Exam 4 Chapter 11
From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by until the sentence is completed
ambiguity
Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
anaphoric inference
If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?
it cuts the taffy into pieces
In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.
rules
Syntax is the
rules for combining words into sentences
The constraint-based approach to parsing states that
semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.
Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?
semantics
Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
"Because he always jobs a mile"
Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.
Causal
In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?
Comma
Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?
Dynamic
In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?
SKY
Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.
causal
Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?
communication
The given new contract is a method for creating
comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.
environmental context
According to the situation model of text processing,
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect.
trial 1; word frequency
Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night
Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?
Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope
Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?
The frontal and temporal lobes
Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?
Theory of mind
Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n)____________________ inference.
anaphoric
Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?
dynamic
In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they
has a large number of sophisticated language systems.
Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying
language acquisition
Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's
lexicon
Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the
previously understood information that we bring into the conversation
Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on
psycholinguistics
B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
reinforcement
When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as
syntactic priming
The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________
system
The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ___________ is involved.
when semantics