Exam 3

What happens after you eat a sugary snack?

1) blood glucose becomes high 2) pancreas releases insulin 3) insulin binds to receptors on target cells 4) cells take in glucose 5) blood glucose returns to normal.

If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?

A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein

stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex ?

ACTH

Part complete Which statement regarding calcium is FALSE?

Approximately 50 percent of the body's calcium is found in the blood.

____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

Bile liver fats small intestine

Which of the following statements regarding fiber is TRUE?

Dietary fiber cannot be digested in the human digestive tract.

The most accurate statement about FSH is ________.

FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

False

Part complete The hepatic portal system delivers nutrient-rich blood from the __________ to the __________.

GI tract; liver

The hepatic portal system delivers nutrient-rich blood from the __________ to the __________.

GI tract; liver

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of

HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen

The adrenal medulla shares this trait in common with both the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary glands.

It is a neuroendocrine organ

What is the target organ of Hormone ADH?

Kidney

Causes release of the egg from the ovary?

LH

The most accurate statement about LH is ________.

LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation

What is the target organ of Hormone LH?

Ovary, testis

Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) the role of hormones in calcium metabolism?

Parathyroid hormone is released when dietary calcium levels are low

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

Production of natural cortisol may decrease.

which hormone stimulates milk production?

Prolactin

Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex or its hormones is TRUE?

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses.

What impact does the added sugar and solid fat (in a donut) have on the grouping of a food on into the MyPlate?

The food would be grouped on MyPlate based on key nutrients content in it. The kilocalories from added sugar and solid fat would count toward empty kilocalories.

Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?

The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system.

All of the following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one? They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism . They are released during a female's reproductive years. They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics. They regulate the menstrual cycle . They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

Which of the following statements about trans fats is correct?

Trans fats are produced by the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats in vegetable oils.

Calcium is actively absorbed in the upper small intestine with the aid of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D.

True

Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?

When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

What is the target organ of Hormone GnRH?

adrenal cortex

Cortisol production occurs in the __________ and is stimulated by __________.

adrenal cortex ACTH

promotes sodium reuptake and potassium excretion by kidneys?

aldosterone

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

amino acids

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?

amylase

_____ are the main male hormones.

androgens

What is the target organ of Hormone thyrotropin?

anterior pituitary

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What is the target organ of Hormone prolactin?

breasts

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

calcitonin

lowers blood calcium levels ?

calcitonin

The advantage of using complex carbohydrates as an energy source rather than simple carbohydrates is that __________.

complex carbohydrates release energy more slowly, and so they provide a more sustained source of energy

hiatal hernia

condition that results in part of the stomach protruding through the opening in the diaphragm into the chest cavity

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes....

diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

In type 2 diabetes.....

diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

What is secreted into the lumen of the digestive tract during the process of digestion?

digestive enzymes acid bile

Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by

emulsifying large fat droplets into tiny ones, providing more surface area for enzymes

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response to danger?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________.

facilitated diffusion

Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both.

false

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

false

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.

fructoses

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.

glucocorticoids

When digested, fats are broken down into _____.

glycerol and fatty acids

Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats in that saturated fats

have at least two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom in their fatty acid tails

The target cells of an endocrine gland __________.

have specific receptors for the hormone

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?

hydrochloric acid

The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________.

hypothalamus

lactose intolerance

inability to digest milk sugar due to lack of an enzyme; symptoms include bloating, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

gingivitis

inflammation of the gum tissue, due to tooth decay.

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver, caused by toxic substances or viruses.

stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body?

insulin

Which element is required in the diet for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

iodine

Which of the following nutrients are digested within the small intestine?

lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Part complete Bile is produced by the __________ and stored by the __________.

liver; gallbladder

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.

maltose

What is the target organ of the growth hormone?

muscles and bones

in type 1 diabetes.....

no insulin is produced.

polyp

noncancerous growth of the mucous membrane of an organ of the digestive tract; can be detected by a colonoscopy

Foods are placed into the various groups of MyPlate based upon __________.

nutrient content

Which of the following foods would be the best source of complex carbohydrates?

oatmeal

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast feeding?

oxytocin

Which two hormones most directly regulate lactation?

oxytocin and prolactin

The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is

peristalsis

Part complete Which of the following represents the path taken by food after leaving the mouth?

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which of the following represents the path taken by food after leaving the mouth?

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

starch is a type of _____?

polysaccharide

From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released?

posterior pituitary

When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.

receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by

releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum.

The kidneys secrete both __________.

renin and erythropoietin

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk?

saturated fat

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule?

steroid

Protein digestion begins in the _____.

stomach

What is the target organ of Hormone gastrin?

stomach

Which of the following hormones is/are involved in normal functioning of the male reproductive system?

testosterone, LH, and FSH

Essential amino acids are those that __________.

the body is not capable of synthesizing

Your basal metabolic rate is __________.

the number of calories your body needs each day to perform essential activities

Nonsteroid hormones are usually faster-acting than steroid hormones because __________.

they activate proteins that already exist within the cell

What is the target organ of Hormone ACTH?

thyroid

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport.

true

Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

true

Enzymes are proteins, which catalyze chemical reactions.

true

The acute condition of diverticulitis often requires a low fiber diet until the lining of the colon heals.

true

The thyroid hormone calcitonin inhibits the effects of vitamin D on calcium metabolism and works to lower calcium levels in the blood.

true

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

true

What is the main component of gastric juice?

water

Which of the following foods naturally contain(s) insoluble fibers that increase the bulk of digestive material and draw water into the large intestine, keeping the stools soft and moist?

whole grains cereals fruits

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

ypothalamus