Week 10: Aggression & Anti Social Behaviour

increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring.

. Finnegan notices his wife talking to another man and flies into a jealous rage. According to the evolutionary perspective, Finnegan's behavior is designed to a. assert his social intelligence. b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring. c. deflect the death instinct outward instead of inward. d. increase the level of serotonin in his brain.

the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant.

. In Ainsworth and Mariner's (2014) study, male participants playing a reaction-time computer game were most likely to blast their opponent with an aversive noise in their headphones if a. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant. b. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance. c. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant. d. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance.

men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

. In a study about status (to successfully compete for mates), Vlades Griskevicius and others (2009) and Vaillancourt (2005) found that a. women do not use aggression of any type to boost their status. b. men are more likely to boost their status through indirect aggression. c. women are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression. d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television.

. Nonie gets a new Barbie doll for her sixth birthday, and she immediately begins to punch, kick, and throw the doll around the house. Which of the following is likely to have contributed to this behavior? a. Nonie saw Uncle Floyd yell at Auntie Mime when she threw her Barbie doll. b. Nonie saw her cousin Bruce hug and kiss his Barbie doll. c. Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television. d. Nonie has been socialized in a stereotypical female role.

desensitization.

. Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus is called a. desensitization. b. cultivation c. rumination. d. catharsis.

can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

. Research suggests that men's attitudes toward violence against women as well as their beliefs about rape myths a. are primarily influenced by nonviolent pornography rather than violent pornography. b. are stable personality traits that are not influenced by exposure to violent pornography unless the exposure is very frequent and the material is extremely violent. c. tend to be affected by the men's own arousal-based aggressive behaviors, but are not likely to be affected by observation of the aggressive behavior depicted in a movie. d. can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

social learning theory.

Ira believes that aggression is an acquired tendency picked up by observing others and by experience with rewards and punishments. Ira's beliefs are most consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the evolutionary perspective. c. instinct theory. d. negative affect escape model.

more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

Jay has just been exposed to highly arousing violent pornography, whereas Dave has just been exposed to equally arousing but nonviolent pornography. The research on pornography and aggression suggests that, compared to Dave, Jay should subsequently be a. less aggressive toward both women and men. b. more aggressive toward both women and men. c. less aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men. d. more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol.

Jim thinks it would be funny to replace Dwight's regular after-work pitcher of beer with non-alcoholic brew without telling him. Research suggests that after drinking this pitcher, Dwight would a. be much less aggressive than he usually is after drinking alcoholic beer. b. exhibit a severe form of alcohol myopia. c. potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol. d. be less likely than usual to engage in displacement because of the lack of alcohol-associated excitation.

A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games

Many researchers maintain that there is a positive relationship between exposure to violent media and real-life aggressive behavior. The claim that exposure to violence actually increases aggression would be best supported by which of the following? a. A study in which the variable "number of hours of violent television watched per week" is used to predict the likelihood that participants will be convicted of a violent crime in the future b. A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games c. Real-world examples where young people have committed crimes intended to mimic behaviors they have seen in violent movies d. A study in which men who have been accused of sexually aggressive behavior in the past report high levels of exposure to violent media

between about a third and a half

Twin studies suggest that heritability explains ____ of the variation in aggression in children a. less than one quarter b. between about a quarter and a third c. between about a third and a half d. between about a half and two thirds

rumination.

When Mina first started playing the new Blood Bath Beach Party video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. This illustrates a. desensitization. b. cultivation c. rumination. d. catharsis.

promote cooperation.

A long history of research in social psychology has consistently found that a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to a. emphasize a strict division of labor by gender. b. promote cooperation. c. harshly punish all acts of aggression. d. separate subcultures within the society.

The murderer and victim were of the same race.

A murder has been committed. Given the research on homicide, which of the following is most likely? a. The victim was black and the murdered was white. b. The murder occurred in the eastern United States. c. The murderer was over 55 years old. d. The murderer and victim were of the same race.

hostility.

A negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group is called a. emotional aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. instrumental aggression.

Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

A practice called chicken that occurs in Japan has recently come under criticism and steps are being taken to curtail it. What is this practice? a. People who sell drugs on the street are disciplined through public "vigilante" punishment rather than facing legal actions. b. Teachers in school are allowed to using caning as a disciplinary method on children as young as 4 years of age. c. Mothers take their daughters away from the home to raise them in solitude until they reach the age of 3 years. d. Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

catharsis.

A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. cultivation.

might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls.

A socialization explanation for gender differences in aggressive tendencies a. would focus on differences between men and women in levels of hormones and neurotransmitters. b. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls. c. would suggest that such differences should be identical across different cultures. d. should examine the genetic similarity between relatives who show high levels of aggression.

negative feelings.

According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, aggression is a response to a. only moderate, not extreme or mild, frustrations. b. previously displaced aggression. c. negative feelings. d. catharsis.

novel but pleasant odors.

According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, exposure to all of the following likely increases aggression except a. very congested traffic. b. cigarette smoke. c. novel but pleasant odors. d. uncomfortably cold temperatures.

impellance

According to I3 theory, what "I" decreases the chance of aggression? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. impetuousness

instigation

According to I3 theory, what "I" increases Martin's likelihood of acting in an aggressive manner when Trisha declines his offer to go on a date? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. impetuousness

warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success.

According to Smith's (2007) book about the evolutionary origins of human warfare, a. pacifists have a greater chance for reproductive success. b. pacifism is likely to become part of human nature. c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success. d. warriors are least likely to be accepted as part of the group

aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring.

According to an evolutionary perspective, males are competitive with each other because a. females are predisposed to sexual jealousy. b. males select high-status females for mating. c. aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring. d. males use physical aggression to eliminate women who are unlikely to provide offspring.

experiencing rewards.

According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies, when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person, they exhibited brain activity associated with a. being part of a group. b. empathy. c. experiencing rewards. d. filtering sensory input.

what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures.

According to your text, the fact that groping schoolgirls on the train in Japan is not uncommon illustrates that a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures. b. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children is consistent across cultures. c. collectivist cultures are hyper sexualized. d. collectivist cultures are repressed sexually.

displacement.

Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. desensitization.

systematic desensitization.

Aggression replacement training has all of the following components except a. improved moral reasoning. b. social competence training. c. aggression control. d. systematic desensitization.

proactive

Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as ____ aggression. a. proactive b. reactive c. emotional d. relational

increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

Aggressive models teach aggressive behavior by all of the following except a. teaching observers how to perform the aggressive act. b. fostering positive attitudes toward aggression. c. allowing observers to construct aggressive scripts. d. increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

myopia.

Alcohol narrows people's focus of attention. This phenomenon is called alcohol a. myopia. b. hostility. c. aggression. d. blindness.

become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment.

An attorney has a copy of a videotape that shows her client being beaten very violently by two men. Her client is suing these men. The jury has already seen this video several times during the trial, and the attorney is considering showing it many more times. However, an expert social psychologist should warn the attorney that replaying the videotaped beating many more times may reduce the likelihood of winning a large amount of money because the jurors might a. become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment. b. engage in higher-order cognitive processing and thus feel less sympathy for the client. c. become cultivated by the beatings and thus try to avoid thinking about them when making their final judgment. d. be vulnerable to the weapons effect and thus be less likely to award a high settlement.

had aggressive biological parents.

Angelina is interested in whether the teenager she is preparing to adopt is likely to be aggressive as an adult. Research suggests that she would be wise to consider whether he a. is a twin. b. had aggressive biological parents. c. has long fingers. d. was born in a nation with a warm climate.

She will be more aggressive only if she tends to be non-aggressive when sober.

Arleta gets extremely drunk. Given the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the following is unlikely to happen? a. She will be more aggressive only if she tends to be non-aggressive when sober. b. She will be more aggressive under the influence of alcohol than she is sober. c. She will fail to be as attentive to mitigating information when she is drunk. d. She will feel less anxious and thus will feel less inhibited about behaving aggressively.

reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression

As described by Dollard, the original notion of catharsis included two steps. What are those steps? a. reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression b. freeing up of intrapsychic energy; greater ability to distract oneself from a frustrating stimulus c. increase of physiological arousal; displacement of aggression onto weaker targets d. behaving in a way that is the opposite of an unacceptable, deeply rooted unconscious impulse

Texas

In which state is there most likely to exist a culture of honor? a. Texas b. Illinois c. South Dakota d. Rhode Island

demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated.

Bandera and colleagues' (1961) study of aggressive behavior in children a. demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated. b. identified the specific antisocial personality characteristics associated with highly aggressive children. c. demonstrated that violent TV has little effect on the children's own aggressive tendencies. d. illustrated the ability of punishment to curtail the aggressive tendencies of children.

exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations

Based on the principles of social learning theory, which measure is most likely to be successful in teaching a child to act nonviolently? a. punishing the child physically for acting aggressively b. exposing the child to older models who are punished harshly for acting aggressively c. exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations d. teaching the child how to displace frustrations and anger in safe, socially acceptable ways, such as by hitting a punching bag or role-playing a desired outcome

impellance

Being Type A or having a high level of dispositional hostility are examples of ____ factors in I3 theory. a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. ignorance

be more aggressive than other people when provoked.

Bettina is extremely Type A. Research suggests that she will tend to a. be more aggressive than most people across situations. b. rely more on verbal versus physical aggression. c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked. d. exhibit more relational than overt forms of aggression.

the culture of honor in the area.

Brown and others (2009) found the school violence is especially associated with a. the presence of weapons in the school. b. the culture of honor in the area. c. the level of economic frustration in the geographic region. d. the temperature of the day.

place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors.

Campbell proposed that women are more likely than men to use relational aggression because women a. lack direct access to wealth. b. have lower levels of testosterone. c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors. d. do not want to risk physically harming the father of their offspring.

indirect

Char ice, a teenaged girl, is angry with her friend, so she tells all her other friends that this girl has had sex with most of the football team. Carmen's behavior illustrates ____ aggression. a. indirect b. hostile c. physical d. overt

positive reinforcement.

Chris is a playground bully. He finds that he can win the admiration of his peers by acting aggressively. Chris's aggressive behavior is encouraged by a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression.

Compared to straight men, gay men are a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression. b. less likely to both physically and indirectly aggress. c. more likely to physically aggress, but less likely to engage in direct aggression. d. more likely to both physically and indirectly aggress.

He behaves less aggressively.

Consider a mother who slaps her son whenever he engages in aggression. If negative reinforcement is responsible for her behavior, what likely happens after she slaps him? a. He ignores her. b. He slaps her back. c. He behaves more aggressively. d. He behaves less aggressively.

4.5

Craig and colleagues (2000) set up hidden cameras and microphones in a Canadian schoolyard and found that bullying in midsized schools occurred at a rate of ____ episodes per hour. a. 1 b. 4.5 c. 7.25 d. 10

the South

In which region of the United States is the murder rate consistently the highest? a. the Midwest b. the Northeast c. the South d. the West Coast

increased arousal; posit

Daniel fits the profile of a person who might engage in a sexually aggressive manner. This means that he probably exhibits ____ in response to violent pornography and tends to have ____ attitudes toward violence against women. a. increased arousal; negative b. increased arousal; posit c. decreased arousal; negative d. decreased arousal; positive

is punished for behaving aggressively.

Deion is least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of Darcy if Darcy a. is a cartoon character. b. is punished for behaving aggressively. c. is rewarded for behaving aggressively. d. experiences catharsis following the aggressive behavior.

self-control

Denson, Capper, and others (2011) found that training in ____ resulted in less aggressiveness following provocation than if no training were provided. a. social learning b. self-esteem c. catharsis d. self-control

ANSWER: Sarah Coyne and John Archer (2004) found examples of indirect or relational aggression in 92% of programs on British television shows that were popular with adolescents, a rate much higher than physical aggression. Compared to physical aggressors, the indirect aggressors in these shows tended to be more rewarded for their aggression, and they were more likely to be female and attractive. The results of an experiment Coyne and her colleagues (2004) conducted suggested that television exposure to indirect aggression had immediate effects on adolescents' own behavior, such as decreasing helping behavior, evaluating others more negatively, and advocating indirect aggression in response to an ambiguous situation. Coyne and others (2008, 2012) studied female college students, randomly assigning them to watch Kill Bill (physical aggression), Mean Girls (relational aggression), or What Lies Beneath (no aggression). After watching clips from these films, participants who watched the physical or relational aggression films clips were more aggressive (blasted an opponent with a loud noise) than those in the no aggression film condition. That such similar results were obtained with across gender, culture, and age groups speaks to the generalizability of the relationship between exposure to violent media and the increased propensity for aggression.

Describe two experimental pieces of evidence that suggest exposure to violent media increases the chance of future aggression.

ANSWER: Eli Finke (2014) and colleagues (Denson, De Wall, & Finke 2012; Finke, De Wall et al., 2012) recently introduced the I3 theory (pronounced "I-cubed theory"). This theory emphasizes the role of self-control in aggression, which we just discussed in the previous section. The three Is in this theory stand for: 1. Instigation—social factors that often trigger aggressive impulses, such as provocation or social rejection. 2. Impel lance—personality and situational factors that promote the urge to aggress when encountering instigating factors, such as angry rumination or trait aggressiveness. 3. Inhibition—the various factors of self-control we described in the previous section. This theory pits the forces of instigation and impel lance on the one hand against the power of inhibition on the other to determine the likelihood of aggression. For example, strong provocation coupled with angry rumination can overpower a person's self-control abilities that have been compromised by alcohol, resulting in an elevated likelihood of aggression.

Discuss the different aspects of the T3 model of aggression, emphasizing how self-control is relevant to each level.

ANSWER: Independently, both negative affect and high arousal tend to increase aggression. But in combination, arousal and affect can lead to either more or less aggression. For example, among people who are experiencing negative affect, those who are highly aroused are particularly likely to be aggressive. High arousal also tends to increase aggression among people who are experiencing neutral affect. Among people who are experiencing positive affect, however, high arousal can either increase aggression (through excitation transfer) or decrease aggression (given the incompatibility of strong positive feelings and unpleasant angry feelings).

Discuss the role played by arousal and affect in aggression.

boost; lower

Drugs that ____ the level of serotonin tend to ____ aggression levels. a. boost; lower b. boost; increase c. boost; not affect d. decrease; raise

Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression

Each of the following individuals behaved aggressively, and each was punished for his or her aggression. For which person will the indicated punishment have the best chance of successfully reducing aggression? a. Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression b. Keizer, who was extremely angry when punished for emotional aggression c. Lakes, who was punished in a very angry, hostile manner by her parents d. Danielle, who was punished for some of her aggressive acts but not for others

assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife.

Ethan has been released from jail in the United States and is applying for jobs in the South and the Northeast. Ethan is probably more likely to land interviews in the South than in the Northeast if he was in jail for a. assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife. b. committing fraud on a million-dollar insurance claim. c. illegally importing cocaine across the border. d. robbing a jewelry store owned by a member of a racial minority group.

role of aggression in securing a mate.

Evolutionary accounts of aggression emphasize the a. role of aggression in securing food and land. b. contribution of genetics and hormones to aggressive behavior. c. importance of intrapsychic conflict in aggressive behavior. d. role of aggression in securing a mate.

aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture.

Forbes and others (2009; 2011) examined how levels of aggression differed in individualist versus collectivist cultures. They found that a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture. b. aggression levels were highest in China, a highly collectivist culture. c. aggression levels were lowest in the U.S., a highly collectivist culture. d. both the U.S. and China had equally high levels of aggression.

they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

Gee and Leigh (2007) analyzed aggressive behavior in the National Hockey League (NHL). They concluded that players born in North America were more likely to resort to fighting to deal with their frustration because a. hockey players generally have aggressive personalities. b. they were always punished severely when they acted aggressively. c. the sport of hockey makes people act aggressively. d. they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

improved academic performance

Gershoff's (2002) meta-analysis of over 36,000 participants indicates a positive correlation between corporal punishment and other factors. Which factor was not shown to have a positive correlation? a. aggression as a child b. aggression as an adult c. adult criminal behavior d. improved academic performance

ANSWER: The research of Leonard Berkowitz and colleagues clarifies the process by which thoughts and feelings interact. One example is research on the weapons effect, which indicates that their mere presence of weapons can increase people's thoughts about aggression and, therefore, their aggressive tendencies. A study on the effects of alcohol also illustrates the role of thought in aggression (Steele & Josephs, 1990). According to this study, intoxicated people who are made angry may fail to take into account mitigating information that would have otherwise led them to not aggress. In short, alcohol reduces one's ability to engage in thoughtful, higher-order processing, rendering the person more likely to respond aggressively despite cues present in the situation that would ordinarily signal the inappropriateness of aggressive behavior.

Give two examples of research that illustrates the important role of thought in aggressive behavior. Explain both examples.

the United States.

Group attacks against other groups are least likely to occur in a. the Middle East. b. Eastern Europe. c. Africa. d. the United States.

will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive.

Mario and Luigi are trying to decide whether to spank their child when she does something undesirable. Research suggests that this type of punishment a. will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive. b. is very unlikely to lead their daughter to engage in serious aggression later in life. c. is not used by many of their friends, if they are representative of U.S. citizens. d. will cause their child to learn the rules of their family very quickly.

act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression.

Marty watches his older brother act non-aggressively after being provoked. According to social learning theory, Marty is subsequently likely to a. act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression. b. refrain from acting aggressively because he believes that he will be punished for aggressing. c. experience catharsis and displace his aggression onto safer, more acceptable targets. d. find more socially acceptable outlets for his impulses, such as rough sports.

more

Men who engaged in vigorous exercise were ____ attracted to an attractive female to whom they were introduced right after their workout. a. less b. inconsistently c. more d. not

white men

Nesbit & Cohen (1996) found that among ____ in the American South, there was a greater acceptance of the notion that a man has a right to kill in defense of his family and his house. a. black women b. white women c. black men d. white men

cultivation

Nikki, who watches a lot of violent television shows as well as documentaries about violent crime, thinks that the world is much more violent than it really is. Her overestimate is likely to be due to a. habituation. b. displacement. c. dehumanization. d. cultivation.

instrumental aggression.

Of the following, the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for a. instrumental aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. a strong correlation between economic conditions and prejudice toward minority groups. d. examples of "road rage."

excitation transfer.

On his way back from work, Orin nearly collided head-on with another car. After swerving out of the way at the last minute, Orin could feel his heart racing and his hands shaking. A few minutes later, he arrived home and, just as he walked in, received a phone call from a salesperson. Orin then became verbally abusive toward the salesperson. This outcome is most consistent with the concept of a. instrumental aggression. b. excitation transfer. c. the death instinct. d. incompatible responses.

bullying

One form of violence that is prevalent across virtually all cultures is a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. domestic violence. d. bullying.

multisystem therapy.

One of the most successful treatments for violent juvenile delinquents is called a. multisystem therapy. b. aggression replacement training. c. bullying prevention. d. sensitization therapy.

reactive

When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls, she threw her Easy Bake oven at him. Katie's behavior illustrates ____ aggression. a. instrumental b. proactive c. incompatible d. reactive

experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

Ophelia has seen so many violent movies that she has become desensitized to them. This means that she a. believes the world is a much more violent place than it is in reality. b. believes the world is a much less violent place than it is in reality. c. experiences more physiological arousal in response to new images of violence. d. experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

have decreased over time.

Pinker (2011) argues that aggression and violence a. have increased over time. b. have decreased over time. c. have remained stable over time. d. are a result of rumination over time.

instrumental; emotional

Proactive is the same as ____ aggression, while reactive is the same as ____ aggression. a. instrumental; emotional b. emotional; instrumental c. relational; impersonal d. impersonal; relational

Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression.

Regarding self-esteem and aggression, which statement is false? a. Narcissism is a good predictor of aggression. b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression. c. Narcissism is correlated with aggression in response to provocation. d. High self-esteem is predictive of aggression when combined with narcissism and provocation.

intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues.

Research investigating the relationship between alcohol and aggression has shown that a. intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues. b. small and large amounts of alcohol tend to increase aggression, whereas moderate amounts tend to decrease it. c. alcohol makes men more likely to aggress, but it makes women less likely to aggress. d. intoxicated people are more likely to be influenced by the weapons effect, whereas sober people are more likely to be affected by factors relevant to the cognitive neoassociation analysis.

their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected.

Research on testosterone and aggression indicates that a. it is surprising that women ever aggress given that they have no testosterone. b. their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected. c. very little regarding aggressive behavior is actually heritable. d. their relationship disappears when you examine samples of elderly adults.

all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that a. exposure to violent films increases aggressive behavior in the lab, but decreases aggressive behavior in the field. b. violent films increase aggressiveness, but violent music videos and song lyrics do not increase aggressiveness. c. all media violence ultimately reduces aggression by providing a cathartic outlet. d. all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward.

Research on violent media suggests that depictions of indirect, relational forms of aggression on TV targeted toward adolescents are a. not particularly common. b. more likely to be demonstrated by male than female characters. c. often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward. d. do not influence the immediate behavior of adolescent viewers.

toward others who are members of an out group.

Research suggests that we're most likely to displace aggression a. toward others who are members of an out group. b. toward those who are biologically related to us. c. in the absence of provocation. d. when opportunities for catharsis are unavailable to us.

the role of negative affect in aggression.

Riesman et al. (1991) found that as temperatures rise to uncomfortable levels, major league baseball pitchers are more likely to hit batters with a pitch. This finding is consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the cognitive neoassociation model. c. the role of negative affect in aggression. d. scapegoating.

proactive

Robbing a bank because you need money is an example of ____ aggression. a. proactive b. emotional c. institutional d. reactive

when Rudolph is angry

Rudolph is viewing some nonviolent pornography. In which of the following conditions is Rudolph most likely to show greater subsequent levels of aggression? a. when Rudolph is angry b. when the pornography portrays nude women c. when Rudolph is sexually aroused d. when the pornography is softcore

the cycle of violence.

Ryan was abused as a child. He is now married to a woman who abuses him, and he is physically abusive toward his child. This pattern of behavior is consistent with a. the negative affect escape model. b. the arousal affect model. c. cultivation. d. the cycle of violence.

physical; men

Several studies have found that finger length ratio is associated with higher levels of ____ aggression in ____. a. physical; men b. relational; men c. physical; children d. relational; children

indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

Sexually coercive behavior is least likely to be exhibited by someone who a. is highly sexually aroused by violent pornography. b. indicates greater acceptance of interpersonal violence against women. c. thinks he or she has consumed alcohol. d. indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

Shawna has just gone through a break-up with her arrogant and selfish boyfriend. While hitting the punching bag in her kickboxing class, she imagines that she is punching her boyfriend's head. Shawna believes that engaging in the relatively harmless pursuit of hitting the punching bag will drain the energy from her more violent tendencies (like her temptation to slit the tires of his car or to break his legs). Research on the idea of catharsis suggests that a. hitting the punching bag will reduce Shawna's "hot-blooded" aggressive intent. b. the good feelings Shawna derives from hitting the punching bag will be replaced by feelings of guilt and shame, which will make her less likely to engage in aggression in the future. c. hitting the punching bag will be a more successful technique for Shawna's attempt to reduce future aggression than would distracting herself by going out and having fun with other friends. d. hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

Zapata

The Amish, the Hutte rites, and the Mennonites are all examples of societies that live in the violent United States without, for the most part, having become violent themselves. What is a similar type of nonviolent culture that resides in Southern Mexico? a. Pailyan b. Batik c. Zapata d. Glib

Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying.

The Owlets Bullying Prevention program recommends interventions at several levels to reduce the incidence of bullying in schools. Which intervention would be described as a classroom-level component? a. Form a bullying-prevention coordinating committee. b. Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying. c. Ensure that all staff intervene on the spot when they observe bullying behaviors. d. Involve community members in the discussion of how to reduce bullying.

increases aggression at a later time.

The concept of catharsis has been undermined by findings suggesting that engaging in or witnessing aggression often a. reduces the likelihood of cultivation. b. produces displacement. c. causes habituation. d. increases aggression at a later time.

intends to harm another living being.

The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor a. intends to harm another living being. b. actually causes physical or psychological harm. c. is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d. derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

extremity.

The difference between aggression and violence is best described as one of a. extremity. b. intent. c. affect. d. hostility.

decrease in violent crimes.

The fact that the American population has been aging in recent years has been offered as an explanation for the a. decrease in violent crimes. b. increase in gun-related violence. c. greater availability of violent pornography. d. current overcrowded conditions in prisons.

evolutionary

The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy, supports the ____ perspective of aggression. a. instinct b. evolutionary c. learning d. sociocultural

the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

The idea that (1) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and (2) all aggression is caused by frustration is known as a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis. b. the negative affect model. c. excitation transfer theory. d. catharsis.

excitation transfer.

The idea that arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus is called a. social learning theory. b. the negative affect escape model. c. excitation transfer. d. aggression cultivation.

negative reinforcement.

The only way that Britney can get her husband to stop leaving his dirty socks on the kitchen table is to pinch him every time he does it. Britney's aggressive behavior is perpetuated through the idea of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats.

The relatively greater violence rates in the southern United States has been attributed to a. greater variability of temperature in the South than in the North. b. the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats. c. the ratio of males to females living in the South. d. the age demographics of the South.

the hostile attribution bias.

The tendency to perceive hostile intent in the actions of others is called a. aggression cultivation. b. emotional aggression. c. excitation transfer. d. the hostile attribution bias.

social learning

The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments is called ____ theory. a. psychodynamic b. frustration-aggression c. social learning d. cultivation

cycle of violence.

The transmission of domestic violence across generations is called the a. cultivation of honor. b. rumination/frustration hypothesis. c. domestic desensitization effect. d. cycle of violence.

has more severe consequences.

Though women are at least as likely as men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically a. emerges in the face of provocation. b. has more severe consequences. c. results from alcohol abuse. d. is sexual in nature.

ANSWER: Culture exerts a number of different effects on aggression. Aggression against individuals tends to be higher in the United States, and aggression against groups tends to be higher in the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Moreover, overt sexual aggression is less acceptable in the United States than in many other countries. Aggression tends to be higher in cultures where one's status and family afford a feeling of "honor," as is true in the southern United States. In general, it appears that aggression is lower in cultures that emphasize cooperation and strongly oppose competition.

To what extent does culture affect the type and amount of violence one observes in a society?

decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent.

Tofi and Farrington (2011) found that in general, school-based bullying programs have a. decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. b. increased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. c. decreased bullying by an average of more than 50 percent. d. increased bullying by an average of more than 10 percent.

There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon.

Two people are placed in a room and provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room? a. There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. b. There is a greater likelihood that they will engage in higher-order cognition and subsequently behave less aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. c. The weapon will increase the likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another, but only if the two people are male. d. The weapon will have no effect on whether or not they behave aggressively toward one another.

ANSWER: Punishment is most likely to be effective in decreasing aggression when it immediately follows the aggressive behavior, when it is strong enough to be perceived by the aggressor as a real deterrent, when it is applied consistently, and when it is perceived by the aggressor as fair and legitimate. In the absence of these conditions, punishment is less likely to be effective and may even be counterproductive. Punishment is also less likely to be effective if the aggressor is engaged in instrumental aggression and thus cannot see any way of obtaining a desired goal other than through aggression, or if the aggressor is engaged in an act of emotional aggression and continues to be very angry. Finally, the person being punished may perceive the punishment itself (particularly if it is delivered in a hostile manner) as a model of aggression, leading the person to imitate the behavior and thus act aggressively. This latter point is consistent with social learning theory, which maintains that behavior is learned through imitation of others as well as through direct experience of rewards and punishments. For example, a parent who uses aggression to punish a child may act as a model for the child, unintentionally teaching the child that aggression is an accepted way of dealing with problems or conflicts.

Under what conditions should punishment be most and least effective in reducing aggression? From the perspective of social learning theory, explain why punishment might increase rather than decrease aggression.

gun-related violence against individuals.

United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to engage in a. politically motivated violence directed toward groups. b. mob violence at sporting events. c. violence against young girls. d. gun-related violence against individuals.

a husband slapping his wife.

United States university students tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. a husband slapping his wife. d. bullying.

ANSWER: Answers will vary. Some of the components of the very successful bullying prevention program developed by psychologist Dan Owlets are listed here. School-Level Components • Form a bullying prevention coordinating committee. • Train committee members and staff. • Adopt school-wide rules against bullying. • Develop appropriate positive and negative consequences for students' behavior. • Hold a school-wide kick-off event to launch the program. • Involve parents. Classroom-Level Components • Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying. • Hold regular classroom meetings to discuss bullying and related topics. Individual-Level Components • Ensure that all staff intervene on the spot when bullying is observed. • Meet with students involved in bullying, and meet with their parents. • Develop individual intervention plans for involved students. Community-Level Components • Involve community members on the bullying prevention coordinating committee. • Adults (in and out of school) should use consistent nonphysical, no hostile negative consequences when rules are broken and should function as positive role models

Using the tenets of the Owlets Bullying Prevention Program, discuss steps you would take to reduce bullying in your local high school. Make sure to include steps from each component of Owlets's program.

a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger

What is the "2D;4D ratio?" a. a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger b. an assessment of the overall ambient temperature on the 2nd and 4th floors of an office building c. a statistic that compares the second division to the fourth division of scores produced by participants in a research study d. a volume rating of one's second cerebral lobe (parietal) the fourth cerebral lobe (temporal)

clear and consistent negative correlation

What is the nature of the relationship between self-control and aggression? ambiguous and inconsistent a. clear and consistent negative correlation b. ambiguous and inconsistent c. clear and consistent positive correlation d. one that is mediated by self-esteem

having a hostile attribution bias.

When Pauline accidentally bumps into Christopher, causing Christopher to spill his coffee, Christopher assumes that Pauline's behavior was deliberately intended to make him spill his coffee. He responds by yelling obscenities at Pauline. Christopher could be described as a. having a hostile attribution bias. b. suffering from catharsis. c. displaying instrumental aggression. d. displaying relational aggression.

negative reinforcement.

When aggression stops an undesired outcome or prevents it altogether, the aggressive behavior will increase in the future through the process of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

When exposed to situational cues, such as the presence of a gun, many people tend to a. demonstrate decreases in aggression. b. feel socially rejected. c. experience a decrease in testosterone. d. have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

displacement.

When his wife tells him that he cannot go out bowling with the guys, Homer gets mad and yells at his son, Bart. Homer's behavior is an example of a. instrumental aggression. b. catharsis. c. displacement. d. vicarious aggression.

The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change.

Which conclusion is least consistent with the original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? a. The need to aggress in response to frustration can be reduced if the frustrated individual behaves in an aggressive but relatively harmless way toward an object that is not related to the source of the frustration. b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change. c. The need to aggress in response to frustration is a psychological drive that resembles the physiological drive of seeking food in response to hunger. d. The need to aggress in response to frustration can lead to nonviolent acts of aggression such as spreading rumors about someone or telling hostile jokes.

intelligence

Which factor is not a component of the I3 theory of aggression? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. intelligence

social rejection

Which is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response? a. embarrassment b. guilt c. social rejection d. kindness

The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors.

Which of the following most closely represents the weapons effect? a. The presence of weapons deters individuals from performing aggressive acts, but not from learning the positive reinforcements that are associated with violence. b. The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors. c. Although the presence of weapons does not make aggression more likely, it does tend to increase the severity of aggression. d. Exposure to weapons in the media desensitizes individuals to violence, thus reducing their inhibitions against aggression.

if Chris is gay

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood that Chris would behave in a physically aggressive manner? a. if Chris is a teenager b. if Chris is male c. if Chris is drunk d. if Chris is gay

being low in agreeableness

Which personality factor is most strongly associated with aggression? a. being low in agreeableness b. being low in conscientiousness c. being high in neuroticism d. being high in openness to experiences

Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

Which research result would provide evidence that aggression is a heritable trait? a. Identical twins reared together are more similar in their levels of aggressiveness than identical twins reared apart. b. Adopted children are more similar in levels of aggressiveness to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents. c. Fraternal twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than non-twin siblings. d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

Which scenario best illustrates aggression? a. Felix and Oscar engage in a heated debate concerning the merits of the Big Mac versus the Whopper. b. Maude trips over the scooter her son absentmindedly left in the driveway. c. In his attempt to save Samantha from dying, Darin breaks three of her ribs while performing CPR. d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet.

Which situation best illustrates instrumental aggression? a. When Buster finds out that his favorite television show has been preempted by the presidential debates, he kicks Gob, who just happens to be standing nearby. b. After getting fired from his job at the nuclear power plant, Homer pulls out his semi-automatic machine gun and shoots at the squirrels in his backyard. c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet. d. Edith stabs her husband Archie with a fork when she finds out that he totally forgot her birthday.

Women use relational aggression more than men.

Which statement about gender differences in aggression is true? a. Men use more relational aggression than verbal aggression. b. Women use relational aggression more than men. c. When there is a clear provocation, men use much more overt aggression than women. d. Women use more verbal aggression than indirect aggression.

It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress.

Which statement concerning a culture of honor is true? a. It is more prevalent among women than men. b. It is more prevalent in the northern United States than in the southern United States. c. It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress. d. It is produced by differences in testosterone and serotonin levels.

Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy.

Which statement is most consistent with evolutionary explanations of aggression? a. Children are more likely to be abused by their biological parents than by stepparents. b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy. c. Male-to-male violence is triggered by a rise in testosterone. d. Different cultures demonstrate different levels of aggressiveness.

Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

Which statement regarding the relationship between gender and aggression is false? a. In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females. b. Men are more likely to commit a homicide and are more likely to be the victim of a murder than women. c. Males are more likely to engage in risky, self-destructive behavior than females. d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

scapegoating

Which term provides an example of the concept of displacement? a. catharsis b. habituation c. scapegoating d. diffusion of blame

higher-order cognitive processing

Which theory explains the deliberate, thoughtful consideration that we give to stimuli before reacting to it? a. arousal-affect model b. higher-order cognitive processing c. frustration-aggression hypothesis (original version) d. relational association theory

anger.

Whitley feels intensely displeased that Lena deliberately left the tuna fish sandwich sitting out in the sun so that Whitley would get food poisoning after she ate it. Whitley's emotional response would best be described as a. instrumental aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. displacement.

someone who has just watched a funny cartoon

Who should be least likely to aggress? a. someone who has just watched a slashes movie b. someone who has just watched a funny cartoon c. someone who has just been rejected for a date d. someone who has just watched the evening news