Exam 7 part 1
Cluster of differentiation receptors are known by the abbreviated "_____ receptors."
CD
Proteins protruding from the cell membrane of a variety of cells involved in the immune response are termed ____ molecules. cytokine lymph CD antigen
CD
In addition to CD3, either _____ or _____coreceptors are expressed on mature T cells.
CD4 CD8
Select all that apply Mature T cells express ______. CD4 coreceptors immunoglobulins CD8 coreceptors MHC class II molecules
CD4 coreceptors CD8 coreceptors
Upon activation, this T cell type mounts a direct attack on target cells. CD8 CD4 CD6 CD2
CD8
Which of the following is NOT an advantage associated with the use of live attenuated vaccines? Conferring long-lasting protection Cannot mutate back to a virulent strain Being effective at inducing cell mediated immunity Viable organisms can multiply and mimic natural infection without disease
Cannot mutate back to a virulent strain
Which set of MHC molecules found on macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells is involved in presenting antigens to T cells during immune system reactions? Class I MHC proteins Class III MHC proteins Class II MHC proteins
Class II MHC proteins
Select all that apply Biological functions associated with one or more of the different classes of antibodies include ______. Complement fixation Neutralization Opsonization Metabolic activities
Complement fixation Neutralization Opsonization
Select all that apply Which two characteristics of a molecule will lead to a high degree of immunogenicity? Small size Single subunit from a large repeating structure Repeating structure Complex, non-repeating structure Large size
Complex, non-repeating structure Large size
Select all that apply The advantages associated with use of live attenuated vaccines include ______. Conferring long-lasting protection Conferring instant short term protection Viable organisms can multiply and mimic natural infection without disease Inducing a B cell but not a T cell response Being effective at inducing cell mediated immunity
Conferring long-lasting protection Viable organisms can multiply and mimic natural infection without disease Being effective at inducing cell mediated immunity
Select all that apply Excess inflammation due to the action of T helper 17 cells may be critical to the development of ______. AIDS Type 2 diabetes mellitus Crohn's disease psoriasis
Crohn's disease psoriasis
The CD8 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type? T helper cells Naive B cells NK cells Plasma cells Cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
In this image of a molecule of IgG, which letter indicates the crystallizable fragment (Fc)? B D A C
D
How many different types of antigen specific receptors can be found on the surface of a given lymphocyte? 13 500 or more 42 1 5 2
1
When CD4 cells are stimulated by an antigen/MHC complex, they differentiate into three types of T helper cells designated by the numbers _____, _____, or _____.
1 2 17
IgM has ________ antigen binding sites. 10 8 6 4 2
10
A common characteristic of IgG, IgD, and IgE antibodies is that each molecule has ______ antigen binding sites. 4 8 10 2 6
2
Looking at antigen binding sites per antibody, IgG has _____, secretory IgA has _____, and IgM has _____ sites.
2 4 10
When activated by antigen, CD _____ T cells directly attack and kill the target cell.
8
In this image of a molecule of IgG, which letter indicates the antigen binding site? D B A C
A
Select all that apply Which of the following are the main antigen-presenting cells? Neutrophils Dendritic cells Mast cells T cells NK cells B cells Macrophages
Dendritic cells B cells Macrophages
Select all that apply MHC class II molecules are found on which of the following host cells? Dendritic cells Macrophages T lymphocytes Erythrocytes B lymphocytes
Dendritic cells Macrophages B lymphocytes
Select all that apply Which of the following statements about vaccine use are true? Does carry some risk Is less risky than the deadly disease they prevent Is very risky regardless of the disease they are designed to prevent
Does carry some risk Is less risky than the deadly disease they prevent
Select all that apply Haptens include such molecules as ______. Drugs Innocuous chemicals Metals Lipopolysaccharides Large proteins
Drugs Innocuous chemicals Metals
In most specific immune responses, antigen must be processed and presented by which of the following? Complement CD8 coreceptors NK cells APCs CD4 coreceptors
APCs
Which of the following is NOT a function of IgG? Toxin neutralization Crossing the placenta Complement fixation Opsonization Acting as a secretory antibody
Acting as a secretory antibody
Select all that apply Which of the following represent functions of T helper 1 cells? Activation of macrophages Destroy target cells by lysis Drive B cell proliferation Delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Activation of macrophages Delayed hypersensitivity reactions
_____ is the aggregation formed by antibodies binding cellular antigens or large particles.
Agglutination
What is occurring during the latent period at the beginning of a primary antibody response? Antigen is being concentrated and processed. The B cells are not ready to act. All B cells are being activated so that one can react to antigen. Antigen is still just in circulation.
Antigen is being concentrated and processed.
What is the abbreviation used to represent the antigen binding fragment of an antibody? Heavy chain Fc Fab Light chain
Fab
_____ is the abbreviation for the antigen binding fragment of an antibody molecule.
Fabs
______ presenting cells are involved in the activation of T helper cells through the displaying of immunogen fragments on their ______ molecules. Antibody/Antigen Antigen/Antibody Antigen/MHC Antibody/MHC
Antigen/MHC
In antibody-mediated immunity, the production and activities of antibodies are due to the response of ____ -lymphocytes.
B
_____ lymphocytes can recognize whole, unprocessed antigen that is encountered somewhere in the body, while _____ lymphocytes can only recognize processed antigen that is complexed with a MHC molecule on the surface of a presenting cell.
B T
Whole, unprocessed antigen T or B cell?
B cell
Select all that apply MHC class II molecules are found on which of the following host cells? B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Dendritic cells Erythrocytes Macrophages
B lymphocytes Dendritic cells Macrophages
Which of the following is a correct statement with respect to antibody-mediated immunity? Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines. T-lymphocytes produce antibodies. B-lymphocytes cells produce antibodies. Phagocytic cells produce antibodies
B-lymphocytes cells produce antibodies.
Cytotoxic T cells destroy ______. foreign cells and infected host cells only foreign cells only pathogens only bacteria pathogens and infected host cells
foreign cells and infected host cells
Cytotoxic T cells kill _____ cells and _____ host cells.
foreign infected
Which type of T cell can be activated either by PAMPs in the nonspecific response or by antigens in the specific immune response? gamma-delta T cells helper T cells regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells
gamma-delta T cells
The enzymes that attack proteins of target cells during apoptosis are called ______. granzymes ribozymes exotoxins helicases
granzymes
_____ are enzymes released by cytotoxic T cells that attack proteins of target cells during the process called apoptosis.
granzymes
A(n) _____ is an incomplete or partial antigen that must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response.
hapten
A(n) ________ is a molecule that cannot stimulate a full immune response without being attached to a larger protein molecule called a carrier. antigen antibody immunogen hapten toxoid
hapten
Activated T _____ cells help activate B cells.
helper
Most B cells must interact with T _____ cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional.
helper
The CD4 coreceptor is expressed on T _____ cells.
helper
Activate Macrophages... helper T cells regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
The principle that states that when there is a large number of individuals in a population that are immune to a pathogen, it is less likely that an non-immunized member of the population will encounter the pathogen is called _____ _____.
herd immunity
During lymphocyte development, which process eliminates any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules? antigen tolerance clonal selection immune tolerance immune elimination
immune tolerance
In this image of lymphocyte differentiation, the cells indicated by the large Xs are eliminated because their antigens respond to self molecules. This represents autoimmunity vaccination immune tolerance clonal selection
immune tolerance
In this image of lymphocyte differentiation, the cells indicated by the large Xs are eliminated because their antigens respond to self molecules. This represents immune tolerance autoimmunity vaccination clonal selection
immune tolerance
Any exposed or released protein or polysaccharide is a potential _____ , a molecule capable of eliciting an immune response.
immunogen
Order the following steps in generating diversity in B cells: Cells build their unique immunoglobulin receptor Cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue in the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes
in the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes Cells build their unique immunoglobulin receptor Cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue
The use of vaccines has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly _____diseases.
infectious
Select all that apply To make up an antibody molecule, which two of the following choices are required? two identical light chains two different light chains two different medium chains two different heavy chains two identical heavy chains two identical medium chains
two identical light chains two identical heavy chains
Select all that apply An antibody can bind to two of the same epitopes on ______. two separate cells different cells only the same cell rare occasions only
two separate cells the same cell
The basic immunoglobulin molecule is composed of ______ identical heavy chains and ______ identical light chains. one; two two; four four; two two; two
two; two
Activated T helper cells release a type of cytokine called ______ which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. interleukin complement histamine leukocidin interferon
interleukin
T helper 17 cells secrete _____-17, which leads to the production of other cytokines that promote ______.
interleukin inflammation
Activated T helper cells are stimulated to release ______, which are chemicals that act as growth factors for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
interleukins
Select all that apply Preparations that most vaccines are based on include ______. Reactive T-cell receptors Epitope-specific antibodies killed cells or inactivated viruses Live, attenuated cells or viruses
killed cells or inactivated viruses Live, attenuated cells or viruses
A _____ or _____ vaccine is one in which the entire pathogen is given but it has been treated in such a way that it can no longer multiply.
killed inactived
Which of the following would have a high degree of immunogenicity? large and repetitive molecule small molecule small subunit from a large and repetitive structure large and complex molecule
large and complex molecule
Which of the following would have a high degree of immunogenicity? large and repetitive molecule small subunit from a large and repetitive structure small molecule large and complex molecule
large and complex molecule
Select all that apply Characteristics that define active immunity include ______. receiving preformed antibodies not requiring antigen for activation lasting a long time taking time to develop response developing a memory response
lasting a long time taking time to develop response developing a memory response
Mature T cells can constantly travel through the body via the _____ and general _____ systems.
lymphatic circulatory
Select all that apply Adjuvants work by gradually releasing antigen in the tissues which facilitates contact with ______ and ______. lymphocytes receptors for PAMPs antigen presenting cells eosinophils
lymphocytes antigen presenting cells
Mature B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out of _____ organs.
lymphoid
T and B lymphocytes migrate to separate areas of the ____ organs after maturation.
lymphoid
After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the _____ _____.
lymphoid organs
Mature lymphocytes encounter antigens in the _____ _____.
lymphoid tissue
The three main antigen presenting cells are _____, as well as _____ and B cells.
macrophages dendritic
Following an initial contact with antigen, both B and T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells and ______ cells. plasma dendritic memory helper cytotoxic
memory
Like B cells, T cells also form _____ cells which can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen.
memory
The _____ response is also called the secondary response and it results in a rapid increase in antibody production due to the activation of memory cells upon interacting with a previously seen antigen.
memory
The fundamental basis for vaccination is due to the _____ effect that is attributable to immune system cells that were primed to react upon a second exposure to an antigen.
memory
Upon a primary response to antigen, both B and T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells and also _____ cells which rapidly respond upon a secondary exposure to antigen.
memory
Upon antigen stimulation of lymphocytes, multiplication results in the formation of a group of identical cells, some of which are _____ cells that will persist in circulation indefinitely.
memory
When challenged by antigen, lymphocytes divide to form genetically identical cells, some of which are ______ cells that will be able to react to that antigen in the future. memory dendritic natural killer mast phagocytic
memory
Which response to previously seen antigens is the basis for the success of vaccinations? hypersensitive allergic primary memory
memory
Which response to previously seen antigens is the basis for the success of vaccinations? memory primary hypersensitive allergic
memory
Mature B cells and T cells ______. cannot leave the lymphoid tissues can only migrate in the blood can only migrate within the lymphatic system migrate in and out of lymphoid tissues
migrate in and out of lymphoid tissues
IgA circulates in the blood as a(n) ________. tetramer trimer monomer dimer pentamer
monomer
In the blood, IgA circulates in the ______ form. monomer dimer
monomer
After recovery from an infectious disease, the resistance to reinfection is called ________ immunity. artificial active natural active artificial passive natural passive
natural active
Recovery from infectious disease results in _____ _____ immunity.
natural active
Prenatal and postnatal mother and child relationships result in _____ _____ acquired immunity.
natural passive
As depicted in the image, the process that occurs when antibodies coat the surface of a virus to prevent its attachment to cells is called ______. agglutination polymerization neutralization vaccination
neutralization
The binding of antibody to an antigen to inhibit the antigen's deleterious actions or preventing their attachment to the host cell is called ________. agglutination opsonization complement fixation neutralization precipitation
neutralization
The binding of antibody to an antigen to inhibit the antigen's deleterious actions or preventing their attachment to the host cell is called ________. precipitation agglutination complement fixation opsonization neutralization
neutralization
Antibodies _____ viruses by binding to them and preventing their attachment to host cells.
neutralize
There is ______ for vaccine connection to diabetes, asthma, or autism. no convincing evidence some evidence strong evidence
no convincing evidence
One important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived as _____ , meaning that it is not a normal constituent of the body.
nonself
MHC class I molecules are found on the surface of all ______ human cells.
nucleated
Select all that apply Most materials that serve as good antigens include ______. pure DNA nucleoproteins glycoproteins proteins lipoproteins sugars
nucleoproteins glycoproteins proteins lipoproteins
The objective of vaccines is to use modified microbes or their components to ______. obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection keep the host from dying from the ensuing disease protect the host for now but without the production of memory cells
obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection
The process of stimulating phagocytosis by affixing antibodies to the surfaces of foreign cells or particles is called ________. opsonization precipitation complement fixation neutralization agglutination
opsonization
IgM is a _____ and thus has 10 antigen binding sites.
pentamer
Select all that apply The cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells is based on the secretion of ______. histamines leukocidins lipopolysaccharides perforins granzymes
perforins granzymes
CD8 T cell cytotoxicity involves the secretion of ______. perforins and granzymes cytokines and hormones endotoxins and exotoxins polysaccharides and lipids
perforins and granzymes
Select all that apply Which of the following usually act as antigens? polysaccharides proteins lipids nucleic acids
polysaccharides proteins
The first time a host encounters a particular antigen a(n) ______ specific immune response is generated. tertiary secondary anamnestic primary
primary
The first time a host encounters a particular antigen, a(n) _____ specific immune response is generated by B and T cells.
primary
For activation, T cells require that antigen be ________ and then ________ by APCs. processed/presented processed/ingested presented/processed presented/ingested
processed/presented
Select all that apply Requirements for an effective vaccine include ______. requires a regular booster dose schedule produces a memory response stimulates a B or a T cell response, but not both has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects
produces a memory response has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects
Antigens are usually molecules of _____ or _____.
protein polysaccharide
Memory is important to specific immunity in that it allows ______. innate immunity to be enhanced rapid production of naive lymphocytes in bone marrow phagocytic cells to react more quickly rapid mobilization of lymphocytes with antigen-specific memory
rapid mobilization of lymphocytes with antigen-specific memory
A given cell can express several different surface molecules called ________, each of which has a role in detection, recognition, and cell communication. antigens receptors
receptors
Receptor and marker proteins on the surface of host cells are involved in specific immune _____ events, and thus are the basis of specific immune responses.
recognition
Control the T-cell response... helper T cells regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells
regulatory T cells
Requirements for an effective vaccine do NOT include ______. requiring a regular booster dose schedule protection against the natural, wild form of the pathogen ability to produce a memory response zero to low level of toxicity or adverse side effects
requiring a regular booster dose schedule
The _____ response, also called the anamnestic response, is the specific immune response generated upon subsequent exposure to a previously seen antigen and it is directed by memory cells.
secondary
The anamnestic response is also called a ________ immune response. tertiary secondary primary
secondary
The rapid rise in antibody titer following a repeat exposure to an antigen that has been recognized from a previous exposure is called a(n) ________ immune response. quarternary secondary tertiary primary
secondary
MHC class I proteins allow for the recognition of _____ molecules.
self
After final maturation, T and B lymphocytes migrate to ______. the same areas in the digestive organs the same areas in the lymphoid organs separate areas in the lymphoid organs separate areas in the digestive organs
separate areas in the lymphoid organs
A given host cell can express ______. only nonreceptor proteins several types of receptors only one type of receptor only receptors involved in nutrient acquisition
several types of receptors
Select all that apply The characteristics that define passive immunity include ______. short-term effectiveness long-term effectiveness lack of memory cells lack of antibody production to pathogen immediate onset of protection lag time before protection is available
short-term effectiveness lack of memory cells lack of antibody production to pathogen immediate onset of protection
Select all that apply A good antigen must meet certain requirements in ______. size entry portal into host chemical composition context as ins the presence of certain cytokines foreignness
size chemical composition context as ins the presence of certain cytokines foreignness
Select all that apply Poor immunogens include ______. small molecules repetitive polymers simple molecules complex proteins
small molecules repetitive polymers simple molecules
Host cell surface proteins are involved in ______ and thus guide specific immune responses. blocking pathogen entry directly activating lymphocytes killing pathogens specific immune recognition
specific immune recognition
Two important features that characterize the specific immune response are _____ and _____ .
specificity memory
Which of the following is NOT a feature that characterizes specific immunity? speed specificity memory
speed
Which of the following is NOT a function of T helper 1 cells? producing delayed hypersensitivity reactions stimulating B cell proliferation activating macrophages
stimulating B cell proliferation
Select all that apply The secondary response of specific immunity compared to the primary response is ______. slower stronger weaker faster less able to produce antibody
stronger faster
Epitope based vaccines are called _____ vaccines.
subunit
Vaccines based on bacterial epitopes are called ________ vaccines. recombinant killed whole cell inactivated subunit live attenuated
subunit
_____, such as some bacterial toxins, are potent stimulators of T cells and are responsible for diseases such as toxic shock.
superantigens
Select all that apply Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in _____. . tears saliva sweat mucus
tears saliva mucus
________ is the principle that when there is a large number of individuals in a population that are immune to a pathogen, it is less likely that an non-immunized member of the population will encounter the pathogen. Innate immunity Specific immunity Passive immunity Acquired immunity Herd immunity
Herd immunity
Which of the following is NOT a factor to be considered for vaccine preparation? How long production of the vaccine takes Safety and cost Effectiveness against the pathogen Ease in administration Antigen selection
How long production of the vaccine takes
CD8 cells recognize antigen bound to MHC class molecules.
I
CD4 T cells recognize antigen bound to MHC class _____ molecules.
II
Class _____ MHC proteins are found on the surfaces of cells that present _____ to T cells during cooperative immune system reactions.
II antigens
Colostrum and breast milk contain the antibody class _____ which provides passive protection to nursing newborns.
IgA
Secretory antigen IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgA
The gastrointestinal tract of nursing infants has a protective coating of this immunoglobulin that is contained in colostrum and breast milk. IgE IgD IgG IgA IgM
IgA
The immunoglobulin found in colostrum and breast milk that forms a protective coating in the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant is _____.
IgA
______ in colostrum and breast milk provides passive protection to nursing newborns. IgG IgA IgD IgM IgE
IgA
A(n) _____ exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.
vaccination
Which of the following is NOT a classes of antibodies found in humans? IgB IgE IgG IgA IgM IgD
IgB
Sever as the B cell receptor IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgD
Select all that apply The classes of antibodies found in humans are ______. IgJ IgD IgM IgB IgA IgG IgC IgE
IgD IgM IgA IgG IgE
Allergic reactions: worm infections IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgE
_____ the antibody class that mediates anaphylaxis, asthma, and certain allergies.
IgE
At the beginning of an immune response most antibodies are IgM but as the response progresses you see production switch predominantly to which class of antibodies? IgE IgG IgD IgA
IgG
Long term immunity, opsonization, neutralizing toxins IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgG
Which of the following is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and tissue fluids? IgA IgG IgB IgD IgM IgE
IgG
Which of the following is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta? IgD IgG IgE IgP IgM IgA
IgG
_____ is the most prevalent antibody in circulation and tissue fluids.
IgG
_____ is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta.
IgG
Select all that apply Which antibodies are capable of fixing complement? IgG IgD IgE IgM IgA
IgG IgM
Early in the primary immune response, most antibodies are of which class? IgD IgE IgA IgG IgM
IgM
First antibody produced in response to antigen IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgM
Which is the first class of antibody produced by the body following exposure (first encounter) to a specific antigen? IgM IgD IgG IgA IgE
IgM
_____ , like IgG, can fix complement.
IgM
_____ is the class of antibodies that comprise the majority of antibodies produced early in the primary immune response.
IgM
What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen? MHC class I MHC class II PAMP CD4 Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin
Order the following steps in generating diversity in T cells : Cells migrate to the thymus Cells build their unique antigen receptor In the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes Cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues.
In the bone marrow, stem cells become lymphocytes Cells migrate to the thymus Cells build their unique antigen receptor Cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues.
Select all that apply ________ or ________ vaccines use a whole cell or intact virus preparation in which the microbes are dead or preserved and cannot multiply but are still capable of conferring immunity. Neutralized Subunit Killed Inactivated Acellular
Killed Inactivated
Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten? Environmental chemicals Drugs Household chemicals Metals Industrial chemicals Lipopolysaccharides
Lipopolysaccharides
Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten? Metals Household chemicals Industrial chemicals Drugs Lipopolysaccharides Environmental chemicals
Lipopolysaccharides
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that defines passive immunity? Immediate onset of protection Lack of antibody production to pathogen Long-term effectiveness Lack of memory cells Short-term effectiveness
Long-term effectiveness
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that defines passive immunity? Immediate onset of protection Lack of memory cells Short-term effectiveness Long-term effectiveness Lack of antibody production to pathogen
Long-term effectiveness
Which of the following is the function of cytotoxic T cells? Activating macrophages Stimulating B cell proliferation Lysis of target cells Promoting delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Lysis of target cells
APCs present antigen on ______ molecules to activate T helper cells.
MHC
What is the set of genes that encodes human cell receptors that play a role in recognition of self by the immune system called? IRP PAMP HIC TORCH MHC
MHC
One set of genes that codes for human cell receptors and plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system is the _____ _____ _____ (MHC).
Major Histocompatibility Complex
___ is an important characteristic of specific immunity as it allows for the rapid mobilization of antigen specific lymphocytes that "recall" their first encounter with the antigen.
Memory
_____B and T cells circulate for long periods of time in order to rapidly respond to the same antigen in the future.
Memory
________ can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen. Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells T helper cells
Memory T cells
________ can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen. Memory T cells Cytotoxic T cells T helper cells
Memory T cells
These cells remain in circulation for long periods of time and are ready to respond to a specific antigen should it be encountered again. Memory cells Mast cells Plasma cells NK cells Guard cells
Memory cells
After an initial exposure to antigen, which of the following is not a typical time period for the generation of a secondary immune response? Years Months Minutes Weeks
Minutes
________ immunity occurs only as a result of prenatal and postnatal mother and child relationships. Artificial active Natural active Natural passive Artificial passive
Natural passive
Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ________. immunization infection passive immunization vaccination
vaccination
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that defines active immunity? Lasting a long time Not requiring antigen for activation Taking time to develop response Developing a memory response
Not requiring antigen for activation
_____ is the process of enhanced phagocytosis due to the attachment of host proteins such as antibodies to microbes or other invaders.
Opsonization
Which of the following is not a common route of vaccine administration? Intramuscular injection Orally Intradermal injection Subcutaneous injection
Orally
In the non-specific response, gamma-delta T cells are activated by _____ or they can be activated by _____ in the specific immune response.
PAMPs antigens
The artificial active immune process called _____ generates memory cells to a pathogen so an immediate protective immune response is elicited upon entry of the pathogen into the body.
vaccination
Which type of immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by the injection of preformed antibody? Active Passive
Passive
_____ immunity can be natural through the acquisition of antibody in breast milk or artificial by the injection of preformed antibody.
Passive
Upon antigen activation, CD8 cytotoxic T cells release _____ which are proteins that punch holes in the membranes of target cells.
Perforins
________ are proteins released by activated cytotoxic T cells that punch holes in the membranes of target cells. MAC PAMPs Perforins Granzymes Leukocidins
Perforins
The term _____ originated from the Latin word for cow because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox as a preparation for active immunization.
vaccination
Which of the following is NOT a requirement that a substance must meet in order to be perceived as an antigen? Nonself Size Context, as in the presence of certain cytokines Portal of entry Chemical composition
Portal of entry
Killed vaccines often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective because _____. phagocytes ignore dead microbes the microbe is not always recognized by the specific immune response they are not recognized by T cells the microbe does not multiply
the microbe does not multiply
Killed vaccines often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective because _____. the microbe is not always recognized by the specific immune response the microbe does not multiply they are not recognized by T cells phagocytes ignore dead microbes
the microbe does not multiply
What is the function of T helper 17 cells? Enhancing the antibody response Promoting inflammation Responding to helminth parasites Secreting substances that influence B-cell differentiation
Promoting inflammation
What is the function of T helper 17 cells? Enhancing the antibody response Secreting substances that influence B-cell differentiation Responding to helminth parasites Promoting inflammation
Promoting inflammation
_____ are cell surface molecules involved in recognition, binding, and intracellular signaling.
Receptors
________ are cell surface molecules involved in recognition, binding, and intracellular signaling. Phospholipids Antibodies Receptors Hormones
Receptors
Select all that apply Which of the following human cell types express MHC class proteins on their surface? Respiratory epithelium Stem cells Smooth muscle cells White blood cells Red blood cells
Respiratory epithelium Stem cells Smooth muscle cells White blood cells
Select all that apply Which of the following represent functions of T helper 2 cells? Secreting cytokines Activating mast cells Influencing B cell differentiation Responding to extracellular parasites Lysing target cells Producing delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Secreting cytokines Influencing B cell differentiation Responding to extracellular parasites
The use of ______ has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases. immunotherapy immunogens antihistamines serum albumin vaccines
vaccines
Select all that apply The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes. Subcutaneous injection Intradermal injection Intranasally Intramuscular injection Orally Absorption from a patch.
Subcutaneous injection Intradermal injection Intramuscular injection
Which of the following types of molecules does NOT typically serve as a good antigen? Lipoproteins Sugars Proteins Nucleoproteins Glycolipids
Sugars
______, such as some bacterial toxins, are potent stimulators of T cells and are responsible for diseases such as toxic shock. Alloantigens Antibiotics Superantigens Antibodies Haptens
Superantigens
Secretory IgA is NOT found in which of the following fluids? Saliva Sweat Colostrum Tears Mucus
Sweat
Cytotoxicity is the ability for this type of lymphocyte to kill specific target cells. B NK T
T
Processed antigen bound to a MHC molecule is a T or B cell?
T cell
Most B cells must interact with cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional. What type of cell would this be? T helper Thrombocyte Dendritic Natural killer Cytotoxic T
T helper
Diseases such as Crohn's disease or psoriasis can be related to excess inflammation promoted by which type of cells? T helper 1 T helper 2 T helper 17
T helper 17
Select all that apply When stimulated by an antigen/MHC complex, CD4 cells can differentiate into which types of cells? T helper 2 cells T helper 1 cells Dendritic cells Cytotoxic T cells T helper 17 cells
T helper 2 cells T helper 1 cells T helper 17 cells
The CD4 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type? Cytotoxic T cells Plasma cells Naive B cells NK cells T helper cells
T helper cells
The CD4 coreceptor is found on the surface of which cell type? NK cells Plasma cells Naive B cells T helper cells Cytotoxic T cells
T helper cells
________, when activated, can help activate B cells. Cytotoxic T cells T helper cells Phagocytes Plasma cells Natural killer cells
T helper cells
Due to cross-presentation, which two types of cells are always produced in any given immune response? T helper cells and plasma cells T cytotoxic cells and plasma cells T helper cells and T cytotoxic T cells Memory B cells and Memory T cells
T helper cells and T cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following cell types does not express MHC class II molecules on its surface? Macrophages Dendritic cells B lymphocytes T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using passive antibodies? The antibodies can protect for a lifetime Antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccine exists Antibodies are available to act immediately
The antibodies can protect for a lifetime
Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic of both PAMPs and antigens? They provoke a defensive reaction from the host. They are components of foreign cells. They are shared by many types of microbes.
They are shared by many types of microbes.
Select all that apply PAMPs and antigens both have the following characteristics. They provoke an immune response. They provoke a nonspecific immune response. They provoke a specific immune response. They are parts of foreign cells.
They provoke an immune response. They are parts of foreign cells.
The _____ region of the antibody molecule contains the antigen binding site.
variable
A toxin that has been rendered nontoxic but is still capable of eliciting the formation of protective antitoxin antibodies is called a(n) ________. hapten recombinant endotoxin toxoid opsonin
Toxoid
The antigen binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, consisting of a combination of heavy and light chains whose molecular conformation is specific for the antigen, is called the ________ region. hapten constant variable stem
variable
True or false: After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs.
True
True or false: B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.
True
True or false: Secreted antibodies circulate freely in tissue fluids, lymph, and blood.
True
True or false: The objective of vaccines is to obtain the same protective memory immune response as a natural infection.
True
True or false: There is no convincing evidence for vaccine connection to diabetes, asthma, or autism.
True
MHC class I molecules on host cells display unique characteristics of self which is important to the process of ______. phagocytosis first line immune defense transformation tissue rejection
tissue rejection
A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called ________. load concentration titer
titer
The concentration of antibodies in serum is expressed as the _____.
titer
The antigen binding fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule, consisting of a combination of heavy and light chains whose molecular conformation is specific for the antigen, is called the ________ region. hapten stem variable constant
variable
________ causes an immediate immune response upon future entry of the pathogen in the body. Immunization Vaccination Opsonization Neutralization
Vaccination
Select all that apply The advantages associated with use of live attenuated vaccines include ______. Viable organisms can multiply and mimic natural infection without disease Inducing a B cell but not a T cell response Conferring instant short term protection Being effective at inducing cell mediated immunity Conferring long-lasting protection
Viable organisms can multiply and mimic natural infection without disease Being effective at inducing cell mediated immunity Conferring long-lasting protection
The process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules during the development process is called immune _____
tolerance
The process of eliminating any lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self molecules during the development process is called immune _____.
tolerance
A _____ is a toxin that has been rendered inactive but is still capable of eliciting a protective immune response when used as a vaccine.
toxoid
Which type of immunity occurs as a result of Immunizations with pathogens or their antigens? active passive
active
Which type of immunity occurs as a result of Immunizations with pathogens or their antigens? passive active
active
Some vaccines require the addition of a special binding substance called a(n) _____ that enhances immunogenicity.
adjuvant
As shown in the image, the process that occurs when bound antibodies aggregate bacteria to enhance phagocytosis is termed ______. neutralization polymerization vaccination agglutination
agglutination
The aggregation (or clumping) by antibodies of whole cells or similar-sized particles is called ________. opsonization agglutination complement fixation neutralization precipitation
agglutination
MHC I molecules are found on ______. all nucleated cells. only lymphocytes. only antigen presenting cells. only erythrocytes. all human cells.
all nucleated cells.
Select all that apply IgE is in low concentration in the blood except during _____. complement activation allergic reactions opsonization of invaders parasitic infections
allergic reactions parasitic infections
IgE is present in low concentration in the blood except during _____ reactions or parasitic _____ infections.
allergic worm
Select all that apply The presence of IgE on mast cells and basophils can lead to some destructive responses, including ______. allergies anaphylaxis asthma heart failure pneumonia
allergies anaphylaxis asthma
A(n) _____ is an antigen that is present in some but not all members of a species.
alloantigen
An antigen that is present in some but not all members of the same species is called a(n) ________. alloantigen immunogen hapten interleukin superantigen
alloantigen
A latent period occurs at the beginning of the primary immune response and it is marked by a lack of ______ to the activating antigen. antibodies antibiotics immunogens haptens
antibodies
A plasma cell is the progeny of an activated B cell that actively produces and secretes ________. blood plasma lymph antibodies complement interferons
antibodies
A type of B cell called a plasma cell produces _____.
antibodies
Activated B cells (plasma cells) secrete immunoglobulins otherwise known as _____.
antibodies
At the beginning of the primary antibody response, a latent period occurs that is marked by a lack of _____ to the activating antigen.
antibodies
Plasma cell secretes__________.
antibodies
Plasma cells produce copious amounts of ________. antigens antibiotics antihistamines antibodies
antibodies
Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins called ________. immunogens receptors haptens antigens antibodies
antibodies
Select all that apply The benefits of using passive antibodies are that ______. antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccine exists antibodies are available to act immediately the antibodies can protect for a lifetime it gives your immune system a rest
antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccine exists antibodies are available to act immediately
Select all that apply The benefits of using passive antibodies are that ______. it gives your immune system a rest antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccine exists antibodies are available to act immediately the antibodies can protect for a lifetime
antibodies can protect when no medication or vaccine exists antibodies are available to act immediately
B cells recognize antigen using their specific B cell receptor, which is the ______ it will secrete once clonal selection has taken place.
antibody
The principal activity of a(n) ________ is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the antigen which is complementary to its receptor. antibody antibiotic immunogen epitope hapten
antibody
The principal activity of a(n) ________ is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the antigen which is complementary to its receptor. epitope antibody immunogen hapten antibiotic
antibody
All of the following can be destroyed by cytotoxic T cells except ______. antibody-producing cells cancer cells cells from other animals and humans virally-infected cells
antibody-producing cells
A pathogen is engulfed and its _____ is processed by phagocytic cells.
antigen
Any exposed or released protein or polysaccharide is a potential ______, a molecule that can be seen and identified by the immune system. antitoxin antibody antigen hapten carrier
antigen
During the latent period at the beginning of a primary immune response, _____ is being concentrated and processed by B cells.
antigen
Each antibody differs from other antibodies in its _____ binding groove.
antigen
Each different antibody has been developed by random genetic rearrangements resulting in a unique ______ binding groove in the Fab. agretope antigen antibody hapten nucleotide
antigen
Phagocytes, such as dendritic cells, process and display ________. antibodies complement histamine antigen haptens
antigen
The principal activity of an antibody is to unite with, immobilize, call attention to, or neutralize the _____ which is complementary to its receptor.
antigen
Visualizing the Y shaped antibody structure, the _____ binding sites are found at the ends of the forks.
antigen
In most specific immune responses, antigen must be processed and presented by _____-_____ cells.
antigen presenting
Mature lymphocytes eventually populate the lymphatic organs where they encounter ________. haptens antibodies antigens
antigens
T cells require _____ to be processed and presented by APCs for activation.
antigens
A special type of antibody that can neutralize a bacterial exotoxin is called a(n) ________. antibiotic toxoid antitoxin antigen endotoxin
antitoxin
An antibody that can neutralize a microbial toxin can also be referred to as a(n) _____.
antitoxin
An activated CD8 cell becomes a cytotoxic T cell that kills a target cell by inducing _____.
apoptosis
Cytotoxic T cells function in the _____ of target cells.
apoptosis
Cytotoxic T cells function in the _______ of target cells.
apoptosis
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells by inducing ______. interferon secretion lysis cytokine secretion anamnestic responses apoptosis
apoptosis
CD molecules are components of the immune response that ______. act as chemical messengers between different immune cells are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells stimulate the immune system during a viral infection
are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells
Immunizations with pathogens or their antigens result in _____ immunity.
artificial
Immunizations with pathogens or their antigens result in _____immunity.
artificial
Looking at a Y shaped antibody structure, the antigen binding sites are found ______. in random sites along the structure at the end of each of the forks in the crook of the Y at the base of the tail
at the end of each of the forks
Select all that apply Different host cell surface receptors can be involved in a wide range of significant roles such as ______. attachment to foreign antigens binding to self molecules electron transport chain aiding in cellular development transcription and translation receiving and transmitting chemical messages
attachment to foreign antigens binding to self molecules aiding in cellular development receiving and transmitting chemical messages
B cell maturation occurs in the _____ _____
bone marrow
Human B cells mature in the ________. bursa of fabricius liver bone marrow spleen thymus
bone marrow
T helper cells activate macrophages by ______. both direct receptor contact and indirectly with cytokines direct receptor contact only indirectly through release of cytokines only
both direct receptor contact and indirectly with cytokines
Select all that apply Cytotoxic T cells can destroy ______. phagocytic cells cancer cells virally infected cells antibody-producing cells cells from other animals and humans
cancer cells virally infected cells cells from other animals and humans
Select all that apply Secreted antibody molecules ______. circulate freely in the lymph circulate freely in the tissue fluids are trapped in tissues circulate freely in the blood
circulate freely in the lymph circulate freely in the tissue fluids circulate freely in the blood
Select all that apply Mature T cells constantly circulate between which two systems? endocrine system nervous system circulatory system lymphatic system
circulatory system lymphatic system
The CD8 coreceptor on CD8 T cells binds to MHC ________ molecules on antigen presenting cells. class II class I class III
class I
The CD4 coreceptor on CD4 T cells binds to MHC ______ molecules on antigen presenting cells. class III class II class I
class II
In this image of lymphocyte differentiation, cells with a particular receptor proliferate in response to exposure to an epitope. This represents immune tolerance autoimmunity clonal selection vaccination
clonal selection
A colony of cells derived from a single cell that share identical characteristics are called a(n) ________. clone inoculation culture copy
clone
All cells in a _____ share identical characteristics.
clone
The multiplication of lymphocytes upon encountering antigen results in production of a _____, or group of genetically identical cells.
clone
Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called ________. memory cells phagocytes clones macrophages haptens
clones
CD markers are important in immunity. "CD" stands for ______. cytoplasmic determinants cluster of differentiation cellular determinants
cluster of differentiation
Binding of antibody to antigen can activate the ______ cascade which can result in cell or virus lysis.
complement
The ________ cascade is a series of proteins in circulation that become sequentially activated after the first component is activated by immune complexes (cells or virus bound by antibody) leading to the lysis of the cell or virus. agglutination precipitation complement neutralization interferon
complement
Antigen and antibody must have a(n) _____ fit.
complementary
Which type of fit is characteristic of the binding between antigen and antibody? complementary fit sedimentary fit rudimentary fit elementary fit
complementary fit
A poor immunogen would NOT include _____. repetitive polymers simple molecules complex proteins small molecules
complex proteins
The term vaccination is derived from the Latin word for ______. cow, because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox monkey, because the monkey pox virus was used against cowpox chicken, because the chickenpox virus was used against smallpox small, because the smallpox virus was used against chickenpox
cow, because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox
The term _____-_____ is used to describe the formation of both T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells in a given immune response.
cross presentation
Select all that apply IgG has numerous functions, including ______. acting as a secretory antibody crossing the placenta opsonization toxin neutralization activating mast cells complement fixation
crossing the placenta opsonization toxin neutralization complement fixation
The ________ fragment is the portion of an antibody that does not bind to antigen. complementary competent constant crystallizable
crystallizable
The segment of the antibody that does not bind antigen is called the _____ _____ or the Fc fragment.
crystallizable fragment
T helper cells activate macrophages directly through receptor contact and indirectly by releasing _____.
cytokines
The CD8 coreceptor is expressed on __ T cells.
cytotoxic
Destroy infected host cells... helper T cells regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells
cytotoxic T cells
Select all that apply The three main functional types of T cells are ______. cytotoxic T cells plasma cells memory T cells helper T cells regulatory T cells thymus cells
cytotoxic T cells helper T cells regulatory T cells
_____ is the ability of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell such as an infected cell or a cancer cell.
cytotoxicity
T and B cells undergo the development and maturation process in ______. different tissues the bone marrow only the thymus only the Bursa of fabricus only the spleen only
different tissues
In the blood IgA is a monomer but in mucus and secretions IgA is in a(n) _____ form.
dimer
In mucus and secretions IgA exists in the ________ form. dimeric pentameric trimeric monomeric tetrameric
dimeric
An antibody protein is composed of four individual polypeptide chains which are held to each other by ________ bonds. disulfide glycosidic phosphodiester ester polypeptide
disulfide
The four polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule are held together by _____ bonds.
disulfide
Killed vaccines often require a larger _____ and more _____to be effective because the microbe does not multiply and is cleared quickly from the host.
dose boosters
Select all that apply The principles of vaccine preparation include ______. ease in administration of vaccine how long production of vaccine takes effectiveness against the pathogen antigen selection safety and cost
ease in administration of vaccine effectiveness against the pathogen antigen selection safety and cost
T helper 2 cells function to ______. enhance the antibody response lyse target cells produce delayed hypersensitivity reactions activate mast cells
enhance the antibody response
T helper 2 cells function to ______. enhance the antibody response produce delayed hypersensitivity reactions lyse target cells activate mast cells
enhance the antibody response
A(n)_____ is the molecular fragment of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response.
epitope
The precise molecular portion of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response is called a(n) _____. immunogen epitope allergen hapten alloantigen
epitope
Preparations that most vaccines are based on do NOT include _____. epitope-specific antibodies genetically engineered microbes or their antigens live, attenuated cells or viruses pathogen-derived antigens killed cells or inactivated viruses
epitope-specific antibodies
Preparations that most vaccines are based on do NOT include _____. live, attenuated cells or viruses killed cells or inactivated viruses genetically engineered microbes or their antigens pathogen-derived antigens epitope-specific antibodies
epitope-specific antibodies
An antibody can bind two of the same _____ either on the same cell or on two separate cells.
epitopes
If exact _____ that stimulate protective immunity are known then it is possible to isolate microbial components to use in vaccine production.
epitopes
If exact ________ are known, it is possible to produce vaccines from them. epitopes coreceptors receptors antibiotics antibodies
epitopes
MHC class proteins are found on the surfaces of all human cells except _______. stem cells intestinal epithelium motor neurons lymphocytes erythrocytes
erythrocytes
True or false: A given host cell can express only one type of receptor.
false
True or false: Each lymphocyte is programmed to express many types of antigen specific receptors.
false
True or false: The anamnestic response of specific immunity compared to the primary response is faster but less vigorous.
false
True or false: The risks of vaccine use outweigh the risks associated with the diseases they are intended to prevent.
false
True or false: At the beginning of an immune response, most antibodies produced are IgM but as the response progresses, you see mainly IgG antibodies or some other class being produced.
true
An important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived to be ________. foreign self
foreign
Large, complex antigens such as whole microbes are ______. very effective vaccine immunogens not very effective vaccine immunogens the only antigen preparations used for vaccine production not used for vaccine production
very effective vaccine immunogens
Select all that apply Large, complex antigens such as ________ or ________ are very effective immunogens. nucleic acids fatty acids whole cells polysaccharides viruses
whole cells viruses
Select all that apply A secondary immune response can occur ______ after exposure to antigen. years months minutes weeks
years months weeks