Exam one WC

Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?

Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death.

Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?

Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria.

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the

Power of the state over the church

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

Revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris

How did evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism

They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.

The underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850 was

Social and economic transformations that made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior

Europeans believed that grain and bread should be available at

A just price-one that was fair to both consumers and producers.

Why did Scotland become a major center of enlightenment thought, as exemplified by the contributions of Adam smith and David Hume

After the act of union, Scotland was freed from political crisis

How did the enlightenment affect attitudes towards popular culture?

As the educated public adored the enlightenments critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

After the development of the idea of "race," Europeans increasingly definite themselves in relation to other people as

Biologically superior as well as culturally superior

During the enlightenment, most thinkers believed that

Both European women and non Europeans were inferior to European men.

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.

Many mothers in small towns and mid-sized cities sent their foundling to hospitals in major cities like London and Paris because

Hospitals in large cities had policies to accept all children

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message

Which change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement

Interactions between the Jews and Christians increased, the rabbinic controls diminished

How did America's constitutional convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro and anti slavery delegates

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as 3/5ths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the HoR

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved?

Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.

Which statement correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicholas copernicus hypothesis

The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the 17th century when Galileo popularized it

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effect

Which statements best describes the treatment of children in the 17th and 18th centuries

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will

Which aspect of society during the enlightenment enabled elites in the western world to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century

The emergence of scientific racism

Which two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.

Which statement best describes the core concept of the enlightenment

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

Which factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?

The tendancy of waiting to marry until after economic independence

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

How did European governments respond to the new science

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Why did the French commissioners sent by the Newley elected National Convention tonSaint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and english forces on the island.

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interest of the people. In terms of political practices, this meant that

Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by

abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges

The religious revival movement known as Pietism

called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for

discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

simplifying Prussia's laws.