Exam 4 Mastering Biology

Some invertebrates combine morphological simplicity with features of great structural or biochemical complexity. Select all correct examples of this statement.

-Cnidarians are diploblasts that produce complex, capsule-like organelles. -Trematodes are acoelomates that have effective defenses against attack by their hosts' immune system.

The observed frequency in the experimental group of the Smithells study was much higher than 1 in 5,000. Select the two best explanations for why this would be.

-The individuals in the study may have been predisposed to neural tube defects. -The sample size in the Smithells study was small

Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If you observed them in the following solutions, at which sucrose concentration (in millimolars, mM) would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?

0.0 mM sucrose

The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much smaller than the right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists. If the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its existence in this organism is explained as which of the following? 1. a result of convergent evolution 2. an example of homologous structures 3. a similar adaptation to a shared lifestyle or body plan 4. a result of having identical Hox genes

1 and 3

Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of a sponge? 1. amoebocytes 2. spicules 3. spongin 4. zygotes 5. choanocytes

1,2,3, and 4

All arthropods _____. 1) undergo complete metamorphose 2) have jointed appendages 3) molt 4) have segmented bodies 5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle

2,3,4, and 5

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Most of the digestion of fats occurs in structure(s) _____.

4 only

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____.

4,900 mL/ minute

Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Bacteria that produce vitamins are found in the greatest concentration in location _____.

5

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms?

A digestive system with a single opening

The table above is a comparison of several characteristics of H. floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species (arranged roughly from oldest to most recent). What do these data suggest?

A large brain is not necessarily required for toolmaking.

Which of the following best describes an artery?

Arteries carry blood Away from the heart

Compare the graphs in the figure above of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission for Cormocephalus morsitans and Scutigerina weberi. What hypothesis can you make about each centipede's habitat?

C. morsitans lives in a drier habitat than does S. weberi.

Which statement about endotherms and ectotherms is correct?

Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms

Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

Examine the teeth

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates? I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea

I, II, and III

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

It has no coelom

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance.

As you are walking along a beach, you find an animal and believe that it belongs to the class Asteroidea. Which of the following characteristics would support your hypothesis that the animal is a sea star and not another type of echinoderm?

Its central region is not well-delineated from its appendages.

A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

Lancelets live only in saltwater environments

As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____.

More branching or folds.

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is _____.

Porifera

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?

Sharks are streamlined for active swimming off the bottom, while skates move about mostly on the ocean bed.

Look at the graph for Cormocephalus morsitans in the figure above. What is the best interpretation of these results?

The centipede had its spiracles OPEN when carbon dioxide (CO2) emission peaked and closed when CO2 emission was low.

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment?

The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

Their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs.

A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?

There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules.

The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____.

a

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them? Larvae use notochords to _____.

aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves

How would a terrestrial centipede most likely benefit from the ability to close its spiracles? Closing spiracles would _____.

allow the centipede to retain more moisture in its tissues

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to _____.

be unaffected

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

Jaws evolved _____.

by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect?

connective

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____.

convergent evolution

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____.

diffusion

Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plummules, usually located posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal surface and contain nematocysts at their tips. The spiracles and tracheae of insects have a function most similar to that of _____.

dorsal plummules

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

endothermy

In which of the following animals are the blood and the interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid?

grasshoppers

Arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both _____.

help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

hydrostatic skeleton

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____.

isoosmotic

Which shark structure is closest in function to a swim bladder full of gas?

its liver

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

its opercula

Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

limits litters to a single embryo

Urea is produced in the _____.

liver from NH3 and carbon dioxide

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

Homeostasis is the _____.

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share _____.

mantle

The teacher and class were especially saddened when the colonial hydrozoan died. They had watched it carefully, and the unfortunate creature never even got to produce offspring by budding. Yet, everyone was elated when one of the students noticed a small colonial hydrozoan growing in a part of the tank far from the location of the original colony. The teacher was apparently unaware that these hydrozoans exhibit _____.

medusa stage

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____.

method of reproduction (Monotremes are egg-laying mammals, marsupials are pouched mammals, and eutherians are placental mammals.)

One day, Tommy, a student in an undersupervised class of forty fifth graders, got the urge to pet Nemo (the clownfish), who was swimming among the waving petals of a pretty underwater "flower" that had a big hole in the midst of the petals. Tommy giggled upon finding that these petals felt sticky. A few hours later, Tommy was in the nurse's office with nausea and cramps. Microscopic examination of his fingers would probably have revealed the presence of _____.

nematocysts

The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still _____.

not sink

Jahasz-Pocsine and co-workers found a correlation between gastric bypass surgery and neurological complications. Surgeons performed gastric bypass surgery on 150 patients at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Neurology Clinic. Of the 150 patients, 26 experienced neurological complications related to the surgery. What is the most likely cause for the neurological complications?

nutrient (for example, vitamin and mineral) deficiencies

The clownfish readily swims among the tentacles of the sea anemones; the parrotfish avoids them. One hypothesis for the clownfish's apparent immunity is that they slowly build a tolerance to the sea anemone's toxin. A second hypothesis is that a chemical in the mucus that coats the clownfish prevents the nematocysts from being triggered. Which of the following graphs supports the second, but not the first, of these hypotheses?

parrotfish- low clownfish- high

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.

platyhelminth

The class decided to humanely euthanize the organism and subsequently dissect it. Having decided that it was probably not a reptile, two of their original hypotheses regarding its identity remained. Which of the following, if observed, should help them arrive at a conclusive answer?

presence of lungs

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population?

reduce the population of the intermediate snail host

Terry saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish's round mouth to analyze their composition in his mentor's biochemistry research lab. Terry will find that they are composed of the same protein found in tetrapod _____.

skin

What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect's antennae? The insect would have trouble _____.

smelling

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____.

the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically?

the same as that occurring in fish gills

Flying insects typically _____.

utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles

An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____.

water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized