exam 5 a and p

your primary motor cortex would be found in the ___ lobe of the brain a) frontal b) insula c) occipital d) parietal e) temporal

a) frontal

the __ nerve controls some of the muscles that move the eyeball a. abducens b. facial c. optic d. trigeminal e. vestibulocochlear

a. abducens

the neurotransmitter released by somatic motor neurons at skeletal muscles is a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. serotonin e. none of the above

a. acetylcholine

a change in sensitivity of a sensory receptor in the presence of a constant stimulus is known as a. adaption b. integration c. nullification d. potentiation e. summation

a. adaption

_______ fibers connect diff parts of the same hemisphere a. association b. commissural c. funicular d. gangliar e. projection

a. association

_______ fibers connect the two cerebral hemispheres in corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex a. association b. commissural c. projection

a. association

reuptake of neurotransmitters, guiding the migration of young neurons, and controlling exchange between capillaries and neurons of the CNS are all functions of a. astrocytes b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. satellite cells e. schwann cells

a. astrocytes

voltage regulated channels are found on the a. axon b. dendrites c. dendrites and nerve cell body d. entire surface of the neuron e. nerve cell body

a. axon

the basal nuclei are found in the a. cerebrum b. hypothalamus c. midbrian d. pons e. thalamus

a. cerebrum

a single neuron in the brain can activate 100 motor neurons in the spinal cord and thousands of skeletal muscle fibers. this would be an example of a(n) ________ circuit a. converging b. diverging c. parallel after-discharge d. reverberating

a. converging

a swollen inflamed ______ nerve causes Bell's palsy a. facial b. glossopharyngeal c. hypoglossal d. trigeminal e. vagus

a. facial

the velocity of a nerve impulse conduction is greatest in a. heavily myelinated, large diameter fibers b. myelinated, small diameter c. non myelinated, large d. non myelinated, small

a. heavily myelinated, large diameter fibers

all of the following except one is true of graded potentials. the other one is true of action potentials instead a. stimulus for opening its ion channels is if a threshold voltage is reached b. travels only a short distance c. typical occurs in the cell body and dendrites d. various sizes decays with distance

a. stimulus for opening its ion channels is if a threshold voltage is reached

list three neurotransmitters

acetylcholine GABA norepinephrine

list the four clinical states of consciousness

alertness coma stuper drowsiness

_______ results in a mutant protein forming which results in massive degeneration of the basal nuclei and later the cerebral cortex. its initial symptoms in many are wild, jerky, almost cont flapping a. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis b. Huntington's disease c. myasthenia gravis d. polio e. spastic paralysis

b. Huntington's disease

which one of the following determines whether or not an action potential is sent a. axon b. axon hillock c. axon terminal d. dendrites e. nucleus of the neuron

b. axon hillock

______________ waves are rhythmic, high frequency bran waves characteristics of when we are mentally alert, such as when are concentrating on solving a problem a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. gamma e. theta

b. beta

_____ neurons are very rare. they are found in the olfactory mucosa and retina a. assoc b. bipolar c. multipolar d. sensory e. unipolar

b. bipolar

the primary function of the _______ is to coordinate body movements. it also has some cognitive functions a. brainstem b. cerebellum c. cerebrum d, diencephalon

b. cerebellum

cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the a. dura mater b. choroid plexus c. arachnoid granulations d. all of these

b. choroid plexus

__________ fissures connect the two cerebral hemispheres in corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex a. assoc b. commissural c. projection

b. commissural

_______ refers to the inside of the cell ,membrane becoming more [positive than at rest a. antipolarization b. depolarization c. hyerpolarization d. isopolarization e. repolarization

b. depolarization

a single neuron in the brain can activate 100 motor neurons in the spinal cord and thousands of skeletal muscle fibers. this would be an example of a(n) _______ circuit a. converging b. diverging c. parallel after-discharge d. reverberating

b. diverging

the ______ of the spinal cord is associated with sensory neurons a. central canal b. dorsal horn c. lateral horn d. medial horn e. ventral horn

b. dorsal horn

mammillary bodies are part of the a. cerebrum b. hypothalamus c. medulla oblongata d. midbrain e. thalamus

b. hypothalamus

the _______ is the autonomic control center for many visceral function. it is also the center for emotional response, regulates the body temp, food intake, and thirst. produces hormones released by posterior pituitary a. cerebellum b. hypothalamus c. medulla oblongata d. midbrian e. pons

b. hypothalamus

Lee is having trouble keeping his balance (equilibrium) and has some loss in both his sense of taste and ability to detect visceral sensations (such as full stomach). which one of the following lobes is most likely to be damaged? a. frontal lobes b. insula c. occipital lobes d. parietal lobes e. temporal lobes

b. insula

the _____________ role relates primarily to emotions and memory a. anterior assoc area b. limbic system c. posterior assoc area d. reticular formation

b. limbic system

the amygdala, fornix, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus are all part of the a. ant assoc area b. limbic system c. reticular system d. spinal cord e. substantia nigra

b. limbic system

virtually all encapsulated receptors are a. chemoreceptors b. mechanoreceptors c. nociceptors d. proprioceptors e. assoc with special senses

b. mechanoreceptors

you would find only ___ nerve fibers in the ventral root of the spinal cord a. cranial b. motor c. sensory d. somatic e. visceral

b. motor

____ play the most important role in determining the resting membrane potential a. chloride ions b. potassium ions c. protein anions d. sodium ions e. urea

b. potassium ions

peptide neurotransmitters include all but a. endorphins b. serotonin c. somatostatin d. substance P

b. serotonin

the ____________ is one of the four major brain regions. it is associated with the cerebral aqueduct and the fourth ventricle. it is continuous with the spinal cord. the brain region can be divided into three parts

brain stem: pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata

________ waves are high amplitude waves seen during deep sleep. if seen in awake adults, they indicate brain damage a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. gamma e. theta

c. delta

a(n) ___ is a column of white matter found in the spinal cord a. commissure b. contusion c. funiculus d. horn e. lemniscus

c. funiculus

the________ has centers that regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing. it is also known as the autonomic reflex center a. cerebellum b. hypothalamus c. medulla oblongata d. midbrain e. pons

c. medulla oblongata

in ____ immune system attacks the myelin proteins, and gradually destroys myelin sheaths, reducing them to non-functional hardened lesions a. ALS (Lou Gherig) b. Huntington's c. multiple sclerosis d. neurocorticotrophy e. Parkinson's disease

c. multiple sclerosis

interneurons and motor neurons are both examples of ________ neurons a. assoc b. bipolar c. multipolar d. sensory e. unipolar

c. multipolar

Itachi's visual senses have been impaired. which one of the following lobes is most likely to be damaged? a. frontal lobes b. insula c. occipital lobes d. parietal lobes e. temporal lobes

c. occipital lobes

________ myelinate axons in the central nervous system a. astrocytes b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. satellite cells e. schwann cells

c. oligodendrocytes

Mathilda has __________ (in other words, she has lost sensation), but she still has voluntary and involuntary control of skeletal muscles a. flaccid paralysis b. paraplegia c. paresthesis d. quadriplegia e. spastic paralysis

c. paresthesis

when discussing the nervous system, the term "integration" refers to a. combining the dorsal and ventral roots into the spinal cord b. combining the fibers of several different types of neurons into a common structure (ex) nerve c. processing and integrating sensory input and deciding what to be done at each moment d. the separation of organs into the central and peripheral nervous system e. the separation of sensory and motor areas in the spinal cord

c. processing and integrating sensory input and deciding what to be done at each moment

Broca's area is involved with _________ a. interpreting information from the rhinencephalon b. regulating proprioceptors c. speech production d. voluntary movements of the eyes

c. speech production

which one of the following is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system a. cranial nerves b. ganglia c. spinal cord d. spinal nerves

c. spinal cord

the ______ has a high melanin content. it converts the melanin to dopamine and releases it. damage to neurons from this area is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease a. corpus callosum b. flocculondular lobe c. substantial nigra e. subthalamic nuclei

c. substantial nigra

during the relative refractory period _______ a. the neuron can respond to a normal stimulus, but it will generate a weaker action potential b. the neuron can respond to a weaker than normal stimulus c. the neuron can respond to an exceptionally strong stimulus, but not a normal stimulus d. the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus no matter how strong e. the neuron will respond to a normal stimulus by generating a stronger than normal action potential

c. the neuron can respond to an exceptionally strong stimulus, but not a normal stimulus

list the two structural divisions of the nervous system and then list the major components of each

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system: spinal and cranial nerves

match functions with brain region: balance; subconsciously calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction; recognizes and predicts sequences of events during complex movements

cerebellum

match structure with brain region: folia, flocculonodular lobes, Purkinje cells, arbor vitae

cerebellum

match functions with brain region: conscious thinking part of brain

cerebrum

match structure with brain region: corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, central sulcus, longitudinal fissure

cerebrum

the diecephalon is one of the four major regions of the adult human brain. list the other three

cerebrum brain stem cerebellum

the _______ is the most anterior and superior brain region. this is the largest of the four major brain regions. it surrounds the two lateral ventricle and is subdivided into five pairs of lobes

cerebrum: frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, insula

list the five classes of sensory receptors based on stimulus type

chemoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors

the neurotransmitter ____ is involved in wakefulness, appetite control, learning, and memory a. acetylcholine b. beta endorphin c. glutamate d. histamine e. serotonin

d. histamine

_________ increase the speed of a message a. axon collaterals b. interneurons c. multipolar neurons d. myelinated axons e. small diameter axons

d. myelinated axons

Kakashi has lost awareness of sensations of the skin. which one of the following lobes is most likely to be damaged? a. frontal lobes b. insula c. occipital lobes d. parietal lobes e. temporal lobes

d. parietal lobes

substance P is an example of neurotransmitter that is a(n) ___________ a. amino acid b. biogenic amine c. gas/lipid d. peptide e. purine

d. peptide

the vagus nerve a. controls muscles of the tongue b. controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles c. receives sensory information from the pharynx, and controls the pharyngeal muscles d. receives sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal organs as well as controlling/regulating these organs e. receives sensory information from the tongue and palate, and controls the facial muscles

d. receives sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal organs as well as controlling/regulating these organs

the _______ is responsible for regulating how ALERT you are a. anterior assoc b. limbic system c. post assoc d. reticular formation

d. reticular formation

which one of the following statements about axons are false? a. axons quickly decay if cut or damaged b. axons have all the same cytoplasmic organelles as the cells body except axons lack rough ER and golgi c. some bacteria and viruses use the axon to travel to the neuron cell body d. some neurons have multiple axons

d. some neurons have multiple axons

in class i described the ____ as the secretory/admin assistant of the conscious mind. it helps control what sensory info is received and organizes related info together before sending it on a. medulla oblongata b. midbrain c. pituitary d. thalamus e. substantia nigra

d. thalamus

which one of the following most accurately describes gate position at resting state in a neuron during depolarization a. all gates are closed b. all gates are open c. the na activate gate and the k gate are open, but the na inactivate gate is closed d. the sodium gates are open by the k gate is closed e. the na inactivate fate and the k gate are open, but the na activate gate is closed

d. the sodium gates are open by the k gate is closed

the ______ nerve receives sensory info from the face, teeth, and gums. it also controls the jaw muscles a. abducens b. facial c. glossopharyngeal d. trigeminal e. vestibluochochlear

d. trigeminal

the _______ of the spinal cord are associated with motor neurons a. central canals b. dorsal horns c. funiculi (columns) d. ventral horns

d. ventral horns

__________ are fluid filled chambers in the brain a. meninges b. microglia c. sulci d. ventricles e. white matter sacs

d. ventricles

which one of the following is not one of three kinds of functional areas in the cerebral cortex a. assoc areas b. sensory areas c. motor areas d. visceral areas

d. visceral areas

which neurons send information from the stomach and heart to the central nervous system? a. somatic motor b. somatic sensory c. visceral motor d. visceral sensory

d. visceral sensory

the ______ is the measure of potential energy generated by separated charge a. current b. electrical gradient c. resistance d. voltage

d. voltage

hypoerpolarization

decreasing the membrane potential; membrane becomes more negative than at rest

match the adult brain regions with secondary brain vesicles: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

diencephalon

the ________ is associated with the third ventricle. the major brain region can be subdivided into three parts

diencephalon: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

a "feel good" neurotransmitter. release enhanced by amphetamines; reuptake blocked by cocaine. deficient in Parkinson's disease

dopamine

list three meninges from upper to lower

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of a chemical synapse______ a. it causes neurotransmitters to travel along the axon b. it causes na channels to open c. it leaps across the synapse d. it results in k channels opening e. it triggers the opening of calcium channels

e. it triggers the opening of calcium channels

what structure causes the overlying ectoderm to become nervous tissue a. alar plate b. dermatomes c. dorsal sulcus d. mesenchyme e. notochord

e. notochord

a proprioceptor could detect a. change in temperature b. chemical stimuli c. light d. pain e. position of the limbs

e. position of the limbs

although pruning of synapses is normal during childhood and adolescence, recent evidence suggests that genes that promote excessive pruning may predispose an individual to a. Alzheimer's b. antisocial behavior c. autism d. neurolemma e. schizophrenia

e. schizophrenia

___________ results from incomplete formation of vertebral arches a. anencephaly b. Huntington's disease c. microcephaly d. poliomyelitis

e. spina bifida

a ________ refers to a shallow groove on the brain's surface a. cortex b. fissure c. gyrus d. lobe e. sulcus

e. sulcus

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________- a. corpus calossum b. dorsal horn c. mammillary body d. substantia nigra e. superior colliculus

e. superior colliculus

the cerebrum of the adult brain develops from the embryonic brain a. dicephalon b. mesencephalon c. metencephalon d. myelencephalon e. telencephalon

e. telencephalon

after a head injury, Sakura has been having smell and hearing hallucination. which one of the following lobes is most likely to be damaged a. frontal b. insula c. occipital d. parietal e. temporal

e. temporal

Dr. Koneval described the _____________ as the secretary/administrative assistant for the conscious mind. It sorts and edits information before relaying it to the conscious mind a. cerebellum b. midbrain c. pons d. spinal cord e. thalamus

e. thalamus

an individual with a damaged primary visual cortex a. would "see" sounds b. would be able to see but have trouble interpreting visual stimuli, and thus have difficulty recognizing a flower or a cat c. would be color blind but otherwise able to see normally d. would be completely blind with no visual effects e. would not be able to consciously see, but would still have functioning visual reflexes

e. would not be able to consciously see, but would still have functioning visual reflexes

match functions with brain region: produces melatonin which helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

epithalamus

match term to cerebral lobe: reasoning and judgement

frontal

one of the adult brain regions can be subdivided into a left and right hemisphere with each side having five lobes. list the five lobes

frontal parietal occipital temporal insula

what lobe is Broca's area in

frontal lobe

important in learning and memory. the "stroke" neurotransmitter. excessive release produces excitotoxity - neurons stimulated to death; most commonly caused by oxygen deprivation

glutamate

involved in wakefulness, appetite control, learning, and memory

histamine

match functions with brain region: controls autonomic nervous system and large parts of endocrine system; regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst

hypothalamus

list the three subregions of the diencephalon

hypothalamus epithalamus thalamus

depolarization

increasing the membrane potential; membrane becomes less negative

match functions with brain region: auditory reflex center

inferior colliculi

match term to cerebral lobe: taste

insula

what lobe is visceral sensory cortex in

insula

match functions with brain region: gateway to the conscious, thinking part of the mind; sorts, edits, and relays autonomic reflex center, cardiovascular center regulates vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing

medulla oblongata

match structure with brain region: pyramids, nuclei fro cranial nerves VIII-X and XII

medulla oblongata

match the adult brain regions with secondary brain vesicles: midbrain

mesencephalon

match the adult brain regions with secondary brain vesicles: cerebellum

metencephalon

match the adult brain regions with secondary brain vesicles: pons

metencephalon

match structure with brain region: corpora quadrigemina, red nucleus, nuclei, cranial nerves III and IV

midbrain

list the three subregions of the major brain region that is posterior and inferior to the diencephalon and is continuous with the spinal cord

midbrain pons medulla oblongata

list the three classes of neurons based on structure

multipolar unipolar bipolar

match the adult brain regions with secondary brain vesicles: medulla oblongata

myelencephalon

match term to cerebral lobe: vision/sight

occipital

what lobe is primary visual cortex in

occipital

match term to cerebral lobe: touch

parietal

what lobe is primary somatosensory cortex in

parietal

match functions with brain region: connects higher brain centers and spinal cord; helps maintain normal rhythm of breathing

pons

match structure with brain region: nuclei assoc with breathing, nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII

pons

someone with damage to the ______ may become oblivious to social constraints, might become careless about personal appearance, or rashly attacking a seven ft zombie with their fists rather than fleeing a. ant assoc area b. corpus callousm c. limbic system d. pos assoc area e. reticular activating system

rashly attacking a seven ft zombie with their fists rather than fleeing a. ant assoc area

five steps of reflex arc

receptor sensory neuron CNS integration center motor neuron effector

list the three classes of neurons based on function

sensory motor interneuron

mediates pain transmission in PNS

substance P

match functions with brain region: visual reflex center

superior colliculi

match the adult brain regions with secondary brain vesicles: cerebrum

telencephalon

match term to cerebral lobe: hearing

temporal

what lobe is primary olfactory cortex in

temporal

match functions with brain region: gateway to the conscious, thinking part of the mind; sorts, edits, and relays information; mediates sensation, learning, and memory

thalamus

match structure with brain region: third ventricle, pineal gland, mammillary bodies, pituitary glands, suprachiasmatic nucleus

thalamus and hypothalamus

repolarization

the membrane potential goes back towards resting state