Exam 6 MGMT 351

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the full range of leadership theory?

The most effective leaders emphasize behaviors that propel the organization forward.

An implicit leadership schema is defined as ______.

a set of beliefs and assumptions that followers have about effective leaders in general

Impression management is defined as ______.

a set of tactics used by individuals to influence how others perceive them

Initiating structure is defined as all the things leaders do to ______.

accomplish tasks and work-related goals

Complete the following sentence with the statement that best defines extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation refers to the allocation of energies and attention toward a particular activity

because of some cue or consequence other than participating in the activity itself

The job characteristics model focuses on _____.

designing work to increase employee motivation

On-the-job or job-related experiences that attempt to identify and close gaps in leadership capabilities are known as ______.

developmental experiences

The degree to which individuals are willing to invest all of their energies into their work roles is known as

engagement

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ____ needs are related to pay, benefits, and other material issues.

existence

In the expectancy theory of motivation, the belief that an increase in effort will result in an increase in performance is known as ______. Multiple choice question.

expectancy

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the degree to which information is available to individuals regarding their work performance represents the core job characteristic of ______.

feedback

Structured programs delivered with the intent of helping leaders or future leaders acquire leadership-relevant knowledge, skills, and competencies represent ______. Multiple choice question.

formal leadership training

Contingent reward is defined as ______.

getting followers to understand what they need to do and using various rewards so followers accomplish their tasks

The degree to which there are clear and visible outcomes from an employee's work is known as task ______ in the job

identity

Beliefs and assumptions that followers have about effective leaders in general are called ______.

implicit leadership schemas

A set of tactics used by individuals to influence how others perceive them is known as ______.

impression management

Complete the following sentence with all of the true statements about social learning theory. Social learning theory proposes that ______. (Select all that apply.)

individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to practice observed behaviors in order to solidify learning, individuals need to engage in or practice the behaviors they observe individuals can learn by observing others' behaviors and associated consequences

Transactional leadership is defined as ______.

leader behaviors that emphasize the exchange of resources with followers to accomplish routine organizational goals

Choice, Allocating funds Allocating funds , Choice, Preventing things from falling into disarray Preventing things from falling into disarray , Choice, Keeping an eye on how employees are performing Keeping an eye on how employees are performing

manager

One primary difference between leadership and management is that leadership ______.

may emerge on its own, while management is a formally sanctioned organizational role

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), employees who see their work as worthwhile and consistent with their values have a high level of experienced _______ in their jobs

meaningfulness

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, aspects of employees' tasks and duties that make them feel satisfied with what they are doing are known as ______.

motivators

Aspects of the work itself that relate to employees being satisfied or not being satisfied with their work are known as

motivators

In equity theory, the degree to which one's relative outcomes compare unfavorably to someone else's is known as ______.

negative inequity

Developmental experiences are defined as ______.

on-the-job or job-related experiences that attempt to identify and close gaps in leadership capabilities

According to equity theory, positive inequity is characterized as the degree to which ______.

one's relative outcomes compare favorably to someone else's

According to equity theory, negative inequity is characterized as the degree to which ______.

one's relative outcomes compare unfavorably to someone else's

n equity theory, the things one perceives as gained from engaging in an activity are known as ______.

outcomes

Choice, As a leader, Sasson believes that if it isn't broken, he shouldn't try to fix it. As a leader, Sasson believes that if it isn't broken, he shouldn't try to fix it.

passive

According to Maslow's Hierarchy, _______ needs relate to satisfying thirst, hunger, and other bodily needs.

physiological

Using favorable consequences to encourage desirable behaviors is known as ______.

positive reinforcement

Leader characteristics are defined as ______.

relatively stable abilities and tendencies of leaders to think, feel, and behave in certain ways

In Maslow's Hierarchy, physiological needs are those needs related to ______. Multiple choice question.

satisfying bodily needs such as hunger and thirst

Self-initiated and self-directed efforts to enhance leadership-related knowledge and skills are known as ______.

self-help

The extent to which an individual's work is perceived as important is known as task _____ in the job characteristics model (JCM).

significant

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the degree to which there are visible, clear outcomes from an employee's work represents the core job characteristic of ______.

task identity

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the extent to which an individual's work is perceived as important represents the core job characteristic of ______.

task significance

Complete the following sentence by selecting all the correct statement(s) about the implications of employee engagement. Engaged employees ______.

tend to go beyond their job descriptions by being helpful and courteous to coworkers stay involved in organizational matters

Laissez-faire leadership is characterized by ______.

the tendency for a leader to avoid making difficult decisions, ignore responsibilities, and not get involved in organizational matters

Effective leaders tend to engage in very low levels of laissez-faire leadership because ______.

this type of leadership generally represents a lack of leadership

The number of different skills or abilities individuals must use in performing a job is known as skill ______ in the job characteristics model (JCM).

variety

Choice, Katrina is focused on finding ways her team can contribute to improving the organization. Katrina is focused on finding ways her team can contribute to improving the organization. , Choice, Dina likes to reward subordinates for taking risks and thinking outside the box when working toward goals. Dina likes to reward subordinates for taking risks and thinking outside the box when working toward goals.

Active

Which of the following needs in Alderfer's ERG theory represent those needs related to material issues such as salary and benefits?

Existence

Devising a vision for the company , Choice, Strategizing at the organizational level Strategizing at the organizational level , Choice, Helping employees to see how what they do aligns with the organization's vision Helping employees to see how what they do aligns with the organization's vision

Leader

What are the basic components of the job characteristics model (JCM) of motivation? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question.

Management tries to incorporate five core characteristics into employees' jobs. Employees experience three psychological states, which improve their motivation.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding leader behaviors in the full range of leadership theory?

Research findings have concluded that effective leaders tend to emphasize more active types of behaviors.

Which of these is an accurate list of the process theories of motivation?

Skinner's Reinforcement Theory, Locke's Goal Setting Theory, Adams' Equity Theory, and Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Which of these are core job characteristics in the job characteristics model (JCM)? (Select all that apply.)

Task significance Skill variety Feedback Autonomy Task identity

Which of the following statements best defines motivation?

The degree to which individuals direct their attention and energy toward a specific task or activity with intensity and persistence

Select the accurate statement regarding how gender influences leadership.

A common misconception is that women and men have different leadership styles that make men a better fit for high-level leadership positions, but research shows that men and women have similar leadership styles, with women likely having a slight advantage.

Which statement accurately represents the difference between active and passive leader behaviors?

Active leader behaviors change the status quo; passive leader behaviors maintain it.

Which of these are the behaviors that characterize transactional leadership? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question.

Active management by exception Passive management by exception Contingent reward

Which of these correctly lists the three behaviors that characterize transactional leadership?

Contingent reward, active management by exception, passive management by exception

What are the basic components of the job characteristics model (JCM) of motivation? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question.

Employees experience three psychological states, which improve their motivation. Management tries to incorporate five core characteristics into employees' jobs.

Select all the true statements regarding gender and leadership. (Select all that apply.)

Men hold most of the high-level leadership roles in politics and in business. Some have used role congruity theory to explain the percentage of women in leadership roles. Approximately 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs are women.

Select all of the words that accurately describe laissez-faire leadership. (Select all that apply.)

Neutral Disregarding

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the premise of social learning theory?

People can learn without experiencing reinforcements if they are able to observe others' behaviors and their associated consequences.

Select the true statements regarding passive and active leader behaviors. (Select all that apply.)

Research suggests that the best leaders are likely to engage in more active than passive leader behaviors. Leaders can be expected to engage in both passive and active behaviors as part of their leadership.

The extent to which individuals are free to make decisions about the way they do their work is known as _____ in the job characteristics model (JCM).

autonomy

Active management by exception is defined as ______.

being vigilant in identifying problems and errors and taking action when these occur

The job characteristics model includes five job dimensions that _____.

can be manipulated to increase employee satisfaction and motivation

Influencing others by charging up their motivation and emotions so they pursue the leader's vision with courage and conviction is referred to as ______ leadership.

charismatic

When individuals allocate their attention and energies toward a particular activity with intensity and persistence because of some outcome or consequence other than participating in the activity itself, they are experiencing ____ motivation

extrinsic

Complete the following sentence with all of the true statements about social learning theory. Social learning theory proposes that ______. (Select all that apply.)

individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to practice observed behaviors individuals can learn by observing others' behaviors and associated consequences in order to solidify learning, individuals need to engage in or practice the behaviors they observe

Power is the ability to ______.

influence others and to resist the influence of others in return

Leader activities involved in organizing and accomplishing tasks and work-related goals are known as ______.

initiating structure

The tendency for a leader to avoid making difficult decisions, ignore responsibilities, and not get involved in organizational matters is known as _____ leadership.

laissez-faire

a set of tactics used by individuals to influence how others perceive them

leader behaviors that motivate followers to reach beyond the ordinary and to strive toward a vision of how things could be

Relatively stable abilities and tendencies of leaders to think, feel, and behave in certain ways are known as ______.

leader characteristics

Differences develop over time in the quality of relationships that a leader has with followers. This is the primary focus of ______ theory

leader-member exchange

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through instruction or experience is known as ______.

learning

According to the job characteristics model, core job characteristics operate by influencing _____.

one of three critical psychological states

Consideration is defined as all the things leaders do to ______.

show respect and concern for subordinates' needs and feelings

According to the job characteristics model (JCM), the different knowledge and abilities individuals must use in performing a job relate to the core job characteristic of ______.

skill variety

According to goal setting theory, the extent to which a goal has a clear and unambiguous focus is known as goal ______. Multiple choice question.

specificity

One of the main differences between management and leadership is that management values ______, while leadership is more concerned with ______

stability; growth

Formal leadership training is defined as ______.

structured programs delivered with the intent of helping leaders or future leaders acquire leadership-relevant knowledge, skills, and competencies

Passive management by exception is defined as ______.

the tendency for a leader to wait to fix a discrepancy or error until it becomes a problem

Leadership is defined as ______.

the use of power or influence to engage followers in a full range of activities that serve to accomplish the leader's vision and goals for the work unit (a team, department, or business unit) or organization

Leader behaviors that emphasize the exchange of resources with followers to accomplish routine organizational goals represent ______ leadership.

transactional

Leader behaviors that motivate followers to reach beyond the ordinary and to strive toward a vision of how things could be are known as ______ leadership.

transformational

In equity theory, inputs represent individuals' perceptions regarding ______

what they have put into an activity

In terms of gender and leadership, studies suggest that ______. (Select all that apply.)

women likely have a slight advantage over men in terms of their ability to be visionary and inspiring as leaders some companies are working to correct inequalities caused by serious prejudice toward women with respect to leadership roles