exam 6 - chapter 17

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targets liver which then releases somatomedins > liver acts as an endocrine gland > somatomedins go directly to bone and muscle.

Growth hormone does not act directly on bone and muscle to stimulate them to grow, instead, what does it do?

bone and muscles

Growth hormone has metabolic actions which promotes the release of nutrients so that ____ have the energy needed to grow.

Growth hormones has two functions: produces growth in bone and soft tissue (muscle) but it also has metabolic actions.

Growth hormones has two functions: name them

Neurosecretory neurons

____ which are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus portion of the posterior pituitary are the neurons that produce the two hormones associated with the posterior pituitary

hypocalcemia

_____ - too low calcium that brings about over-excitability of nerves and muscles; severe over-excitability can cause fatal spastic contractions of respiratory muscles

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

_____ help regulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion

grave's disease

_____ is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies produced attack the thyroid and mimic the effect of TSH which stimulates the thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormones

postnatal growth spurt

_____ is displayed during first two years of life and is affected by GH

hypothyroidism

_____ is lower than normal levels of T3 and T4 ~ underproducing hormone.

hyperthyroidism

_____ is referred to as Grave's disease and is an autoimmune disease in which the body erroneously produces thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) which bind to the thyroid and promote hormone synthesis and release

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

_____ is secreted by the parathyroid glands which are embedded on the pituitary

Zona fasciculata

_____ makes glucocorticoids - Mainly cortisol - Major role in glucose metabolism as well as in protein and lipid metabolism

Zona reticularis

_____ makes sex hormones - Identical or similar to those produced by gonads - Most abundant and physiologically important is dehydroepiandosterone (male "sex" hormone)

cretinism

_____ results from hypothyroidism from birth, severe physical and mental retardation - developmental issues; also referred to as hypothyroidism in neonates

Metabolic actions from GH supply

_____ supply growth to bone and soft tissues

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

______ stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex

• Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and smooth muscle • NT secretion from nerve cells • Clotting of blood

control of calcium homeostasis plays vital role in a number of essential activities:

bound to plasma proteins is freely diffusible

of the calcium that is in the plasma, half is bound to ___ and cannot participate in chemical reactions whereas the other half is ____ and can pass into the ICF - this free pool of calcium is what is regulate hormonal and accounts for less than 1/1000 of total body calcium

calcium levels

parathyroid glands control ____ levels

sercretes melatonin

pineal gland secretes ____ which is referred to as the hormone as darkness because secretion falls to low levels during light of day

nervous glandular epithelial

posterior pituitary is composed of ____ tissue while anterior pituitary is composed of ____ tissue

Growth hormone (GH)

primary hormone responsible for regulating overall body growth; important in intermediary metabolism

independent; what controls the release of aldosterone is the renin anginotensin system by the kidney

regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely ____ of anterior pituitary control. why?

by one or more hypothalamic hormones

secretion of each anterior pituitary hormone is stimulated or inhibited by _____.

hypothalamus anterior pituitary thyroid

some trigger is going to stimulate the ____ to release TRH. TRH then moves to the ____ and promotes it to release TSH. TSH then goes to ____ and tells it to release T3 and T4 which go to the tissue and carry out the metabolic developments

excess urine with glucose

someone with diabetes mellitus has ___ urine with glucose because the kidney transporters are maxed out and the glucose in the blood can't be reabsorbed.

Symptoms depend on age of individual when abnormal secretion begins

symptoms of growth hormone excess depends on ____.

thyroid gland isthmus

the ___ consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue joined in middle by narrow portion of gland called the ____.

post-absorptive state

the ____ state is referred to as the "fasting state" in which stored energy is broken down to provide energy

absorptive state

the ____ state is referred to as the "fed state" in which glucose is plentiful and serves as major energy source

paranetricular and supraoptic nuclei vasopressin and oxytocin

the _____ and _____ in the hypothalamus contain neurons that produce ___ and ____

plays key role in adaptation to stress

the ability of glucocorticoids / cortisol to facilitate lipolysis plays a key role in ____.

- adrenal cortex-outer portion, secretes steroid hormones - adrenal medulla- inner portion, secretes catecholamines

the adrenal glands are composed of two endocrine glands, name them

hormone-producing cells

the endocrine cells - islets of langerhans - are ____ cells

1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-elevates plasma concentration of Ca2+ 2. Calcitonin- decreases plasma concentration of Ca2+ 3. Vitamin D-necessary for calcium absorption by digestive system

what are the three hormones that regulate plasma concentration of Ca+2 (and PO4-3)

Consists of three layers or zones: • Zona glomerulosa - outermost layer • Zona fasciculata - middle and largest portion • Zona reticularis - innermost zone

what are the three layers / zones of the adrenal cortex?

fetal growth postnatal growth spurt pubertal growth spurt

what are the three phases of growth

- Surgical removal of a portion of the over-secreting thyroid - Administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid - directinhactivity to thyroid due to iodine à followed by synthyroidbecause they have hypothyroidism now

what are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism, / grave's disease?

type 1 = insulin injections; dietary management; exercise type 2 = dietary control and weight reduction; exercise; sometimes oral hypoglycemic drugs

what are the treatments for type 1 vs type 2?

- Gigantism -overproduction of GH in childhood before bone growth plates close - Acromegaly - overproduction of GH after adolescence

what are the two conditions associated with growth hormone excess?

hydrophilic (water soluble) hormones and lipophilic (fat soluble) hormones

what are the two hormone categories and what are they based on?

Type I and Type II

what are the two major types of diabetes mellitus?

absorptive state and post-absorptive state

what are the two metabolic states?

hormones that control another gland / hormones that regulate other hormones

what are tropic hormones?

Due to pituitary defect or hypothalamic dysfunction

what causes growth hormone deficiency?

• Most often caused by tumor of GH-producing cells of anterior pituitary

what causes growth hormone excess?

-Thin stalk connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

what connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus?

• Secretes both male and female sex hormones in both sexes

what do the adrenal sex steroids secrete?

• Glands secrete hormones which travel through blood to target cells that have receptors for binding with specific hormone and regulates or directs a particular function

what do the endocrine glands do?

- Secrete peptide hormone calcitonin

what do the thyroid gland c cells do?

- Acts directly on bone and soft tissues to bring growth - Stimulates protein synthesis, cell division, lengthening and thickening of bones

what does IGF-1 do?

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine which is secreted into the blood by exocytosis of chromaffin cells

what does adrenal medulla do?

elevates blood glucose levels

what does glucagon do?

decreases blood glucose levels and promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and enhances their conversion into glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins, respectively - which happens primarily in skeletal muscle, fat, and liver

what does insulin do?

»Producing excess urine (overflow) »Urine is tasteless - mostly water (insipidus)

what does someone with diabetes insipidious experience?

• Consists of ductless endocrine glands scattered throughout body

what does the endocrine system consist of?

• Consists of two anatomically and functionally distinct lobes: 1. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) • Composed of nervous tissue and 2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) •Consists of glandular epithelial tissue

what does the pituitary gland consist of?

stores and releases two small peptide hormones

what does the posterior pituitary gland do?

excess cortisol / cortisol hyper secretion

what is Cushing's syndrome?

• Adrenogenital syndrome-excess DHEA secretion, symptoms seen only in females or prepubertal males because adult male production of regular testosterone dominates

what is adrenal androgen hypersecreton?

• Hormone produced by C cells of thyroid gland • Secreted in response to increase in plasma Ca2+ • Unimportant except during hypercalcemia which is rare • May play a role in protecting skeletal integrity during times of calcium demand (pregnancy and lactation)

what is calcitonin?

- condition associated with a decrease in the amount of ADH produced - means overflow tasteless

what is diabetes insipidus?

type 1 = none or almost none type 2 = may be normal or exceed normal

what is level of insulin secretion in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

reproductive hormone that stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breast-feeding

what is oxytocin?

modified part of sympathetic nervous system

what is the adrenal medulla?

type 1 = autoimmune destruction of B cells type 2 = reduced sensitivity of insulin's target cells

what is the basic defect for type 1 and type 2?

it IS a true endocrine gland as it make and releases 6 hormones

what is the big picture when it comes to the anterior pituitary?

- Type I diabetes; insulin dependent DM (IDDM) • Characterized by lack of insulin secretion - Type II diabetes; non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM) • Characterized by normal or increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of target cells

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

• Major hormone is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

what is the major adrenal sex steroid / hormone?

• Secretion controlled by circulating levels of free calcium - Calcium levels fall, PTH secretion stimulated - Calcium levels rise, PTH secretion inhibited

what is the parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion controlled by?

Tiny, pinecone-shaped structure located in center of brain

what is the pineal gland?

•Small gland located in bony cavity just below hypothalamus

what is the pituitary gland?

insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

what is the primary somatomedin?

• Primary stimulus for secretion is increase in blood glucose concentration

what is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion?

• Primary stimulus for medullary secretion is through the activation of sympathetic nervous system by acute stress

what is the primary stimulus for medullary secretion?

• Principal action site is on distal and collecting tubules of the kidney, cells reabsorb sodium, ECF volume increases

what is the principle action site of mineralcorticoids?

elevated blood glucose = prominent feature

what is the prominent feature of diabetes mellitus?

type 1 = childhood type 2 = adulthood

what is the typical age of onset with type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

- conserves water during urine formation, makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water which increases the amount of water reabsorbed - decreased urine production. ADH decreases urine production to conserve water - conserves water during urine formation

what is vasopressin/ADH and what does it do?

during the absorptive state

when is secretion of insulin increased?

ACTH levels are elevated hyperpigmentation

when it comes to adrenocortical insufficiency, since the gland is the problem, ACTH levels are ____ as pituitary attempts to stimulate the gland. when ACTH is released, so is another hormone that causes skin _____ so people with Addison's disease show this symptom

primary = when the actual gland is not working correctly; secondary = when another structure is not working correctly and effects gland function

when it comes to endocrine dysfunction, when does the primary and secondary disease occur?

cortisol

when it comes to glucocorticoids, the major hormone is ____

not the same

when it comes to growth rate and growth hormone, factors responsible for promoting growth are ____ throughout growth period

aldosterone

when it comes to mineralcorticoids, major hormone is ____

colloid

when it comes to storage, thyroid hormones remain in ___ until they are split off and secreted; usually enough thyroid hormone stored to supply body's needs for several onhts

follicular cells and c cells

when it comes to the thyroid gland, there are two types of cells ___ and _____.

phagocytize

when it comes to thyroid hormone secretion, follicular cells ____ colloid particles; this process frees T3 and T4 to diffuse across plasma membrane and into the blood

Basic ingredients: - Tyrosine-synthesized in sufficient amounts by body - Iodine-obtained from dietary intake

when it comes to thyroid hormone synthesis, what are the basic ingredients?

most common = hyperthyroidism / grave's disease

which is more common: hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

vascular connection / blood

while the posterior pituitary is connected with a stalk, the anterior pituitary is connected via a _____

The reason the posterior pituitary is called the neuronal hypothesis is due to the outgrowth of the brain. The posterior pituitary is not a true endocrine gland - it is really just an extension of the hypothalamus

why is the posterior pituitary called the neurohypophysis?

in one of three ways: - permissiveness - synergism - antagonism

•Hormone can influence activity of another hormone at given target cell in one of three ways:

- Hypothalamic hormones - Feedback by target-gland hormones

•Two most important factors that regulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion: _____ _____

glucose uptake

glucocorticoids / cortisol inhibits ____ uptake and use by many tissues, excluding the brain

facilitates lipolysis

glucocorticoids facilitates ____ which is the breakdown of fats which effects sugar, amino acids, and fats

protein degradation

glucocorticoids stimulates _____ in many tissues, especially muscle - waste proteins

diurnal rhythm

glucocorticoids/cortisol display a characteristic ____ rhythm,

directly

growth hormone ____ controls metabolism

• Secretion is increased by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

how can mineralcorticoid secretion be increased?

- it has a relationship to the hypothalamus who sends signals to the AP to tell it to release hormones. - AP and hypothalamus are connected to each other via a vascular connection. - there are neural secretory neurons in the hypothalamus that release their chemicals into the blood. The blood carries them down through the HHPS which is a blood system that carries the hormones from hypothalamus to the AP to tell it to either release or stop releasing a hormone.

how does anterior pituitary know when to release hormones?

- Prevents fatal consequences of low blood calcium

how is parathyroid hormone (PTH) essential for life?

neuromuscular excitability

Plasma Ca2+ must be closely regulated to prevent changes in _____.

exopthalmous which is eyes bugging out

hyperthyroidism is characterized by ____

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

in females, responsible for ovulation and luteinization; regulates ovarian secretion of female sex hormones; males, stimulates testosterone secretion

into the cells

in the presence of insulin, nutrients in the blood are driven ___.

pancreas not making target cells are not sensitive to insulin

in type 1 diabetes, ____ is not making insulin while in type 2 diabetes, ____ are not sensitive to insulin so they don't respond

anterior pituitary

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted from ____ and stimulate thyroid hormone secretion by thyroid gland

T4 T3

The majority of what the thyroid produces is ___ although ____ is the more active of the two. Once t4 is released, cells can easily convert T4 to T3 by removing one of the iodines

neural anatomical

The relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is a ____ relationship - direct neural connection.

stimulates and maintains

tropic hormones _____ and _____ their endocrine target issues

10-20% 80-90%

type 1 diabetes accounts for ____% while type 2 accounts for ____%.

type 2 = cured type 1 = cannot be cured

Type ___ can be cured while type ___ cannot be

calcium absorption

Vitamin d indirectly aids in increasing blood calcium levels by promoting ____ from digestive tract

permissiveness

____ = one hormone must be present in adequate amounts for full exertion of another hormone's effect

hypercalcemia

____ = too high calcium which reduces excitability

growth hormone and prolactin

____ and _____ are the only hormones considered to have both a releasing and an inhibiting hormone

ACTH (S41)

____ driven release of cortisol (S41)

Zona glomerulosa

____ makes mineralocorticoids - Mainly aldosterone - Influence mineral balance, specifically Na+ and K+ balance

pubertal growth spurt

____ occurs during adolescence, is affected by GH and sex steroids, and is associated with Synergism

synergism

____ occurs when actions of several hormones are complimentary; combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

antagonism

____ occurs when one hormone causes loss of another hormone's receptors - reduces effectiveness of second hormone

glucose

brain can only use ____ for energy source.

• Precocious (early) puberty

what are the symptoms of adrenal androgen hypersecretion in prepubertal males?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

1.in females, _____ stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles; promotes secretion of estrogen by ovaries; males required for sperm production

an increase in the breakdown of triglycerides

In the presence of GH, there is ____ in the breakdown of ___ to release fatty acids into blood; therefore, more GH leads to fat loss --> you burn fat to release fatty acids into the blood to supply the bones and soft tissue with nutrients / energy.

- Goiter possible - very enlarged thyroid - Edema around eyes mucusy edema, weight gain, lethargy, decreased body temperature, overall sluggish metabolism

Myxedema symptoms are associated with hypothyroidism; what are they?

kidney

adrenal glands are embedded above each ____ in a capsule of fat

peptide hormones water soluble topic and non-tropic (5:1)

all 6 hormones made by the anterior pituitary are ___ hormones that are ___ soluble and can be divided into two groups: ___ and ____.

dwarfism - stature issue and bone issue

although Hyposecretion of GH in children is one cause of ___, deficiency in adults produces relatively few symptoms

no

are there any known clinical abnormalities caused by glucagon deficiency or excess?

anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

at pharmacological levels, glucocorticoids can have ____ and ____ effects

- forms as a functional unit called a follicle - hollow spheres filled with colloid in which the thyroid hormones are produced - produce two iodine-containing hormones derived from amino acid tyrosine

describe follicular cells

- Raises free plasma Ca2+ levels by its effects on bone kidneys, and intestines - Also lowers free phosphate so the calcium does not form new bone, but can remain free in the plasma

describe how the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a primary regulator of Ca+2?

- Only adrenal sex hormone that has any biological importance -Overpowered by testicular testosterone in males - Physiologically significant in females where it governs -- Growth of pubic and axillary hair -- Enhancement of pubertal growth spurt -- Development and maintenance of female sex drive

describe the characteristics / importance of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

• Can be synthesized from cholesterol derivative when exposed to sunlight • Stimulates Ca2+ and PO43- absorption from intestine • Rise in both leads to bone formation • Amount supplemented by dietary intake • Must be activated first by liver and then by kidneys before it can exert its effect on intestines

describe the characteristics of vitamin D?

- Activation of sympathetic nervous system accompanied by epinephrine secretion; Prepares body for fight-or-flight response - Activation of CRH-ACTH-cortisol system; Helps body cope by mobilizing metabolic resources - Elevation of blood glucose and fatty acids via cortisol - Maintenance of blood volume and blood pressure by increased activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and increased vasopressin secretion

describe the generalized stress response

1. Increases urinary reabsorption of calcium 2. Promotes urinary excretion of PO43- to prevent calcium precipitation 3. If steps 1 and 2 do not result in normal calcium then steps 4 and 5 are activated including dissolving of bone 4. Under chronic release promotes dissolving bone and release of calcium 5. Enhances kidney activation of Vitamin D

describe the parathyroid hormone actions

• All steps occur on thyroglobulin molecules within colloid • Tyrosine-containing thyroglobulin is exported from follicular cells into colloid by exocytosis • Thyroid captures iodine from blood and transfers it into colloid by iodine pump • Within colloid, iodine attaches to tyrosine • Coupling process occurs between iodinated tyrosine molecules to form thyroid hormones

describe thyroid hormone synthesis

hepatic gluconeogeneisis

gluccocorticoids / cortisol stimulates _____ which is the ability of the liver to make glucose from non-card sources (i.e., amino acids and fats); it increases sugar level

1. The paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei contain neurons that produce vasopressin and oxytocin. 2. The hormone is synthesized in the neuronal cell body in the hypothalamus. 3. The hormone travels down the axon to be stored in the neuronal terminals within the posterior pituitary. 4. On excitation of the neuron, the stored hormone is released from these terminals into the systemic blood for distribution throughout the body.

discuss how hormones get from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary releases TSH, TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones, once there's enough thyroid hormones, they go to the anterior pituitary and turn it off to stop the demand for TSH.

discuss the negative feedback loop with TSH

Axon terminals end in the posterior pituitary. In a normal nerve cell, axons release neurotransmitters that are released into synapses to influence other cells - in this particular case, the axons in the PP store the two hormones. Under proper stimulation, axon terminals release one of the two hormones into the blood.

discuss the significance of axons when it comes to the posterior pituitary.

The hormones that the posterior pituitary releases are NOT made in the posterior pituitary - they are made in the hypothalamus. The job of the posterior pituitary is to store and then release.

discuss the what happens in hypothalamus versus in the posterior pituitary

a different

each layer of the adrenal cortex produces ____ steroid hormone

- Genetic determination of an individual's maximum growth capacity - An adequate diet - Freedom from chronic disease and stressful environmental conditions - Normal levels of growth-influencing hormones

endocrine control of growth depends on growth hormone but other factors as well - such as: _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Most commonly result from abnormal plasma concentrations of a hormone caused by inappropriate rates of secretion - Hyposecretion - too little hormone is secreted - Hypersecretion - too much hormone is secreted

endocrine dysfunction most commonly results from ____

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone

give an example of a tropic hormone

directly controls metabolism: - Increases fatty acid levels in blood by enhancing breakdown of triglyceride fat stored in adipose tissue - Increases blood glucose levels by decreasing glucose uptake by muscles; growing muscle/bones uses fats as energy source; allows glucose to be saved for brain called glucose sparing

name ways in which growth hormone directly controls metabolism

Prolactin (PRL)

non-tropic hormone; enhances breast development and milk production in females - direct effect on breast tissue

somatomedins

the growth hormone primarily promotes growth indirectly by stimulating liver's production of ______

99% in crystalline form in bone and teeth 0.9% found in ICF of soft tissue 0.1% fun in ECF including plasma

the plasma calcium pool is tightly regulated with 99% of Ca+ in ____ whereas the other remaining 1% is split with 0.9% found in ____ and 0.1% found in ___

between the: hypothalamic TRH, anterior pituitary TSH, and thyroid gland T3 and T4 constant

the secretion of thyroid hormone is regulated by negative-feedback system between ___, ___, and ___. the feedback loop maintains thyroid hormones relatively ____.

insulin and glucagon

these pancreatic hormones are the most important in regulating fuel metabolism

diabetes mellitus - means overflow sweet

this disorder is the most common of all endocrine disorders

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

this hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone and TSH

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

this hypothalamic hormone inhibits the release of prolactin

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

this hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of ACTH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

this hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH

Thyrotropin-Releasing hormon e (TRH)

this hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of TSH

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

this hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of growth hormone

prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

this hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of of prolactin

phase of growth = fetal growth plays no role in fetal development

this phase of growth is promoted largely by hormones from placenta - GH plays no role in _____.

thyroid hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the secretion of ____

over or under production of a hormone

what are endocrine disorders usually caused by?

• Secretion regulated by negative-feedback loop involving hypothalamic CRH and anterior pituitary ACTH

what are glucocorticoids / cortisol secretion regulated by?

transport of glucose into cells for utilization for energy production or for storage as glycogen through glycogen's or as triglycerides urinary excretion of glucose

what are some factors that decrease blood glucose?

- glucose absorption from digestive tract - hepatic glucose production through glycogenolysis (glycolysis) and gluconeogenesis (liver production of glucose)

what are some factors that increase blood glucose?

- Reinforces sympathetic system in mounting general systemic "fight-or-flight" responses - Maintenance of arterial blood pressure - Increases blood glucose and blood fatty acids to help deal with stress

what are some of epinephrine's responsibilities?

- Addison's disease = autoimmune disease that affects entire gland - aldosterone deficiency = low sodium, low blood pressure - cortisol deficiency = poor response to stress, hypoglycemia (low blood glucose), overall decreases in metabolic activities

what are some of the adrenocortical insufficiencies?

1. Main determinant of basal metabolic rate 2. Influences synthesis and degradation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein 3. Increases target-cell responsiveness to catecholamines - NE, Epinepherine 4. Increases heart rate and force of contraction 5. Essential for normal growth - tied to #6 6.Plays crucial role in normal development of nervous system - PARTICULARLY IN NEONATAL PERIOD - FIRST YEAR OR TWO OF BEING ALIVE AS A HUMAN

what are some of the effects of thyroid hormone?

Accelerated metabolism, weight loss, agitation, increased blood pressure, tachycardia - fast heart rate à very revved up all the time

what are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism / grave's disease?

- Replacement therapy (artificial thyroid, drug synthyroid - synthetic thyroid medicine) - Dietary iodine

what are some treatment options for hypothyroidism?

1.Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 2.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3.Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4.Luteinizing hormone (LH) 5.Growth hormone (GH) 6.Prolactin (PRL)

what are the 6 hormones the anterior pituitary gland makes?

- acute = sudden onset meaning you've never been diabetic then you turn into it; 1. Hyperglycemia = blood glucose elevated 2. Glucosuria = glucose in urine 3. Polyuria = excess urine production due to glucose in urine holding onto water 4. Polydipsia = excessive thirst; lots of urine = lots of thirst 5. Polyphagia = hungry à cells being starved

what are the acute symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

- Overstimulation of adrenal cortex by excess CRH and ACTH - Adrenal tumors uncontrollably secrete cortisol independent of ACTH - ACTH-secreting tumors located in places other than the pituitary ( e.g., some lung cancers produce ACTH)

what are the causes of Cushing's syndrome / excess hypersecretion?

• Secreted in response to a direct effect of a fall in blood glucose on pancreatic α cells • Stimulates liver to dump glucose into blood via glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis • Generally opposes actions of insulin

what are the characteristics of glucagon?

Chronic: symptoms that happen over a period of time; 1. Increased fat metabolism, ketosis, metabolic acidosis (type I only) 2. Micro-vascular disease affecting nerves, heart, eye, loss of pain perception - neuropathy (peripheral nerves don't work very well), kidney

what are the chronic symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

B (beta) cells - site of insulin synthesis and secretion A (alpha) cells - produce glucagon D (delta) cells - pancreatic site of somatostatin synthesis

what are the different type of endocrine cells and what do each produce?

•Helps keep body's circadian rhythms in synchrony with light-dark cycle •Promotes sleep •Influences reproductive activity, including onset of puberty •Acts as antioxidant to remove free radicals •Enhances immunity

what are the functions of pineal gland?

• Regulate organic metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance • Induce adaptive changes to help body cope with stressful situations • Promote smooth, sequential growth and development • Control reproduction • Regulate red blood cell production • Along with autonomic nervous system, control and integrate both circulation and the digestion and absorption of food

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

• Tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) • Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

what are the hormones produced by follicular cells?

vasopressin and oxytocin

what are the peptide hormones the posterior pituitary releases?

- Primary: failure of thyroid gland - Secondary: • due to a deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both - can't tell thyroid what to do •Inadequate dietary supply of iodine

what are the primary and secondary causes of hypothyroidism?

-Peptide hormones / protein hormones -Catecholamines

what are the subcategories of hydrophobic hormones?

-Steroid hormones à derived from cholesterol -Thyroid hormone

what are the subcategories of lipophilic hormones?

-Adult females • Hirsutism-male pattern of body hair • Deepening of voice, more muscular arms and legs • Breasts become smaller and menstruation may cease

what are the symptoms of adrenal androgen hypersecretion in adult females?

• Have male-type external genitalia

what are the symptoms of adrenal androgen hypersecretion in newborn females?


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