteed to be paid in the process of dissolution?
No, unless there are assets remaining after all creditors and preferred stockholders are paid.
The German-American Vocational League was formed in New York during World War II to serve as a propaganda agency for Nazi Germany. Under U.S. law, all foreign agents were required to register, but neither the Vocational League nor its officers did so. When they were charged with violating U.S. law, they argued that they were not agents of the German government because they had no formal agency agreement. Is this a strong argument?
No. A formal contract is not necessary to establish an agency relationship
Malik asks Petra, an expert in sports collectibles, to help him find a buyer for his collection of autographed baseballs. Petra finds a buyer who is willing to pay $5,000 for the collection, but Malik scoffs at the offer and insists it is worth at least double that amount. He says he would not even consider selling for less than $7,500. The next week, someone offers to pay $1,000 for the collection. Must Petra tell Malik about the offer?
No. If Petra has no reason to believe that Malik would be interested, she does not have to pass the offer on to him.
Sandy has no employment contract with her current employer and found a new job that would pay much more than her current job and, in accordance with company policy, gave her employer two weeks' notice that she would be leaving. Upset she was quitting, her employer terminated Sandy's employment immediately. Sandy cannot start her new job for two weeks. Sandy believes her employer has breached her employment agreement, and she should be paid for the two weeks she is unemployed. Is she right?
No. Sandy is an at-will employee.
Shapely Wear, a store that sells women's lingerie, undergarments, and sleepwear, posts the following on its website: "Now Hiring a New Sales Associate! 3 - 5 years of retail experience. Excellent people skills required. Ask for an application at the store. Women only - no boys allowed!" Has Shapely Wear violated Title VII?
No. The requirement that all applicants be female is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) in this case.
Wanda, a realtor, owns stock in Mackey Land, a publicly traded real estate development company. To market her own realty business, Wanda demands that Mackey Land provide her the list of Mackey Land shareholders. Is Wanda entitled to this information?
No. This is not a proper purpose to access company information.
Madeline interviews with Orson for a position at Perfunctory magazine. During their discussion of the position's responsibilities, Orson says that Madeline will have at least three bylines per issue. Orson offers her the job, and Madeline accepts. Madeline does not have a single byline in the next two editions of the magazine. The CEO of the Perfunctory tells Madeline that because Orson's byline promise is not in her contract, the magazine does not have to honor it. Is this true?
No. Verbal promises made during the hiring process are generally enforceable, even if not approved by the company's top executives
Pro Threads, Inc., an international designer clothing manufacturer, is acquiring by merger D-Satisfaction, a small manufacturer that specializes in fitted dresses. Dresses of this type account for one half of one percent of Pro Threads' sales. Do Pro Threads and D-Satisfaction shareholders need to approve the merger?
Only D-Satisfaction shareholders need to approve the merger.
Surgeons Dr. Martin and Dr. Kellogg are partners who decided to form a professional corporation together. After the business was established, the doctors went out to celebrate the new enterprise with some colleagues. Unbeknownst to Dr. Martin, Dr. Kellogg, who was on call that day, had to leave the party to perform emergency surgery on an accident victim. Unfortunately, Dr. Kellogg had too much alcohol at the dinner and was drunk during the procedure. As a result of his intoxication, Dr. Kellogg accidently cut a major artery in the patient's abdomen, and the individual bled to death on the operating table. A jury in the malpractice suit that followed awarded a $5 million judgment against Dr. Kellogg and the corporation. Insurance covered $1 million of the damages. Who would be responsible for the remaining $4 million?
Only Dr. Kellogg would be liable for the $4 million.
The board of directors of Athletic Stride, a successful sneaker company, votes to have the company purchase a professional basketball team for $500 million dollars. The directors are all knowledgeable about the professional sports industry, and none of them have a conflict of interest in the deal. When the shareholders oppose the purchase as being unrelated to the company's business, the board argues that, as the team's owner, Athletic Stride will have invaluable marketing and sponsorship opportunities. Would a court likely uphold the board's decision to purchase the basketball team?
Probably yes, because courts generally will support a board decision if there is even a remotely rational business purpose and no other breaches of the managerial fiduciary duties.
Kurt owns 55 percent of the New England Lumber Company (NELC) stock and is also the CEO. Kurt also owns two percent of the Boston Homes stock. Boston Homes is a construction company that builds houses throughout New England. Kurt wants NELC to provide Boston Homes with all of the lumber Boston Homes needs and to give Boston Homes a ten percent discount on all of its large orders. Four NELC board members who have no interest in Boston Homes form a special committee and approve the deal. If a NELC shareholder challenges the deal between NELC and Boston Homes in court, how should the court rule?
Strike down the deal unless it is entirely fair to NELC
Lionel is the personal assistant to the head coach of a professional football team. At the end of the football season, a football player's wife gives Lionel front row tickets to the opera. What must Lionel do?
Tell his boss about the tickets. His boss may choose to keep the tickets for himself.
Liam tells Emily that he wants to buy her friend Tamara's car, but does not think Tamara will sell it to him for personal reasons. Emily tells Tamara that she knows someone who would like to buy her car, and the two draw up a contract stating that Tamara will sell the car to "an undisclosed buyer" for $10,000. After Tamara has signed the contract and given Emily the keys, Emily has Liam sign the contract, agreeing to pay the $10,000 purchase price. Liam takes the car but disappears without paying. What, if anything, will Tamara be able to recover from Emily?
The contract price of the car because Liam is an unidentified principal.
Parker had just graduated from Howard University in Washington, DC at the top of his class with a B.S. in Computer Engineering. At just 19 years old, Parker was the youngest engineer to join a prestigious engineering firm in the nation's capital. Parker's colleagues, all with graduate degrees and in their 30s and 40s, are a somewhat jealous of his youth and abilities. They start to tease him about only having a Bachelor's degree, and about his young age. His manager nicknames him "rugrat" and someone leaves a brochure about Ph.D. programs at MIT on his desk chair. The last straw is another engineer programs Parker's computer to pop up images of dirty diapers whenever he tries to work on his system. If Parker files a claim for illegal harassment against the engineering firm, what result?
The firm wins because these actions are not illegal
Lynn had worked as a medical sales representative for Bravo Medical for nine years, and consistently met or exceeded her sales goals for the company. Bravo was so pleased with Lynn that they promoted her to regional manager, and asked her to work on increasing sales of a new pharmaceutical drug called "Superlatin." Superlatin was developed as an allergy medication, and it had moderate success on the market for this use. The drug, however, was even more effective at resolving male impotency, so much so that its nickname was "Romeo." Bravo Medical asked Lynn to market Romeo to medical prescribers as a drug to treat impotency, even though it had not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Bravo's Medical Research Director insisted that Romeo was safe for use in men to resolve this issue. Lynn refuses to market the drug for anything other than the allergy application and is fired by Bravo. Does Lynn have a case for wrongful termination?
Yes, because Bravo asked Lynn to violate the law.
Gordon, an executive at EIR, Inc. and his secretary, Susannah, entered into a sexual relationship. During the course of their six-month affair, Gordon used his influence at the company to ensure that Susannah was promoted from receptionist to secretary to executive administrative assistant. When Susannah broke off their relationship, she was demoted to being a clerk in the mail room. Susannah filed a sexual harassment suit against Gordon and EIR. Assuming that Gordon's conduct constitutes sexual harassment, will EIR be liable?
Yes, because Susannah suffered a tangible employment action
Check My Work Tejasi brings suit against her employer under Title VII for disparate treatment on the basis of Tejasi's national origin. At trial, Tejasi proves that she is an Indian immigrant and that she was demoted at work after her boss stated to several coworkers: "Outsourcing is sending all of the good American jobs to India. I cannot believe that companies are giving good jobs to Indians in our own country, too." Tejasi's employer argues that her demotion was based on her poor performance and offers a poor review Tejasi received one week after the boss made his comment and one day before the demotion. Will Tejasi win her suit?
Yes, because Tejasi can likely prove that the poor review was merely pretext.
Michi Corp.'s board of directors has determined that the insolvent company will not be able recover financially and it is best to terminate the corporation. The board unanimously votes to dissolve and makes a recommendation to dissolve to the shareholders, but only 40 percent of the shareholders vote to approve dissolution. The shareholders insist that Michi is simply mismanaged and can be saved if the board appoints a new CEO. May the Michi board request a court to order dissolution of the company?
Yes, because a court may dissolve a corporation if it is insolvent or if its directors and shareholders cannot resolve a conflict over corporate management.
An amusement park in Florida is developed with an international theme section with restaurants, shops and attractions, each based on a different country. Each specific country section plans to hire "culturally authentic" employees that are natives of each nation. Before opening the park, the company's market researchers surveyed customer preferences related to the various nations that would be represented there. For the Germany section, market survey respondents believed that all Germans have blond hair and blue eyes. When hiring begins for the park, Sebastian, a German national overseeing the staffing of the Germany segment, employs many individuals of German origin that have the blond hair-blue eyes combination. Max, an Afro-German gentleman from Berlin, applies for a position in the park's "Germany." Sebastian decides not to hire Max, even though he qualifies for the job, because his race does not fit the customer preference and expectation for the Germany segment. Has the park discriminated against Max?
Yes, because a customer preference will not support a bona fide occupational qualification exception.
Barbara had a dream of opening her own bakery she planned to name "Sinful Sweets." While she saved money to start her business, she worked for a big commercial baker known as "The Bread Factory." The Bread Factory made many different types of bread, but none of the sweet baked items Barbara hoped to offer in her own shop. So, while Barbara made French baguettes and sourdough loafs, she thought about cupcake icing and baking the perfect chocolate chip cookie. Soon, the daydreaming led to snips of time searching the internet on her mobile phone for recipes; then she progressed to starting a file on her supervisor's computer desktop filled with ideas and saved searches. Barbara started testing her recipes using the bakery's materials, and she found that all her efforts were making her a better and more efficient baker. Once she had tested all her recipes at the bakery, Barbara's next step was to take two accumulated sick days to search for a storefront for Sinful Sweets. She found the perfect spot and provided two weeks' notice to The Bread Factory, including one week of vacation she had saved. Has Barbara through her actions breached a duty of loyalty to her soon-to-be former employer?
Yes, because she used The Bread Factory's resources and time to prepare for her own business.
Employees of Triec, Inc., a small electrical contractor, contacted the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and began an organizing a unionization drive. Six of the 11 employees in the bargaining unit signed authorization cards. Triec declined to recognize the union, which petitioned the NLRB to schedule an election. Triec then granted several new benefits for all workers, including higher wages, paid vacations, and other measures. When the election was held, only two of the 11 bargaining unit members voted for the union. Did Triec violate the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)?
Yes, because the company interfered with the union organization
Hank, a science professor, attends a cultural sharing and team-building event for university faculty, during which he reveals that he is a practicing Muslim. Shortly after, the head of the science department begins asking Hank many questions about his ability to separate his beliefs from his teaching material. The department head requests that the university revoke Hank's access to the chemical research labs because "Hank's extreme beliefs create a liability for the school if he has access to these dangerous substances." Hank files a Title VII suit claiming a hostile work environment on the basis of his religion. The next semester, the university cuts the funding for Hank's ongoing research project and informs him that he will be co-teaching one course, rather than his normal three courses. Has the university committed a violation beyond the potential hostile work environment?
Yes, because the university's actions towards Hank would deter a reasonable university employee from complaining about discrimination.
An appraiser valued a subsidiary of Signal Co. at between $230 million and $260 million. One month later, Burmah Oil offered to buy the subsidiary at $480 million, giving Signal only three days to respond. The board of directors accepted the offer without obtaining an updated valuation of the subsidiary or determining if other companies would offer a higher price. Members of the board were sophisticated, with a great deal of experience in the oil industry. A Signal Co. shareholder sued to prevent the sale. Is the Signal board protected by the business judgment rule?
Yes, because they acted in good faith.
Beatrix is a diamond dealer who also works as a jewelry designer at Bunny Mayhew Designs (BMD). Beatrix arranges to have one of her own company's salesmen meet with a BMD representative to try to sell some of Beatrix's available stock. May Beatrix do this?
Yes, but Beatrix must tell BMD that the salesman works for her.
Fitness World is a corporation with 75 shareholders that are individuals who all hold common stock. At an annual meeting, the shareholders unanimously voted that Fitness World should register as an S corporation with the IRS so that the shareholders may enjoy the flow-through tax benefits. Is Fitness World eligible to register as an S corp?
Yes, if all of the shareholders are U.S. citizens or residents
Mack is the local owner of a restaurant franchise. Though the national chain is known for its hotdogs, Mack wants to sell vegetarian burritos. Must Mack get permission from the franchisor?
Yes, if the franchise disclosure document demands it.
Denise was a promoter for a proposed corporation, EVR-Young Corp. As promoter, she signed a three-year lease to rent office space from Landlord. She signed her name and indicated below her signature she is signing as "promoter for EVR-Young Corp., a company yet to be incorporated." EVR-Young never files incorporation documents with the state. Is Denise personally liable for the lease?
Yes, she remains liable as the promoter on a contract for which there has been no novation.
Sammy's, Inc. is a publicly traded company. Sammy's board of directors appointed Jeb as CEO. Jeb has made a number of blunders, which drove Sammy's deeply into debt. In its first meeting in six years, the board of directors votes for Sammy's to file for bankruptcy. Has the board committed any violations?
Yes, the board has breached its duty of care
In order to obtain limited liability, Tom and Doris properly formed a limited liability company (LLC) to operate their catering business. They sometimes deposited the proceeds from catering jobs into their personal checking accounts, and if they needed to pay personal bills and were short of funds, they used the business account. If creditors of the business cannot get payment for their invoices, will a court order Tom and Doris to pay the creditors using their personal assets?
Yes, the court can pierce the veil of an LLC because Tom and Doris commingled assets.
After Classic Corp. went public at $12 a share, it began suffering many years of losses. Isaac Fogel, who owned 64 percent of the stock, decided to take the company private again by buying shareholders' stock at a price of 20 cents a share. Classic hired two financial advisers who opined that the buyout price was fair. The board of directors voted in favor of the sale and then scheduled a special shareholder meeting to vote on the buyout. Do the minority shareholders have any rights?
Yes, they have legal protection and are owed a fiduciary duty from the majority shareholders.
Olivetti Office U.S.A., Inc., has unionized workers. The company's president reported to the union that Olivetti was losing money. He insisted that unless the union renegotiated certain wage increases in the current CBA, Olivetti would subcontract work to cheaper parts of the country to save money. The union requested to bargain over the proposed subcontracting, and Olivetti agreed. But when the parties met, the company would not permit the union to see the financial data that supported its arguments. After several meetings, the company declared an impasse, implemented its subcontracting proposal, and laid off workers in Connecticut. The union claimed this was an unfair labor practice (ULP). Was it?
Yes, this was a ULP because the union has the right to see the financial statements.
Fiona, an employee at-will of Prestige Exterminators, is promoted to the manager of the accounting department. She notices that the some of the accounting procedures are not in line with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977; so she implements some policies to bring Prestige into compliance with the anti-bribery statute. A week later, Fiona is fired for "interfering with the company's operations." Does she have a claim for wrongful termination?
Yes. Employees cannot be fired for refusing to break the law.
