Exam 5 masterset

Cobalt (Co) deficiency 5

1. Generally termed "wasting disease;'' 2. listless 3. anorexia 3. weight loss 4. nonnochromic anemia 5. death if deficiency is severe.

Sources of Vitamin E

1. Germ of cereal grains 2. Green forage

Iodine (I) deficiency 4

1. Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland) 2. hairless newborn pigs 3. premature aging 4. lowered basal metabolic rate.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K

1. Hemorrhage; 2. Reduced clotting time; 3. Anemia; 4. Weakness.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Cyclobalamin (B12)

1. Pernicious anemia; 2. Anorexia, 3. Reduced growth.

Zinc (Zn) deficiency 9

1. Skin lesions 2. anorexia,. 3. slow growth 4. stiff joints, 5. reduced serum zinc, 6. humans-impaired taste, 7. dwarfism 9. parakeratosis in pigs

What are the water soluble vitamins? (12)

1.Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 2. Thiamin (B1) 3. Riboflavin (B2) 4. Pantothenic acid 5. Biotin 6. Choline 7. Niacin (B3) 8. Pyridoxine (B6) 9. Myoinositol 10. Cyanocobalamin (B 12) 11. Folic acid (folacin) 12. PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid)

What are antivitamins? Why are they a problem for the body?

Antivitamins, vitamin antagonists, and pseudovitamins are substances that are usually chemically related to biologically active vitamin forms. The problem is that the body does not discriminate between the useful form of the vitamin and the antagonist because of this close association. These substances don't have vitamin activity.

Sulfur (S) Deficiency symptoms

1. Amino acid deficiency in nonruminant. -Ruminant animals: 1. Reduced MCO fermentation 2. Poor MCO growth in rumen 3. Anorexia 4. Reduced productivity by the animal

Describe acute calcium deficiency symptoms

muscle incoordination, paralysis, and possibly death. "Big head" disease in horses, various bone disorders.

Deficiency symptoms of magnesium

muscle spasms, skin lesions, calcium deposits in arteries/kidneys/soft tissue, reduced microbial fermentation, retracted head in calves, anorexia/reduced productivity, grass tetany, bone abnormalities.

Describe chronic calcium deficiency symptoms.

rickets and the acute symptoms.

Deficiency symptoms of phosphorus

rickets, decreased appetite, reduced productivity, abnormal eating (pica), lameness and reduced bone strength.

What is general dietary ratio of calcium to phosphorus for monogastrics? Pigs? Hens?

Monogastrics: 1:1 to 1.5:1 Pig: 1:1 or 1.2:1 Laying hens: 2:1 (due to eggshells)

If a mineral is in the body but serves no function, what is it called?

Innocuous contaminant

WHy phosphorus important? Percent in body versus bones?

It is involved in every aspect of metabolism. 80% in bones, 20% in soft tissues.

What is organic phosphorous bound to phytic acid called?

Phytate P

What can affect the efficiency of phosphorus absorption/digestibility? What is it?

Phytic acid can bind to P. It is found in plants and nonruminants are unable to digest it. 1/2 to 2/3 of total phosphorus.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Pantothenic acid

Pigs: 1. goose stepping; 2. Dermatitis;·e 3. Eye.matting; 4. Paralysis; 5. Hair loss; 6. Fatty liver; 7. Anorexia, 8. Poor growth; - Humans: burning feet syndrome.

T/F: Efficiency of phosphorous absorption is related to the ratio of phosphorous with calcium.

True

Is it possible for an animal to exhibit specific mineral deficiency symptoms when the diet appears to contain adequate levels? Explain.

Yes with iron

Name the minerals considered to be microminerals

boron, fluorine, molybdenum, zinc, iodine, selenium, iron, copper, cobalt, chromium, silicon, manganese.

Functions of vitamin Thiamin (B1)

Carbohydrate metabolism

What is the pathway for blood calcium levels?

*High*: thyroid--> calcitonin --> ca movement across bone/membranes (vit. D must be present) *Low*: parathyroid --> parathyroid hormone --> release Ca into blood.

What are the metabolic functions and deficiency symptoms of Na, K, and Cl.

*Na*- Osmotic regulation, reduced reproduction, osmotic balance. DEF: Reduced growth/production/weight, salt craving *K*- Osmotic regulation, buffer, enzyme reactions, muscle and nerve function (heart and kidney!), absorbing AA and glucose. DEF: Abnormal ECGs, reduced growth, unsteady gait, muscle weakness, Pica *Cl*- Osmotic regulation, gastric juices, and blood buffer. DEF: Depressed growth, similar to Na deficiency

Name five methods used to provide supplemental minerals to livestock.

- Adding free choice minerals in a self-feeder - Adding free choice trace mineral salt plus a separate free choice feeder for Ca-P - Adding free choice salt, free choice Ca-P mix, free choice trace mineral mix - Adding the needed minerals to a protein supplement such as a range cattle cube (a range cattle cube is a cube of cottonseed meals, vitamins, salt, Ca, P, and trace mineral) - Adding the complete mineral mix to a diet while additionally offering a salt-free choice.

Calcium tetany

- Also called milk fever and parturient paresis. -Milk fever is a metabolic disease common in dairy cattle, dogs, sows, and other species. This disease is the result of low blood calcium and it usually occurs within the first five days after parturition. Milk synthesis starts shortly after parturition and requires large amounts of calcium. Milk synthesis may deplete the blood of most of its calcium and cause a condition known as blood hypocalcemia (low blood calcium).

Describe the disease condition grass tetany. What can be done to prevent it?

- Also known as wheat poisoning, grass staggers, lactation tetany, and winter tetany results from deficient blood and cellular magnesium levels. This is a very common practical problem of cattle in certain management systems. Grass tetany typically occurs to beef cattle that are grazing fosh green pastures. The grass is generally adequate in magnesium but due to poor magnesium absorption, blood, bone, and muscle magnesium levels are reduced. Lactating cows are much more prone to the problem because they are losing Mg in the milk. Those grazing heavily fertilized pastures, especially when it is still early in the spring and temperatures are cool are also more susceptible.

Define the term "vitamin."

- Any of a group of feed constituents essential in small quantities to maintain life but not themselves supplying energy. They may be water or fat-soluble

What is a cause of biotin deficiency

- Avidin found in egg white ties up biotin and can result in deficiency in animals fed egg white.

Bone lengthening

- Determines mature size -The proliferative zone in a bone is an area containing osteoblast cells that synthesize new bone cells. These cells are pushed in both directions, which causes the bones to be lengthened. The newly formed cells are soft and consist mainly of protein. After the cells have been pushed into place the Haversian canal allows the blood stream to diffuse the minerals into the cells. The minerals required are mainly calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and fluorine. The minerals crystallize in the cytoplasm. Bone lengthening is one of the primary factors that determines mature size.

Name three cautions that should be considered when feeding minerals.

- Don't mix minerals many days in advance (oxidation) - Don't feed unneeded minerals - Don't expose minerals to weather - Don't feed without fresh supply of water - Assume .5 total plant P is lost and unavailable

Sulfur functions

- Functyions mainly as a component of organic metabolites. -Used in synthesizing chondroitin matrix of cartilage, in biosynthesis of taurine, heparin, cystine and other organic metabolites -Component of methionine and cystine (must be present as methionine or cystine in nonruminants)

Treatment for milk fever

- Injection of calcium, glucose, and magnesium. - inflate cows udder. seal off teats. Milk synthesis mechanism is reversed and calcium is absorbed.

Rickets. Where is it seen?

- Is a disease of growing bones. Consequently, it usually is seen in young, weaned, growing pigs in which there is a deficiency, an imbalance, or a failure of utilization of calcium, phosphorous or vitamin D. Rickets usually is caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamin D or phosphorus.

Hemoglobin and iron

- It is a large molecule that contains four iron atoms, each of which will bind one molecule of either oxygen, water, or carbon monoxide. Unfortunately, iron has a stronger binding affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen hence the problem of carbon monoxide poisoning exists.

Stability of Vitamin A

- It is destroyed by oxidation such as hay curling

Iron deficiency in humans

- It is worth noting that iron-deficiency is an all-too common problem in the human population of the world, both male and female. In developed countries, it is largely a problem of the menstruating female population. Some experts go so far as to suggest that nearly every menstruating woman on the planet will at some time suffer iron-deficiency anemia.

Why should students of vitamin nutrition be aware of sub-optimal feeding of vitamins rather than gross vitamin deficiencies?

- Its sub-optimal feeding of vitamins is probably responsible for greater economic loss to the industry. Therefore, one should never take vitamin nutrition for granted just because animals don't have some gross, running sore. They can still be deficient enough to reduce their performance and cost you money! Sub-optimal levels in the diet can cause reduced production, general un-thriftiness, and a host of other things it is hard to pin-point but that II aren't quite right. 11

Animal storage for vitamin E

- Large amounts stored in fat and liver

Stability of Vitamin E

- Low stability bc it is easily oxidized

How long can Thiamin (B1) be stored?

- Low storage (3-9 days)

Rubidium's case for being a required micromineral

- May replace part of the K requirement

Graphically illustrate the response you would expect in animal productivity as the concentration of an essential mineral is increased from zero to a toxic level.

- Most likely a bell curve -Productivity would be minimal if not arrested at zero concentration of a essential mineral and would linear increase in productivity as the essential mineral level reach optimal levels. Past optimal levels there would be a rapid decrease in productivity as the essential mineral reaches toxicity levels to the point where productivity can be completely arrested at slightly high essential mineral levels

Sulfur metabolism

- Not efficient through GI tract but does occur through active transport in small intestine -If in an organic compound it will be absorbed readily

Silicon (Si) Toxicity/ imbalance effects 1

- Not fully understood: silicon in urine may be deposited in kidneys, bladder or urethra to form Calculi (water belly), other factors besides silicon are involved.

Compare the synthesis between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

- Rumen microorganisms can, in general, synthesi'ze the water-soluble vitamins and vitamin K. The supplementation of water-soluble vitamins is not usually a critical thing for the ruminant. Vitamins A, D, and E are not synthesized by microorganisms and must be supplemented in many rations.

Animal storage for vitamin A

- Substantial reserves may be stored in body fat and liver if diet permits (results in yellow fat)

What is the bone's function in calcium metabolism?

- The bone serves as a buffer to maintain blood calcium levels within the necessary range. If the blood contains high levels of calcium the bone can absorb and store it if conditions are right. If the blood contains low levels of calcium the bone can donate calcium to restore the calcium concentration to normal. Obviously the bones can do this only until their cells are filled to capacity with calcium or severely depleted.

Name two general classifications of vitamins and list the vitamins that fall into each class.

- Vitamins are classified by their solubility. 1. Fat-soluble (water-insoluble) vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. 2. Water-soluble (fat-insoluble) vitamins include: Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Pantothenic acid, Biotin, Choline, Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Myoinositol, Cyanocobalamin (B 12), Folic acid (folacin), PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid)

Prevention of milk fever

- feed low calcium for two weeks before birth. Stimulates PTH and destroy calcitonin. - Inject massive dose of Vitamin D seven days prior. If injected too soon it will cause toxicity.

How much fluorine in water is considered toxic for children? 1

-2-5 ppm in water produce toxic results in children. Fluorine is a cumulative poison.

How do minerals function in acid-base balance?

-All enzymes and body reactions have an optimum pH in which they function properly. Minerals help control the hydrogen ion concentration and thereby regulate pH.

What vitamins can be stored in the liver

-All fat soluble vitamins can be stored in liver

Why should we consider mineral interrelationships when formulating livestock rations, i.e., why not just mix minerals together as we find them to prepare a mineral supplement?

-Because of the risk of an mineral imbalance occurring from mineral mixes not formulated properly. For instance if the dietary level of one mineral increases, the digestibility, absorbability or metabolizability of the other mineral in the pair is reduced. -Mineral interactions can also cause mineral deficiency symptoms if not properly formulated -Mineral toxicity symptoms occur very easily

Why shouldn't we be concerned with vitamin K in the diet of ruminant animals?

-Because rumen microorganisms can synthesize the water soluble vitamins and vitamin K

Why should we be concerned about the vitamin A content of feeds fed to ruminant animals?

-Because vitamin A, D, and E cannot be synthesized by microorganisms and must be supplemented in many rations

Why has naming of vitamins been problematic?X

-Been for decades because of inaccuracies in early chemical methods of identifying compounds and because they were the last group of nutrients to be discovered and quantified.

Manganese (Mn) functions 1

-Component of enzyme, needed in collagen synthesis and, therefore, bone formation.

Does vitamin D2 work in all species?

-D2 works in all species except.poultry; poultry. require. D3.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Choline

-Deficiency most likely in poultry; 1. Fatty liver 2. Growth depression; 3. Perosis in poultry; 4. Anorexia, 5. Reduced growth.

sulfur deficiency

-Deficiency of any organic metabolites containing S of course produces functional and morphological issues for the animal- 1. Causes amino acid deficiency in nonruminants 2. Reduced MCO fermentation, Poor MCO growth in rumen, anorexia and reduced productivity by the animal

Manganese (Mn) toxicity/ imbalance effects 1

-Depressed hemoglobin synthesis due to reduced iron absorption..

Would you like to have fluorine added to your drinking water? If so, how much? Explain.

-Essential because preventative effect against dental caries (tooth decay) -A study concluded that supplemental F in drinking water should be provided during or shortly after tooth eruption for maximum cariostatic effects

Stability of vitamin K

-Fairly stable; actively-reduced by dicumerol found in spoiled sweet clover'(dicumerol used-as rat poison); -animals fed spoiled sweet clover require higher vitamin K intake-to·offset the dicumercol effect

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

-For humans, pig, bat, some birds and some fish experience deficiency symptoms 1. swollen and bleeding gums 2. Increased oxidation of vitamin C which increases the requirement of vitamin C 3. Loosening of teeth; 4. Weak.bones.

Calcitonin

-Function is to lower blood Ca through bone deposition and excretion in the urine. -Can also override parathyroid hormone and prevent it from releasing blood calcium during the initiation of lactation during gestation. -No longer produced when blood calcium levels are low but takes several hours to be destroyed for calcitonin already in blood.

Stability of Riboflavin (B2)

-Good except destroyed by blue and violet light; For example: riboflavin activity of milk in glass bottles and exposed to.sunlight is reduced to zero in about eight hours..

Is the metabolic control system for domestic animal serum calcium levels foolproof (lactating dairy cow)? Explain.

-Intravenous injection of calcium, glucose, and magnesium. The female will typically recover quite rapidly (in less than 30 minutes) if the injection is given soon enough. However, one injection may not be enough to cure her and the symptoms may reappear. Be ready to administer a second injection if necessary.

Haversian canal X

-Involved in bone lengthening where after the bone cells have been pushed into place the Haversian canal allows the blood stream to diffuse the minerals into cells.

What affects the efficiency of phosphorous absorption? 2

-It is related to the ratio of phosphorous with calcium 1. Too much P causes imbalance in ratio. If you raise one you need to raise the other. 2. Efficiency of P absorption also related to digestibility of phosphorous which becomes indigestible when bound to phytic acid

Bromine's case for being a required micromineral

-May be required for growth of mice and chicks

Barium's case for being a required micromineral

-May be required for growth of some species

Contrast the form in which vitamin A is supplied from synthetic versus natural sources.

-Naturally it can be provided as the vitamin itself or its precursor carotene (carotenoids) -It can occur as the alcohol (retinol) or the aldehyde (retinal) or can occur as the acid retinoic acid. -When occurring naturally the biological activity of vitamin A and its precursors can be destroyed by enzymes in feedstuff or ultraviolet light. However, esterfied Vitamin A is more stable than retinal or retinol. -Many carotene pigments found in nature but B-carotene is most biologically active -However, the stabability of vitamin A can be increased by adding minute droplets of vitamin A with gelatin or wax or by adding an antioxidant such as ethoxyerence to vitamin A. -Most vitamin A is supplied by synthetic sources which can be produced very economically. -Vitamin A from synthetic sources or animal tissues in feedstuffs is present primarily as the palmitate ester.

Changes in identifying vitamin deficiencies over time.

-Nutritionists use to personally identify deficiencies by looking at the animal but now single vitamin deficiences rarely happen. Multiple vitamin deficiencies are more common and require a vet to diagnose because of how difficult it is to determine. -Identifying deficiencies is less important than finding information and recognizing that deficiencies exist

What is the most versatile element found in lfestock? What percent of it is found in bones/teeth and soft tissue? What cells have this element in them.

-Phosphorous -80% in bones and teeth and 20% in soft tissue -All cells have P in them

Can ruminants synthesize vitamin B12? Nonruminants? Explain.

-Plants do not contain B12 1. Microorganisms such as protozoa and bacterial products are the only known primary source of vitamin B12 -Ruminants can synthesize it but nonruminants cant

Prevention of grass tetany? 5

-Prevention is hard to bring about in grazing livestock because of all the variables at play. a. Fertilizer supplemented with magnesium may help increase the magnesium content of plants. Best results are generally realized from sandy soils. This is a rather expensive solution. b. Provide each cow or stocker calf with two ounces of magnesium oxide per day. Magnesium oxide can be mixed into a range cube ( commercial source available) or with grain. Magnesium oxide is extremely unpalatable so it may be difficult to maintain consumption. Itis especially hard to get enough Mg into them if it is only provided in a free choice mineral supplement. The stuff really tastes nasty. c. Limit grazing time of cattle on pasture or feed hay at night. d. Feeding an animal large amounts of grain helps to prevent grass tetany but this is expensive and defeats the purpose of grazing. e. Other good sources of magnesium include magnesium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium phosphate; the poorest source is magnesium oxide, but it is most often used because it ·is the least expensive.

Minerals constitute a group of inorganic elements needed by livestock for what?

-Production and maintenance

Cadium's case for being a required micromineral 1d

-Purified diets with less than 0.4ppb Cd results in growth depression for rats

How are blood phosphorous levels regulated?

-Regulated indirectly by the hormone calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone. When calcium is released or stored in bone so is phosphorous, as it is a part of the calcium crystal found in bone.

What results in yellow fat in animals

-Storage of vitamin A in body fat and liver

Do antivitamins function as active vitamins? What happens when they react in an vitamin's place?

-The antagonist does not function as the active vitamin. -In addition, when they react in the vitamin's place, they refuse to be replaced by the proper substance, which would allow for the reaction to proceed and can thus shut down metabolism.

Why must the rather commonly held notion that vitamin C plays a role in the prevention of the common cold and that ingesting mega doses of vitamin C are good for humans be viewed with skepticism and/or rejected outright? (Answer found in text p. 270.).

-The research done around the topic does not find any benefits of ingesting mega doses of vitamin C being good and the claim that it does have any benefits must be rejected. -It is hard to reach toxicity levels of vitamin C but chronic ingestion of vitamin C may increase susceptibility to scurvy when vitamin C is withdrawn. -Also There is evidence of impaired phagocyte bactericidal activity associated with the administration of large doses of vitamin C -Also high levels of vitamin C may reduce utilization of Cu and other trace elements

Why are A, D, E, and K called "fat-soluble" vitamins?

-These vitamins are divided from water soluble vitamins based on their solubility properties -These vitamins are absorbed with lipids from the gut and can be stored in fat tissue of the body

How do minerals help with cell structure and integrity? X

-They are found in cell and nucleus membranes plus other layers in cells also contain minerals.

What is the difference between vitamins D2 and D3? What is the best way to ensure that livestock have enough vitamin D?

-They are the two major sterols with vitamin D activity. Vitamin D2 is irradiated ergosterol or calciferol -Vitamin D3 is irradiated 7-dehydrocholesterol - Ergosterol (D2) is the chief plant source while 7-dehydrocholesterol (D3) is found in animal tissues as the precursor cholesterol -Both require irradiation (sunlight) to be converted to active form. -Most animals use both efficiently but birds require D3 specifically -They are not synthesized by microorganisms so must be supplemented in rations, only need minute amounts but are required

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Riboflavin (B2) for ruminant

-Unknown

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Inositol

-Unknown and very rare in most livestock feeding situations.

Chromium (Cr) Toxicity/ imbalance effects 1

-Unknown.

Name the vitamin units used by nutritionists to add vitamins to livestock rations.

-Vitamin activity found in the vitamin source expressed as International Units (LU.) per Kg diet or as United States Pharmaceutical Units (USP) per Kg diet. These systems have the advantage of taking into consideration the vitamin's chemical structure (several of the vitamins are available in a variety of molecular structures that vary in vitamin activity) and also the digestibility and absorbability of the vitamin.

How many inorganic elements are required by certain species?X

-good evidence for 20 inorganic elements (micro-, macrominerals) are required by some species book says 22 but with no evidence for last two to have an essential function for the body

Potassium (K) deficiency symptoms 6

1) Abnormal electrocardiograms. 2) Growth depression. 3) Unsteady gait. 4) Muscle weakness. 5) Depraved appetite (pica) and wool biting in sheep. 6) Emaciation and death.

Chlorine (Cl) functions 3

1) Associated with 66% of the blood acids so one major role is acid base regulation. 2) Gastric juice contains chlorine as free acid (HCl) and salts. 3) Osmotic balance, especially of extracellular fluid.

Chlorine deficiency symptoms 2

1) Depressed growth rate. 2) It is probable that sodium deficiency happens so fast and is so overwhelming that Cl deficiency symptoms are masked.

Potassium functions 5

1) Muscle and nerve function. Heart and kidney integrity depends on K and irregular heartbeat/heart lesions occur in a deficit. 2) Osmotic balance. 3) K is very important in maintaining acid base balance in the body. 4) Enzyme reactions. 5) Helps cells absorb amino acids and glucose.

Treatment of iron deficiency 5

1) lnject a soluble iron solution into the baby pig prior to six days of age and then one to two weeks later depending on the product being raised. This method guarantees each pig will receive enough iron. 2) An alternative treatment is an oral dose with a stomach tube at about four to six days. This will be absorbed in enough quantity to satisfy the newborn pig's needs. 3. It can be effective just to place in the pig's pen a pan of high iron supplement that has been coated with something sweet and hope that the pig will eat enough to satisfy the requirement. This really leaves too much to chance. 4) One can also provide the litter with drinking water containing soluble iron (not too satisfactory as they may or may not drink the water). 5) An old-fashioned method is to give piglets a chunk of dirt (which hopefully contains iron). They will usually nibble at it and get enough iron. Feeding the sow adequate iron really doesn't raise the iron level in the milk very much. Recent research has shown it is possible to increase the iron content in the saw's milk a small amount by feeding iron chelated to amino acids. However, iron shots are still recommended to ensure that each pig gets adequate iron. Saving just one pig will pay for quite a few iron shots.

Selenium (Se) deficiency 4

1. ''White muscle disease," 2. Liver necrosis 3. Atrophy of the pancreas. 4. When deficient simultaneously with vitamin E results in muscular dystrophy in calves and lambs.

Aluminum's case for being a required micromineral 3b

1. Accumulates in regenerating bone 2. Stimulates enzyme systems involved with succinate metabolism 3. Essential for fertility in female rats

Which micro elements are considered not essential? 9

1. Aluminum 2. Arsenic 3. Cadmium 4. Nickel 5. Vanadium 6. Barium 7. Bromine 8. Rubidium 9. Cesium

Iron deficiency symptoms 5

1. Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic). Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity due to lack of iron in red blood cells. 2 Diarrhea. 3. Oral and skin lesions (due to tissue anoxia). 4 Decreased cytochrome activity (only in severe deficiency). 5. A syndrome called "the thumps" occurs frequently in baby pigs unless they are given an iron supplement. The baby pig has a marginal iron supply when it is born (lasts about five to six days). Sow's milk has a very low iron content (lowest of all species of livestock). Added to these complications is the fact that the baby pig has a rapid growth rate. The baby rapidly exhausts the body iron and develops pallor of the skin, labored breathing, rough hair coat, poor and reduced growth, and frequently comes down with respiratory infections.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Folic acid

1. Anemia; 2. Intestinal upsets; 3. Growth depression; 4. Anorexia 5. Reduced growth

Sources of Vitamin Choline

1. Animal and plant products 2. Methionine can serve as a methyl donor

Molybdenum (Mo) Deficiency Symptoms 2

1. Anorexia 2. Poor growth

What are the most common symptoms of vitamin deficiency?

1. Anorexia 2. Reduced growth 3. Dermatitis 4. Weakness 4. Staggering gait

General deficiency symptoms shared by Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K). 5

1. Anorexia 2. Reduced growth 3. Unthrifty appearance 4. Reduced productivity 5. Death in extreme deficiencies.

Manganese (Mn) deficiency symptoms 7

1. Anorexia 2. Reduced productivity 3. Delayed sexual maturity 4. Poor blood clotting 5. Weak egg shells and bones, 6. Perosis 7. Slipped tendon poultry

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Riboflavin (B2) across species

1. Anorexia 2. Reduced growth

Functions of vitamin E (2)

1. Antioxidant; functions with Se to detoxify. peroxides; 2. many functions that vary with animal species: cell membrane stability.

Sources of Vitamin A

1. B-Carotene precursor found in green and yellow plants; 2. corn 1/8 value of-green forage; 2. milo devoid; 3. fish oil (good source) 4. yellow fat; 5. liver

Sources of Vitamin Thiamin (B1)

1. Bacteria 2. Forages 3. Other feedstuffs

Selenium (Se) toxicity or imbalance 6

1. Blind staggers and alkali disease in western. states. 2. Hair loss from tail of cattle and horses, 3. hooves slough off, 4. reproductive failure 5. anorexia,. 6. death. -Little as 9ppm in diet can cause toxicity

Name the minerals considered to be classified as microminerals 12

1. Bo-Boron 2. Fe-Iron 3. F-Fluorine 4. Cu -Copper 5. Mo-Molybdenum 6. Co-Cobalt 7. Zn-Zinc 8. Cr -Chromium 9. I-Iodine 10. Si-Silicon 11. Se -Selenium 12. Mn-Manganese

Discuss metabolic control of blood calcium levels. 3

1. Bone serves as a buffer to maintain blood calcium levels within the necessary range 2. Blood calcium concentrations are controlled hormonally. 3. Blood calcium levels are influenced by the amount of calcium contained in the diet and the calcium phosphorous ratio.

Fluorine (F) toxicity/ imbalance effects 2

1. Bones and teeth lose normal color, become thickened and soft 2. Mottled enamel in children

Minerals that are most likely deficient in livestock rations? and need to be checked routinely in formulating livestock mineral supplements 9

1. Ca 2. P 3. Mg 4. Fe (baby pigs) 5. I (certain areas) 6. Mn (young chicks) 7. Se (area dependent) 8. K (ruminant animals) 9. Zn (animals fed high grain diets)

Name the minerals considered to be classified as essential macrominerals 7

1. Ca-Calcium Ca^2+ 2. Cl-Chlorine CI^- 3. P-Phosphorous P04 4. K-Potassium K+ 5. Na -Sodium Na+ 6. Mg-Magnesium Mg++ 7. S-Sulfur

Silicon (Si) functions 1

1. Calcification of chick bone and connective tissue.

Main minerals required in bone lengthening? X 4

1. Calcium 2. Phosphorous 3. Magnesium 4. Fluorine

Calcium function 6

1. Calcium is one of the minerals found in bones and teeth. 2. blood clotting 3. muscle contractions 4. membrane permeability 5. neuromuscular excitability 6. acid-base equilibrium.

Functions of vitamin Cyanocobalamin (B12)

1. Carbohydrate synthesis 2. Protein synthesis 3.Nucleic acid synthesis; 4. Propionic acid metabolism; 5. Maturation of red blood cells

Functions of vitamin Choline

1. Cell structure (membranes); 2. Fat metabolism; 3. Methyl donor.

Sources of Vitamin Pyridoxine (B6)

1. Cereal grains 2. Yeast 3. Bacteria 4. Legumes

Which vitamins have fair stability? 2

1. Choline 2. Cyanocobalamin (B12) 3. Pantothenic acid

Discuss acute versus chronic calcium deficiency symptoms and relate this to milk fever. 2

1. Chronic Calcium deficiency. Rickets plus the acute symptoms listed below in the final stages. Rickets is a disease of young growing animals. I can also be caused by vitamin D deficiency and P imbalance. 2. Acute Calcium deficiency. Muscle incoordination (wobbly walk), paralysis, and possibly death. "Big head" disease in horses, various bone disorders.

Why is it important to regulate blood calcium levels? 2

1. Chronic calcium deficiencies such as Rickets 2. Acute calcium deficiency like muscle incordination paralysis or death

Sources of Vitamin C

1. Citrus fruits 2. Geeny leafy vegetables 3. tomatoes

What are some metabolic functions of phosphorus?

1. Combines with Ca to form crystals, which are components of hard tissues. 2. Component of many enzymes. 3. Involved in energy utilization: ATP, ADP, AMP. 4. Buffer in blood. 5. components of RNA and DNA. So vital to protein synthesis 6. Component of phospholipids. Lipid transport and metabolism.

Functions of vitamin Riboflavin (B2)

1. Component of FAD in electron transport chain; 2. Energy·metabolism; 3. Protein metabolism.

Molybdenum (Mo) Functions 1

1. Component of enzymes, i.e. xanthine oxide.

Selenium (Se) function 3

1. Component of glutha_thione peroxidase (removes toxic peroxides) 2. Interaction 'With vitamin E in that vitamin E is an antioxidant 3. prevents peroxide formation

Sulfur (S) Functions 1

1. Component of methionine and cystine (sulfur must be provided as methionine or cystine in nonruminant).

Sodium (Na) functions 3

1. Contained in 93% of blood bases so one major function is acid base regulation. 2. Reduced reproduction. 3. Osmotic balance. Required by the sweating process: Na is pumped into the sweat gland. Water follows the Na+ due to the increased osmotic pressure inside the gland. When the skin is contracted (response to increased body temperature) the water is forced out onto the skin and hopefully evaporates. In general, water moves throughout your body by following minerals (osmotic process). The only direct water pumps in vivo include the heart, the peristaltic motion of the intestines, and the lymph system.

Iodine (I) function 1

1. Contained in thyroxin produced by thyroid gland.

Cobalt (Co) Functions 3

1. Contained in vitamin B12 2. Similar to sulfur in methionine and cystine. 3. Functions are those listed for vitamin B12

What microminerals would you need to consider when formulating mineral supplements? 11

1. Copper (cu) 2. Cobalt (Co) 3. Iodine (I) 4. Zinc (Zn) 5. Selenium (Se) 6.Molybdenum (Mo) 7. Fluorine (F) 8. Chromium (Cr) 9. Silicon (Si) 10. Sulfur (S) 11. Manganese (Mn) Chart in guide pg. 220 and 221

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Riboflavin (B2) for Swine

1. Crooked legs 2. Dermatitis, 3. Reproductive failure;

Functions of vitamin Inositol

1. Cures alopccia in mice but unknown function for other species

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Riboflavin (B2) for chicks

1. Curled toe paralysis,. 2. Leg paralysis;

Vanadium's case for being a required micromineral 1d, 1b

1. Deficiency impairs reproductive efficiency -Benefits of adding it to diet include: 1. stimulates the rate of glucose transport into rat adipocytes by activating insulin-sensitive transport system

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Biotin

1. Dermatitis; h 2. Hair or Feather loss; 3. Depression; 4. Foot lesions; 5. Fatty liver in birds; 6. Impaired leg coordination; 7. Paralysis in hindquarter of swine; 8. Anorexia, 9. Reduced growth.

Stability of Thiamin (B1)

1. Destroyed by moist heat; 2. raw fish contain thiaminase which lowers thiamin activity .and can precipitate deficiency symptoms.

Molybdenum (Mo) toxicity (imbalance effects) 3

1. Diarrhea 2. anemia 3. stiffness. Treatment: feed copper above the requirement as copper reduces molybdenum toxicity and vice versa.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Thiamin (B1)

1. Edema, 2. Anorexia 3. Diarrhea, 4. Weakness, 5. Convulsions, 6. Brain lesions, 7. Paralysis, 8. Reduced growth, 9. Polyneritis in poultry, 10. Polioencephalonalacia in cattle, 11. Increased blood lactate 12. Increased pyruvate levels.

Functions of vitamin Paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)

1. Enhances growth of microorganisms and chicks.

Sources of Vitamin D

1. Ergosterol precursor; for all animals expect plants D2 2. Found in pJants and excellent source in sun-cured plants 3. 7-dehydrocholesterol precursor found in animals;- BIRDS D3 4. Excellent source in fish oil *-Both animal and plant sources require radiation (sunlight) to be converted to active form -animals raised in sunlight rarely exhibit deficiency symptoms;

Functions of vitamin Biotin

1. Fat metabolism 2. Carbohydrate metabolism 3. Protein metabolism; 4. Carboxylation reactions.

Functions of vitamin Pantothenic acid

1. Fat metabolism 2. Carbohydrate metabolism 3. Protein metabolism; 4. Constituent.of co-enzyme A.

Functions of vitamin Pyridoxine (B6)

1. Fat metabolism 2. Carbohydrate metabolism 3. Protein metabolism; 4. antibody formation

Functions of vitamin Folic acid

1. Fat metabolism 2. Protein metabolism; 3. Nucleic acid synthesis

Compare the absorption between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

1. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with lipid from the gut. 2. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with water across the small intestine.

Compare the physiological action between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

1. Fat-soluble vitamins are associated with regulation of structural units including building, maintenance, and physiological action. 2. The water-soluble B vitamins play a variety of very important roles in intermediary metabolism. Energy transfer cannot occur without them.

Compare the excretion between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

1. Fat-soluble vitamins are excreted in the feces. 2. Water-soluble B vitamins are generally excreted via the kidney into urine. B 12 is also excreted via the bile.

Compare the occurence between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

1. Fat-soluble vitamins occur in plants in the precursor form (provitamin). The provitamin form is converted into the active vitamin by the animal. 2. Water solubles are not believed to occur in provitamin form although there are often several active forms of them. a. Trytophan can be converted into niacin but is not considered a provitamin.

Name some good dietary sources of the vitamin classes that you listed in question number 2.

1. Fat-soluble vitamins occur in plants in the precursor form (provitamin). The provitamin form is converted into the active vitamin by the animal. 2. Water solubles are not believed to occur in provitamin form although there are often several active forms of them. a. Trytophan can be converted into niacin but is not considered a provitamin. -Vitamin A can be provided as the vitamin or precursor carotene. X

Prevention of milk fever 2

1. Feed low calcium diet for two weeks prior to parturition to stimulate PTH production and destroy calcitonin. 2. Inject massive dose of vitamin D within seven days prior to parturition to stimulate extra calcium absorption and thereby increase blood calcium levels. Caution: if vitamin D is injected too soon vitamin D toxicity (soft tissue and joint calcification) and milk fever may result.

General functions of minerals 7

1. Filling in soft bone and teeth cells to make the cell (which is a structure) hard and rigid 2. Cell structure and integrity 3. part of organic compounds such as proteins, AA, carbs, and fats 4. Minerals help control the location of body water via osmotic pressure 5. Acid base balance 6. Activator of enzymes 7. Necessary for hormones

Functions of vitamin C

1. Formation and maintenance of intercellular material in some species; 2. has a role in various oxidation-reduction reactions in living cells.

Functions of vitamin Niacin (B3)

1. Hydrogen transport (NAD) in glycolysis; 2. Diarrhea 3. Dermatitis 4. Energy metabolism; 5. Synthesis,

Copper (cu) defiency symptoms 6

1. Hypochromic anemia, 2. Deformed bones, 3. Ruptured aorta, 4. Uncoordination 5. Paralysis 6. Infertility in cows.

Chromium (Cr) deficiency symptoms 4

1. Impaired glucose tolerance (decreased insulin sensitivity, i.e., glucose not absorbed) 2. Cornea (eye) lesions, 3. Anorexia 4. Poor growth.

Iron functions 3

1. In hemoglobin helps carry oxygen 2. In Muscle myoglobin binds to oxygen. 3. Cytochrome system

Arsenic's case for being a required micromineral 3b

1. Increases growth of chicks 2. Decreases neonatal mortality in rats and goats 3. improves birth weights in goats

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Niacin (B3)

1. Pellagra in humans; 2. Dementia; 3. Lesions on tongue, lips, and mouth; 4. Nausea; 5. lack tongue in dogs; 6. Anorexia, 7. Reduced growth.

Treatment of milk fever 2

1. Intravenous injection of calcium, glucose, and magnesium. The female will typically recover quite rapidly (in less than 30 minutes) if the injection is given soon enough. However, one injection may not be enough to cure her and the symptoms may reappear. Be ready to administer a second injection if necessary. 2. Before we had modern treatments, it was standard practice to inflate the cow's udder. Here are the instructions: Necessary equipment includes a bicycle pump or air pump and a teat cannula. Inflate all four udder quarters and seal the teats with tape. (OUCH!) The milk synthesis mechanism is reversed and the milk is absorbed increasing blood calcium levels to normal.

Sources of Vitamin Niacin or nicotinamide (B3)

1. Leafy materials 2. Vasodilation 3. Distiller products

Functions of Magnesium?

1. Like Ca and P, it is needed for bone development and maintenance 2. Crucial role in carb, protein, and fat metabolism bc hundreds of enzymes need it for optimal catalytic activity. Enzymes that hydrolyze ATP to form ADP and free PO4 (liberating energy) need Mg for optimal activity.

Sources of Vitamin Folic acid

1. Liver 2. Legumes 3. tankage 3. yeast 4. Bacteria 5. Soybean meal

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E

1. Membrane damage; 2. Chicks: brain lesions; 3. Rats: degeneration of testes so cure for rat impotence.

Which vitamins are stored poorly?

1. Niacin (B3) 2. Pyridoxine (B6) 3. Pantothenic acid 4. Biotin 5. Choline 6. Folic acid 7. Cyanocobalamin (B12) 8. Vitamin C 9. Paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) 10. Inositol

What vitamins are very stable? 3

1. Niacin (B3) 2. Pyridoxine (B6) 3. Biotin

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A

1. Night blindness or total blindness; 2. Diarrhea due to poor nutrient absorption; 3. Pneumonia (infection); 4. Bladder stones; 5. Sterility; 6. Fetus absorption; 7. Crooked bones; 8. Bone overgrowth;

Sources of Vitamin K

1. Occurs via bacteria synthesis in rumen and large intestine for all species but poultry - Animals must practice coprophagy to get benefit though; 1. Green leafy materials; 3. In liver, 4. Fish, 5. Eggs; 6. Commercial source menadione.

What are the metabolic functions of Phosphorous? 6

1. Phosphorous combines with calcium to form crystals that resemble hydroxyappetite crystals [Cal0(P04)6(0H)2]. These are components of hard tissues. 2. Phosphorous is a component of many enzymes (phosphoproteins). 3. ATP, ADP, and AMP each contain phosphorous, therefore phosphorous plays a key role in energy utilization. 4. Buffer in blood. 5. Component of RNA and DNA (genetic code). As such, it is vital to protein synthesis in the body. 6. Component of phospholipids. These function in lipid transport and metabolism and cell membrane structure.

Sources of Vitamin Paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)

1. Plants 2. Liver

Sources of Vitamin Riboflavin (B2)

1. Plants 2. Yeast 3. Milk 4. Eggs 5. Liver -* Most nonruminants contain inadequate amounts so always add to nonruminant diets

Sodium (Na) deficiency symptoms 5

1. Reduced growth rate 2. reduced feed efficiency 3. reduced milk production 4. Weight loss. 5. Animals crave salt and those deficient in it will work hard to find it and consume it -up to and including the consumption of fresh urine and licking the ground in salt-rich areas. (A standard method for capturing some domestic reindeer by their herders in times past was to hang a bag of freshly collected human urine in a corral like trap. Now they just use helicopters and ATVs.)

Zinc (Zn) toxicity or imbalance effects

1. Reduces copper absorption 2. Dermatitis, 3. Corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract, 4. diarrhea 5. possibly death

Sulfur (S) toxicity/ imbalance effects 2

1. Reduces molybdenum toxicity 2. may result in molybdenum and copper deficiency.

Zinc (Zn) functions 2

1. Required by several enzymes -carbonic anhydrase -phosphatase -And more 2. Important in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.

Chromium (Cr) Functions 1

1. Required for body cells to be sensitive to insulin.

Copper (cu) Function 5

1. Required for iron absorption 2. synthesis of hemoglobin 3. bone collagen formation 4. Elastin formation (blood vessels) 5. nerve transmission.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D

1. Rickets (soft bones) due to poor calcium absorption; 2. Weakness; 3. Poor egg production; 4. Anorexia, 5. Reduced growth -Rarely seen in animals raised in sunlight

Phosphorous deficiency symptoms? 4

1. Rickets in growing animals. 2. Decreased appetite, Anorexia. 3. Reduced productivity. Weight gain, milk production, wool growth, reproduction, etc. 4. Abnormal eating or chewing called pica. This is manifested by wood chewing, soil eating and, in general, exhibiting a depraved appetite, Animals may chew on bones if they can find them. 5, In adults long-term effects result in lameness and reduced bone strength.

Silicon (Si) deficiency symptoms 2

1. Small joints 2. growth depression.

Sources of Vitamin Pantothenic acid

1. Soybean meal 2. Yeast 3. Bran-rich cereals

Common Ca and P feed supplements? 6

1. Steamed bonemeal 2. Dicalcium phosphate 3. Deflourinated phosphates 4. Ground limestone 5. Phosphoric acid (H3P04) 6. Sodium phosphate (Na2HP04)

Fluorine functions 2

1. Strengthens bones and teeth 2. helps prevent dental carries (decay)

Sources of Vitamin Biotin

1. Synthesized in rumen and intestines

Compare the chemical composition between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

1. The elemental composition of fat-soluble vitamins includes three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 2. The water solubles contain C, H, and O plus either nitrogen, sulfur, or cobalt.

Functions of vitamins (5) X

1. They are organic components of feedstuffs but are not carbohydrates, fat, or protein. 2. A component of feedstuffs that is present in food in only minute amounts. They are also needed in small amounts. 3. Vitamins regulate many body reactions, but do not become part of body structure. 4. The individual vitamins each have specific functions in the body. When vitamins are deficient or not properly utilized or absorbed a specific deficiency condition occurs that reduces animal health and productivity. 5. They do not provide the body with energy, but some are very involved in intermediary metabolism.

Cobalt (Co) toxicity or imbalance 5

1. Thyroid 2. hyperplasia, 3. anorexia 4. nausea 5. diarrhea.

Copper (cu) toxicity or imbalance effects 3

1. Tissue necrosis ( death) 2. Jaundice (yellow color) 3. brown liver due to copper accumulation

Iodine (I) toxicity or imbalance effects 5

1. Vasodilation 2. skin lesions 3. nausea, 4. hyperthyroidism 5. 2-3 g/70 Kg body weight has been fatal in humans.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)

1. Very rare in livestock; 2. poor growth in chicks; 3. Unknown for other species

Functions of vitamin A

1. Vision. 2. Epithelium integrity of eye and· respiratory, alimentary;. reproductive and urogenital b:acL 3. Bone formation.

What vitamins have good stability? 3

1. Vitamin C 2. Paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) 3. Inositol 4. Vitamin D

Fluorine (F) deficiency symptoms 1

1. Weak bone and teeth structure.

What vitamins should you be concerned with when feeding ruminants, swine, poultry, and horses? Why not all the vitamins?

1. With ruminants, the main concern is with vitamin A and probably with vitamin D in specialized circumstances. 2. With swine, the main concern is with riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, B12, and choline of the water solubles and with vitamins A, D, and possibly E of the fat-soluble group. 3. With poultry, we must monitor the intake and carefully balance rations for all vitamins except ascorbic acid, inositol, and P ABA. Thiamin is not usually a problem. d. With horses, the main concern is with vitamins A, D, E, and thiamin (source for number 4-Teeter, 1988, p. i-9).

Is phytic acid an important factor to consider when estimating the quantity of available phosphorous contained in feedstuffs? Explain.

1. YES, Phytic acid is a compound found in plants that can bind phosphorous, rendering it indigestible to nonruminants (not ruminants). Phytic acid (hexophosphoric acid ester of inositol) can bind from 1/2 to 2/3 of the total phosphorous found in plants. This organically bound P is called "phytate P.11 Since monogastric animals do not have the enzyme phytase to free the phosphorous contained in phytic acid the phytate P is not available for absorption. Monogastric nutritionists normally figure that 1/2 to 2/3 of the plant phosphorous is not available.

Prevention of grass tetany.

1. fertilizer- but expensive. 2. provide cow with 2 oz mg oxide/day. Cheapest, but gross. 3. limit grazing time of cattle at night (or feed hay). 4. magnesium phosphate, mg cl, mg carbonate.

Sources of Vitamin Cyanocobalamin (B12)

1. protozoa and bacterial products are good sources; 2. Liver contains some if animal fed adequate diet; 3. Feces are rich in B12 (cow manure factor).

About how much magnesium in livestock is in bone tissue?

70%

Iron homeostasis

A particular feature of iron as compared with other metals of biological significance is that once absorbed, it is released from the body only to a small extent (no excretion mechanism). Since livestock go to great lengths to retain iron, absorption plays the determining role for the homeostasis of iron metabolism. The key feature of iron absorption regulation is the ability of the intestinal mucosal cell to control the amount of iron entering the animal's body.

Discuss the importance of supplemental iron to the baby pig and contrast this to that needed by the chick and young ruminant.

A syndrome called "the thumps" occurs frequently in baby pigs unless they are given an iron supplement. The baby pig has a marginal iron supply when it is born (lasts about five to six days). Sow's milk has a very low iron content (lowest of all species of livestock). Added to these complications is the fact that the baby pig has a rapid growth rate. The baby rapidly exhausts the body iron and develops pallor of the skin, labored breathing, rough hair coat, poor and reduced growth, and frequently comes down with respiratory infections. -In contrast to chicks?

Compare the storage between fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

A. The fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in fat tissue of the body. 1) The storage increases with the intake and can actually reach toxic levels in the body. 2) This storage can be extensive enough to allow animals to survive, even flourish, on fat-soluble vitamin deficient diets for a long time, even months, without showing deficiency symptoms. b. The water-soluble vitamins are only stored in the body for a very short-term use. A two- to four-day storage is about as good as it gets. A constant dietary source is therefore much more important. B12 is an exception to this. There is significant B12 storage.

Why is adding vitamins to feeds based on weight not the best practice? X

Adding vitamins to feeds based upon weight is not always the best practice because vitamin digestibility, absorbability, and activity is quite variable. However, it is satisfactory when knowledge of these factors is available.

Can anzlyzing grass for Mg give you any warning for grass tetany?

Analyzing the grass for magnesium will give you no advance warning of grass tetany. Grasses high in potassium and protein reduce magnesium absorption so forage that has seemingly adequate amounts can still cause a problem. Other mitigating factors have also been identified. It is fairly obvious that grass tetany is more than a simple Mg deficiency.

What animals are more susceptible to grass tetany

Beef cattle feeding on lush green pastures. Lactating cows losing Mg in milk. Heavily fertilized pastures + cold temps.

How does calcium levels in the diet and the calcium phosphorous ratio affect blood calcium levels?

Blood calcium levels are influenced by the amount of calcium contained in the diet and the calcium phosphorous ratio. Calcium and phosphorous share absorption sites so if the concentration of one ( Ca or P) is too high in relation to the other, it will not be able to compete for absorption. This competition can result in either a Ca or P deficiency, even when the diet appears to be adequate in the mineral exhibiting the deficiency symptoms. Optimal Dietary Ca to P ratios for nonruminants are in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.

Discuss metabolic control of blood calcium levels.

Bone Buffer. Bones can absorb CA when too high, and donate it when CA is low. Only do it until their bones are at capacity or severely depleted. Done via hormone control (calcitonin and parathyroid hormone).

Functions of Magnesium

Bone development and maintenancee Required for protein/fat/carb metabolism, enzymes that use ATP usually require Mg to operate optimally.

Mineral of largest amount? How much in body vs bone? Ratio with other mineral in bone? ?

Ca, 9% of bone weight. 99% Ca in bone, 1% in blood and soft tissues. Ca 2:1 P.

Blood phosphorus levels are indirectly regulated by what hormones?

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

What inhibits zinc absorption?

Calcium

Functions of vitamin D

Calcium absorption; -D2 works in all species except.poultry; poultry. require. D3.

Why is it important to regulate blood calcium levels?

Can result in Ca deficiency. It competes with phosphorous for absorption sites. It also can inhibit Zn absorption.

What is a poor source of Niacin (B3)?

Cereals are generally poor source

Why are minerals necessary for hormones? Example?

Certain minerals are necessary components of hormones. A hormone is a compound produced by one part of the animal, pumped in the blood to go to another part of the body and regulate a chemical reaction at that part of the body. For example, iodine is a necessary part of the hormone thyroxine that speeds up the body's metabolism.

What are poor sources of pantothenic acid?

Corn and meat

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Pyroxidine (B6)

Deficiencies are rare; 1. Anemia; 2. Dermatitis; 3. Staggering gait; 4. Convulsions; 5. Anorexia., 6. Reduced growth.

Nickel's case for being a required micromineral 6d

Deficiency signs in pigs, goats and rats: 1. Decreased hematocrit 2. abnormalities in the liver 3. reproductive problems 4. high neonatal mortality 5. depressed growth 6. More but screw it

What is grass tetany?

Deficient amount of cellular and blood magnesium. Causing them to have seizures. Death can occur 6-10 hours after symtpoms.

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin Riboflavin (B2) for human

Dermatitis

What reduces calcium digestibility?

Fatty acids liberated from fat digestion within the intestines can bind calcium forming an indigestible fatty acid-Ca complex (similar to soap). The net effect is that Ca digestibility is reduced.

Name five ways to provide supplemental iron to the newly farrowed pig.

For newly farrowed pig: 1) lnject a soluble iron solution into the baby pig prior to six days of age and then one to two weeks later depending on the product being raised. This method guarantees each pig will receive enough iron. 2) An alternative treatment is an oral dose with a stomach tube at about four to six days. This will be absorbed in enough quantity to satisfy the newborn pig's needs. 3. It can be effective just to place in the pig's pen a pan of high iron supplement that has been coated with something sweet and hope that the pig will eat enough to satisfy the requirement. This really leaves too much to chance. 4) One can also provide the litter with drinking water containing soluble iron (not too satisfactory as they may or may not drink the water). 5) An old-fashioned method is to give piglets a chunk of dirt (which hopefully contains iron). They will usually nibble at it and get enough iron. Feeding the sow adequate iron really doesn't raise the iron level in the milk very much. Recent research has shown it is possible to increase the iron content in the saw's milk a small amount by feeding iron chelated to amino acids. However, iron shots are still recommended to ensure that each pig gets adequate iron. Saving just one pig will pay for quite a few iron shots.

Ratio of Ca and P in monogastrics, pigs, and chicken

Generally for monogastrics the dietary ratio of calcium to phosphorous should be between 1:1 and 1.5: 1 on total calcium to total phosphorous. Usually pigs need a 1: 1 or 1.2:1 ratio. Laying hens may require much higher amounts of calcium since an egg shell is primarily calcium. Growing chickens may require a 2: 1 calcium to phosphorous ratio. Always check the current National Research Council publications or Extension Service recommendations for the proper level and ratio.

Name three cautions that should be considered when feeding minerals.

Here's 5: 1. Do not mix minerals and vitamins together (unless chelated) for over 60 -90 days as the minerals may oxidize or bind vitamins, making them unavailable to the animal and thus reduce mineral and vitamin digestibility. 2. Do not feed unneeded minerals because it is costly and there is a chance of mineral antagonisms occurring. 3. Protect the mineral feeder from the weather, i.e., do not let rainwater accumulate in it because this will tum to brine and reduce consumption. 4. Do not feed minerals without a fresh supply of water (enhances consumption). 5. Figure that at least 112 of the plant phosphorous for monogastrics is tied up and not available.

Name five methods used to provide supplemental minerals to livestock.

I. Adding free choice minerals (mixed together) in a self-feeder (a feeder where animals may consume all they want). Caution must be used to have minerals mixed in the correct ratio because if they are mixed in the wrong ratio an animal will have to eat too much to satisfy the requirements for all the minerals. Additionally, if one mineral is too high, toxicity or antagonisms could result. 2. Adding free choice trace mineral salt plus a separate free choice feeder for Ca-P so animals can be more flexible in their consumption. Some scientists think that animals will only eat what they need. 3. Adding free choice salt, free choice Ca-P mix, free choice trace mineral mix. This gives more animal flexibility especially if just salt is the limiting mineral (NaCl). 4. Adding the needed minerals to a protein supplement such as a range cattle cube ( cube of cottonseed meals, vitamins, salt, Ca, P, trace mineral cube). However, if the animal needs more of one mineral it has no way to get it without eating more range cube or supplement, which isn't usually available. 5. Adding the complete mineral mix to a diet plus offering salt-free choice. This allows animals extra salt if they need it. Beef cattle feedlots and dairies usually use this method.

Magnesium deficiency symptoms. 8

I. Neuromuscular hyperirritability (muscle spasms). 2. Skin lesions. 3. Calcium deposits in arteries, kidneys, and soft tissue (arteriosclerosis?). 4. Reduced microbial fermentation in rumen and cecum. 5. Retracted head in calves. 6. Anorexia and reduced productivity (gain, milk, etc.). 7. Grass tetany. 8. Bone abnormalities.

How and what hormones control blood calcium levels?

Ifblood calcium levels are high the thyroid gland releases a hormone called calcitonin. Calcitonin allows the movement of Ca across the bone and other cell membranes as long as vitamin Dis present. The net result is that blood calcium levels are decreased because it is moved into the bone. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium transport across biological membranes. On the other hand if blood calcium levels are low due either to a deficient diet or poor Ca digestibility, Ca will be withdrawn from bone to restore the blood to normal. The parathyroid gland produces parathyroid hormone that acts the opposite of calcitonin and allows the cells to release Ca to the blood. See text Figure 11.1, page 166.

Nomenclature articleX

In 1990 with the publication of an article in the Journal of Nutrition standard nomenclature was superimposed on the unwieldy band of nutrients. That is the nomenclature used in your text.

Mineral toxicity, symptoms and treatment

In several areas of the U.S. mineral toxicity rather than deficiency is the problem. Occasionally the toxicity condition may be corrected through the use of mineral antagonisms; however, frequently the only solution is to mix feeds high in the mineral with the other feeds containing low quantities (dilution effect). Toxicity as well as deficiency symptoms may also arise from feed formulation and/or mixing errors.

What is iron? Where is it found and what are the percentages?

Iron (Fe). Although iron is a micromineral its presence is necessary for proper metabolism to occur in body cells. Over 50% of the body iron is found in the blood protein hemoglobin. Myoglobin in muscle and hemoglobin in red blood cells combined account for 60-80% of body iron.

Look at chart of mineral function, deficience, imbalance effects, and requirement source

JUST DO IT pg. 220 and 221 in guide

Where are Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K) located in the body?

Location of Na+, Cl-, and K+ in vivo. Na+ is found mostly in the extracellular fluid (90%) while K+ is found largely in the intracellular fluid (90%). Chlorine is found both inside and outside the body tissue cells. The distribution of Na+ and K + ions creates an electrochemical gradient surrounding the cell. The gradient regulates nerve impulse transmission as well as muscle contraction, i.e., the gradient functions as an on/off switch. Deficiency symptoms of Na+ and K+ include decreased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction irregularities.

Hypocalcemia

Low blood calcium that can result from milk synthesis which can deplete the blood of most of its calcium and cause the condition milk fever or calcium tetany

What is the 3rd largest mineral presence in the body? Where is most of it found in livestock?

Magnesium (Mg). In actual amount, it is the third largest mineral presence in the body after Ca and P. Approximately 70% of the magnesium contained in livestock is found in bone tissue.

How are minerals activators of enzymes?

Minerals may join with an inactive enzyme and activate it. The correct term for a compound that joins with an enzyme to activate it is "coenzyme."

Feed and milk quantities of iron

Most feeds contain adequate quantities of iron to meet the animal's requirement. However, milk (especially saw's milk) is deficient in iron and we must give the baby pig special attention to avoid iron deficiency symptoms.

Do nonruminants need a source of riboflavin (B2)?

Most nonruminants contain inadequate amounts so always add to nonruminant diets

Are Myosinosiol and PABA a metabolic requirement? X

Myoinositol and P ABA are both synthesized by normal gut microorganisms in animals and people. Under normal conditions there is no evidence for a dietary requirement. Some nutritionists still refuse to put them on the list of water-soluble vitamins. As the Scientific World Tums ...thats it

Sodium, K, Cl content in Extracellular Fluid vs. Intracellular Fluid

Na: 90% ECF. 10% ICF K: 10% ECF. 90% ICF Cl: 50/50

Is metabolic control system for domestic animal serum calcium levels foolproof (EX: lactating dairy cow)?

No (EX: Calcium tetany or milk fever)

Can minerals be synthesized by animals or microorganisms?

No- they are inorganic, thus they need to be provided in the diet in a formed that can be digested, absorbed, and utilized to fill a given requirement

Is sulfur essential?X

Not freely but is required as a component of organic material such as amino acids methionie, cystine, and cysteine; vitamins biotin and thiamin and monosaccharides in the chondroitin sulfate and mucoitin sulfates.

What two molecules have a major impact on digestibility/absorbability of calcium?

Phosphorus (competes for receptors) and fatty acids (forms soapy complex and reduces digestibility)

What inorganic element is found in highest quantity in our body? Give percentages

On an absolute weight basis, Ca is found in larger amounts in our body than any other mineral. It constitutes about 9% of the bone wet weight; 99% of all body calcium is found in the bones and teeth and 1% is found in the blood and soft tissues. Calcium is found in a 2: 1 ratio with P in bone.

What is a major environmental concern associated with large animal operations?

One of the major environmental concerns associated with large animal operations is the amount of P that is found in animal manure. This phytate Pis a problem from an environmental perspective and solutions are actively being researched.

Optimal dietary calcium phosphorus ratio for nonruminants?

Optimal Dietary Ca to P ratios for nonruminants are in the 1:1 to 2:1 range.

Muscle myoglobin

Oxygen binding (storage) compound found in muscle cells.

What organic compounds contain minerals? Give examples X

Part of organic compounds such as proteins, amino acids (methionine and cystine), carbohydrates, and fats (phospholipids).

Sources of Vitamin Inositol

Plants

Mg deficiency and osteoporosis incidence

Recent research suggests that Mg deficiency may play a role in osteoporosis in humans and animals.

Sulfur toxicity

Reduces molybdenum toxicity, may result in molybdenum and copper deficiency -Can cause nerological disease polioencephalomalacia (PEM) -Cause anorexia -Cause growth deperession -Toxicity depends on form

Functions of vitamin K

Required·for rapid blood coagulation, ie., necessary for prothrombin formation which is necessary for proper clot formation,

What's the big problem with milk fever

Right before pregnancy, calcitonin is hanging around and prevents parathryoid hormone from allowing Calcium into the blood. After birth and lactation, the mother quickly depletes all blood calcium and cannot put more into the blood because of the residual calcitonin.

Describe the unique tie of sulfur to the organic fraction of the feed. Describe the major deficiency symptom of sheep to a sulfur deficiency. How common is a sulfur toxicity?

Sulfur is in many ways the "odd man out" in mineral nutrition because of its unique ties to amino acids and because it does not appear to be required in inorganic form by the body. The section in your Pond et al. text is straightforward and to the point. It begins on page 181 and ends on page 182. Please read that material. READ IT ---Weight gain and reduced wool growth in sheep ---Sulfur toxicity is not common but causes nuerological diseases (PEM), growth depression and anorexia

Symptoms of grass tetany

Symptoms may include standing alone, loss of appetite, easy excitability, viciousness, grinding of teeth, salivation, incoordination, collapse, convulsions, coma, and death. Death may occur at any time but is usually 6 to 10 hours after the symptoms are first observed. The first indication that you have grass tetany is generally a dead animal unless you check your herd three or more times per day. Often the problem shows up when a spring storm with rain and wind hits lactating, shedding mama cows. They start shivering, which depletes Mg, and they go down with tetany.

Who coined the name vitamins and why?X

The name was actually coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk who introduced the term vitamine (vita = life; amine = contains N) because they were vital for life and he believed them to all be amines. The final e was later dropped because it was recognized that few vitamins were amines.

Example of milk fever/symptoms

The situation in general. During pregnancy the female is able to absorb extra calcium because she is not lactating. The extra calcium is deposited in the bones with the aid of the hormone calcitonin and vitamin D. The function of calcitonin is to lower blood Ca through bone deposition and excretion in the urine. During gestation there is little demand for calcium since fetal growth is slow and the bones store a considerable quantity of calcium. With the initiation of lactation the blood calcium level quickly drops because milk contains a high amount of calcium. Even though low blood calcium stimulates parathyroid production, calcitonin is still present. Calcitonin overrides parathyroid hormone and will not let it function to release bone calcium. Calcitonin is no longer produced when the blood calcium levels are low but the calcitonin already in the blood takes several hours to be destroyed. Once calcitonin is destroyed the danger of milk fever is over-if the female lives that long.

List the metabolic functions, deficiency symptoms, and imbalance effects of the macrominerals.

Theres a lot

Are B vitamins stable compounds?

Thiamin (B1)- Is destroyed by most heat and activity can be lowered by digesting raw fish Riboflavin (B2)- Stable except destroyed by blue and violet light Niacin (B3)- Very stable Pyridoxine (B6)- is very stable Cyanocobalamin (B12) is fairly stable

What has been a major cause of death and disease to both humans and domesticated species?

Throughout history, vitamin deficiencies have been a major cause of death and disease to both humans and domesticated animals. Even though vitamins are required in livestock rations only in minute quantities, when they are missing or deficient animal productivity declines markedly. Fortunately many commercial vitamin supplements are available and it is normally a simple and inexpensive task to supply livestock with the vitamins they require for maximal productivity.

Information on Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), and Potassium (K) and how they work together in the body?

Together these three minerals work in concert to maintain the osmotic balance in intracellular and extracellular fluids. Sodium and chlorine are the two minerals that, if deficient in the diet, cause an animal to exhibit mineral deficiency symptoms the fastest. Very few feeds contain enough salt to provide adequate sodium and chlorine. However, seaweed, fish meal, and whey that hasn't been desalted may have enough salt. If you work under the presumption salt needs to be checked in the formulation of all rations you will be right. Both plants and animal products are usually very high in potassium so potassium deficiency in a "normal diet" is rare. However, within the last few years potassium supplementation of ruminant animals (especially after shipping stress) has been found to be beneficial.

Treatment of grass tetany?

Treatment of an animal should be administered only if the animal is discovered before it goes into a coma. Intravenous injection of a calculi-magnesium solution usually produces favorable results if the animal has not been down (unable to walk) for many hours. The treatment should be administered under supervision of a veterinarian. Relapses after treatment are usually fatal.

What are the Fat-soluble vitamins? (4)

Vitamins A, D, E, K

Blood hemoglobin 2

a) Carries oxygen from lungs to tissue cell capillaries. Blood is capable of carrying some dissolved oxygen but without hemoglobin the 02 in blood is reduced by V2, which will cause death by suffocation. b) Carries CO2 back from tissues to lungs but this is not attached to the iron directly as is 02 and/or CO. (CO will replace oxygen if present and result in suffocation.)

Why should we consider mineral interrelationships when formulating livestock rations, i.e., why not just mix minerals together as we find them to prepare a mineral supplement?

as one mineral increases, it can reduce the digestibility, absorbability, or metabolizability of the other mineral.

What are general functions of Ca?

bond and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contractions, membrane permeability, neuromuscular excitability, and acid-base equilibrium.

Name the minerals considered to be macrominerals

calcium, phosphorous, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, sulfur

What response would you expect in animal productivity as the concentration of an essential mineral is increased from zero to a toxic level.

decreased, death.

Treatment of grass tetany?

injection of a calculi-magnesium solution if administered before coma.

cytochrome function

is capable of performing electron transfer reactions and catalysis by reduction or oxidation of their heme iron.

What is the process by which minerals are put into bone cells? X

ossification, which is nicknamed calcification because bones and teeth are high in calcium.

What are bone cells called? X

osteocytes