Examples of questions from the textbook Quiz 3

Match the engineering roles to the best fitted description of the benefits of applying knowledge of cognitive ergonomics in their activity: System performance improver

A person in this role, who understands human cognitive abilities and limitations, will be able to specify requirements for appropriate equipment, instructions and human-machine interfaces that can aid workers in doing tasks efficiently and correctly

Match the engineering roles to the best fitted description of the benefits of applying knowledge of cognitive ergonomics in their activity: Work environment specialist

An individual holding this function can use this knowledge to pinpoint safety hazards and risks for error that can be traced to signals and information being missed or misinterpreted, due to sensory distraction or insufficient cognitive support.

Classify the design principles listed, according to the human mental capabilities they are primarily intended to support (Att. - attention, Perc. - perception, Mem. - memory and M.Ms - mental models): a. Minimize time and effort for finding information b. Proximity/closeness c. Engage multiple senses d. Legible displays e. Appropriate number of information levels f. Avoid only knowledge-based data gRedundancy h. Avoid similar objects i. Minimize the amount of short-term memory data j. Show anticipated system status k. Consistent/natural representation l. Illustrated realism m. Show movable objects for dynamic information

Att = a, b, c Perc = d, e, f, g, h Mem = i, j, k M.Ms = l, m

Match the selected poka yokes listed on the left to the best suited descriptions of their pros and cons on the right. Pick by voice

Each operator wears a headset and is provided with the necessary information to know what to pick, in what quantity and where it is located. In this method both the user's hands and eyes are free. Unlike pick by light, this technique can be used even when multiple operators are working in the same area.

Match the key design factors for presenting visual information on the left with the corresponding applicable visual aspects description / discussion on the right. Strength og lighting

High precision detail work demands much higher light strength compared to general office work lighting

Match each one of the cognitive ergonomics supports used in industrial production listed on the left with the description on the right that is a best fit for the former. Work instructions

In complex versions of this system, picking by light is implemented. Initially the user is guided to the necessary material, then for assembly operations a light ball is situated where the production step is carried out and is illuminated when necessary. A sensor then picks up the assemblers' presence and provides them with a current work instruction on the display screen. Only when the task has been correctly carried out can the assembler move onto the next step.

Match the brain's functioning mode to the set of activities most suited to that mode: survival mode or reptile brain functioning

Instinctive, quick actions to evade danger or discomfort

Match the key design factors for presenting visual information on the left with the corresponding applicable visual aspects description / discussion on the right. Choice of color

It is wise to provide a redundant backup system for interpreting the colors correctly.

Match the engineering roles to the best fitted description of the benefits of applying knowledge of cognitive ergonomics in their activity: Purchaser

Someone in this role will be able to better understand the value of investing in human-machine systems that transmit information and instructions as quickly and intuitively as possible.

Match the selected poka yokes listed on the left to the best suited descriptions of their pros and cons on the right. Andon

These systems provide a visual display that all workers can see to show the status of the plant floor. Enhanced visualization is said to not only create a sense of belonging in teams, but also point out when problems in the process occur, alerting management, maintenance and other workers down the line who depend on the affected station. Empowering operators to stop the production processes encourages an immediate response, which in turn should enhance the overall quality and reduce waste.

Match each one of the cognitive ergonomics supports used in industrial production listed on the left with the description on the right that is a best fit for the former. Standardized work

This approach provides an optimized method that all workers should take (assemblers, machine maintenance, managers, etc.).

Match the key design factors for presenting visual information on the left with the corresponding applicable visual aspects description / discussion on the right. Contrast

This design factor is important for humans to be able to distinguish symbols from their background, especially regarding written information and alarm signals; it may be achieved through great differences in object luminance.

Match the key design factors for presenting visual information on the left with the corresponding applicable visual aspects description / discussion on the right. angle of vision

This factor must be designed considering where in the human's field of vision information must be placed to be perceived, the appropriate distance away from the eyes, and the angle that the neck must adopt to see well.

Match each one of the cognitive ergonomics supports used in industrial production listed on the left with the description on the right that is a best fit for the former. Kitting

This is a method where all the required components necessary to make a product or subassembly are delivered to the operator's workstation inside a container

Match each one of the cognitive ergonomics supports used in industrial production listed on the left with the description on the right that is a best fit for the former. The use of fixtures

This kind of device holds or supports the work piece during manufacturing operations.

Match each one of the cognitive ergonomics supports used in industrial production listed on the left with the description on the right that is a best fit for the former. Design for assembly

This method aims to encourage designers to think about the assembly implications of their design, for instance by minimizing the number of required components and enabling as simple an assembly method as possible.

Match the selected poka yokes listed on the left to the best suited descriptions of their pros and cons on the right. Pick by light

This method is not limited to picking. It can also be used to provide information about assembly tasks, for instance which tool should be used and what torque should be applied. The system can also indicate the correct storage container for items to be placed in after assembly ("put to light"). This system is considered more user-friendly than picking by barcode, as the operator's hands are kept free. Many argue that this system is the fastest picking method, as users don't need to refer to a screen or wait to hear instructions.

Match the selected poka yokes listed on the left to the best suited descriptions of their pros and cons on the right. Pick by barcodes

This system tends to be more cost-effective than pick by light in lower volume environments. However, unlike other picking systems, the operator needs to look at the screen to retrieve the necessary information, which can be an inconvenience. Moreover, it is not suitable for certain work environments when operators need to wear protective clothing such as gloves.

The knowledge of cognitive ergonomics can help engineers to as an engineer is to create the best possible conditions for workers to correctly interpret the task and task status. (T/F)

True

LÄGG TILL OM POKA YOKES

VÄNTA SVAR FRÅN DENIS

Classify the several types of memory presented between Declarative Memory (DM) and Non-declarative Memory (NdM): a. Perceptual memory b. Semantic memory c. Procedural memory d. Episodic memory

a. NDM b. DM c. NDM d. DM

Classify the following list of parameters as either influencing vision (V) or sound and hearing (S&H) a. Depth Perception b. Loudness c. Glare d. Pitch e. Movement direction f. Location g. Dark-adapted vision h. Color i. Contrast

a. V b. amplitude c. V d. frequency e. V f. direction g. V h. V i. V

Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph using words from the list (please use only exact spelling with no spacing): nerve hands frequency touches haptics pain The tactile sense, also known as [a], is what allows us to perceive differences in pressure, temperature and [b] (as in vibrations) - most frequently through [c] receptors in our skin that are sensitive to stimulation from bending of hairs in the skin, and to [d]. Particularly the [e] are sensitive to very small sensations, but evolution has made most of our skin able to register slight [f] (as light as that of a spider web).

a. haptics b. frequency c. nerve d. pain e. hands f. touches

Fill in the blanks in the following sentence with the correct word from the list: frequently recall recognize information cues stimulate Recalling [a] from the long-term memory is easy for [b] occurring events, but [c] (significant signals) are often required to [d] recall of events from long ago. It requires less brain effort to [e] than to [f] information.

a. information b. frequently c. cues d. stimulate e. recognize f. recall

fill in the blanks: slips rules, skill-based, short-ter, knowledge-based, overloaded, rule-based A novice frequently operates in the [a] mode, dominated by cognitive processes that are highly dependent on [b] working memory, which is limited in how much new information it can store. Novices can therefore need more time to interpret and perform tasks, be more easily overwhelmed or mentally [c] by their work environment and tempo, and make more mistakes based on forgetting or misinterpreting [d]. As they learn, intermediate novices gradually adopt more [e] action, which is based on accumulated, stored knowledge. An expert, on the other hand, acts and reacts almost instinctively in the [f] mode, with greater task speed and fewer mistakes. When errors do occur, they are more like [g] or lapses of concentration - simply put, "sloppiness"

a. knowledge-based b. short-term c. overloaded d. rules e. rule-based f. skill-based g. slips

Fill in the blanks in the following sentence with the correct word from the list, short, medium, long. After information has been processed, it can be stored in the brain's [a]-term memory, which has enormous capacity.

a. long

Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the words from the list: information skills novice intuitive knowledge expert When a [a] performs a task, they need to recall, interpret and process [b] that is not yet internalized, so their actions are often [c]-based. When an [d] performs a task, they operate quickly, efficiently and in an almost [e], automated manner with little delay after a stimulus - i.e., from a [f] base.

a. novice b. information c. knowledge d. expert e. intuitive f. skills

Fill in the blanks with this words, stimuli, perception, warning, patterns, visual, lighting. Vision is connected to [a], with the human mind always looking for [b] and structure that can be determined as meaningful. Contrast, color intensity and strength of [c] all affect a human's ability to take in [d] information. Sound complements vision - particularly in environments that can overload us with visual [e], sound can be used as a [f] for workers.

a. perception b. patterns c. lighting d. visual e. stimuli f. warning

Concerning the sense of vision, select all the statements that apply: a. our field of vision in total extends about 170 degrees horizontally b. the outer rim (peripheral) of our field of vision is good at detecting movement c. the outer rim (peripheral) of humans' field of vision is good at detecting detailed information d. humans are dependent on viewing detailed information in their central field of vision

a. true b. true c. false d. true

Cognition is a combination of: a. sensory stimulation and focus b. perception and interpretation c. working memory and long-term memory

a. true b. true c. true

The economic or business case for pushing cognitive ergonomics in an industrial facility may encompass the following arguments: a. workers with good cognitive support committing fewer errors b. higher product quality resulting from less mistakes happening c. productivity being improved due to less waste and scrap d. the brain's long-term memory has enormous capacity

a. true b. true c. true c. false

The nuclear sector has globally invested large and lasting efforts in improving: a. human factors aspects of its technology b. knowledge among its personnel c. tightly controlled safety aspects d. plant schematics (instructions), machine interfaces and alarm signal systems

a. true b. true c. true d. true

In connection to boredom, it can be stated that: a. A task or environment lacking enough sensory stimulation, a good amount of pressure and the right frequency of activity leads to decreased motivation. b. Boredom is a mental state where our brain deactivates certain nervous centers and the human experiences weariness, lethargy and decreased alertness. c. In a state of boredom, humans are less ready to perform tasks well or respond to sudden stimuli. d. Monotonous tasks promote lapses in attention that can lead to quality losses, accidents and inferior performance. e. Humans are naturally good at remaining vigilant for a long time.

a. true b. true c. true d. true e. false

In workplace design sound can be used to: a. to bring attention to changes in process status b. to warn of danger c. to indicate distance (such as warning systems for backing a vehicle) d. to confirm correct actions e. to detect small differences in shape and color

a. true b. true c. true d. true e. false

A person's cognitive abilities are made up of a combination of (select all that apply): a. skills and experience b. pattern recognition and attention c. memory and ability to focus d. expectations and associations e. generalization and the ability to sort information into categories

a. true b. true c. true d. true e. true

Regarding the concept of perception, check all that apply: a. Perception is our capacity to take in information from the environment, associate it with meaning and mentally organize it b. Perception is a capacity that is based on previous recognition, knowledge and experiences c. Perception provides us with a basis for selecting, interpreting and categorizing information. d. Our expectations of how things appear, and our mental models depend directly on our ability to make meaning. e. While our preconceptions speed up our mental processing capacity, they also make us susceptible to illusions. f. Perceptual illusions result from our interpretation of sensory signals being fully aligned with reality.

a. true b. true c. true d. true e. true f. false

Which of the following is not a / are not sense(s)? a. Vision b. Hearing c. Touch d. Smell e. Taste f. Memory

a. true b. true c. true d. true e. true f. false

In characterizing the concept of mental models, the following statements are applicable: a. the idea of "mental models" provides a language for speaking about expectations that people have b. a mismatch of the mental model with the actual reality can result in errors or mistakes c. clearly conveying the correct mental model of a tool, product or system is important d. instructions, education or training should not become an avenue for conveying mental models related to production

a. true b. true c. ture d. flase

Cognitive abilities are a combination of: a. Skills and experience b. Pattern recognition and attention c. Memory and ability to focus d. Expectations and associations e. Athletic fitness

a. true b. ture c. true d. true e. falseq

Regarding the concept of attention, check all that apply: a. Attention means devoting a human's mental resources to a task or event at hand. b. Undivided attention focuses all our cognitive processing capability to one stimulus. c. When our attention is divided between two or more information sources, our ability to correctly process stimuli and interpret information is decreased. d. Human attention levels fall when events come at regular, relatively frequent intervals and there is a risk that small status changes or subtle signals will be missed e. When activity frequency is very low, human attention levels are at their highest

a. true b. ture c. ture d. false e. false

Identify the main cognitive processes that workplace design can support (select all that apply): a. Attention b. Perception c. Memory d. Mental models e. Muscle exertion

a. true b. ture c. ture. d. true e. false

Select all true statements that apply to the visual photoreceptors in the eyes: a. cones are very sensitive to small differences in shape and color b. cones are much more numerous than rods c. cones require good lighting to function d. rods are more sensitive than cones to seeing in dim light e. rods provide us with the ability to distinguish colors

a. ture b. flase c. true d. true. e. false

Regarding visual abilities and their change with ageing (select all that apply): a. visual abilities tend to deteriorate from the approximate age of 40 b. the capacity to detect low contrast and small symbols is affected c. the capacity to detect weak stimuli is not affected d. they should be accounted for by providing good task lighting when designing tasks, interfaces and environments e. clear visual cues (with sufficient size and time duration) are not an issue when designing fr the whole work population

a. ture b. true c. false d. ture e. false

Select potential benefits to be reaped from applying cognitive design principles to production engineering: a. minimize unnecessary mental workload b. help operators perform their work tasks more efficiently c. help operators perform their work tasks with fewer errors and misinterpretations d. design of workplaces, instructions, machines, tools and activities that communicate better to the worker how to achieve their goals e. minimize musculoskeletal disorder risks in the workplace

a. ture b. true c. true d. true e. false

The ability to recall and store information both from short-term and long-term memory is deteriorated by: a. stress b. fatigue c. hunger d. disturbing sounds e. framing

a. ture b. true c. true d. ture e. false

In what concerns the human brain: a. the brain is constantly handling cognitive processes (even during sleep) b. the brain often needs to be well-rested and nourished to work optimally c. limitations are added to our attention and perception abilities when our brain undergoes fatigue d. memory retrieval and recall and mental models held are not affected by a state of brain fatigue

a. ture b. true c. ture d. false

Cognitive aspects have to do with: a. our interpretation of sensory stimuli b. our capability to recognize patterns c. our understanding of instructions d.our ability to associate symbols with meaning e.our capacity to perform physical exertions

a. ture b. ture c. true d. true e. false

Concerning the sense of hearing: a. the human body perceives audible sound via vibration of the inner ear b. non-audible sounds are perceived by human beings as vibrations c. sub-sonic (low) frequencies can trigger whole-body vibrations that cause nausea and feelings of discomfort and depression d. there are high-pitched frequencies that can be heard primarily by young people, but with diminishing ability in early adulthood e. injury-driven hearing loss does not occur as a result of exposure to noisy environments

a. ture b. ture c. true d. true e. false

From a worker's perspective, applying cognitive ergonomics to the design of a workplace will contribute beneficially in avoiding a. Danger b. Errors c. Confusion d. Irritation and mental overload e. Misinterpretations

a. ture b. ture c. ture d. true e. true

Fill in the blanks: individual, sensory, stimulated, one, dangerous, vision Stress can affect the capacity of our STM to the point where tunnel [a] occurs, leaving the human fixated on handling only [b] information source and unable to take in additional [c] stimuli, a situation which could prove to be [d]. Some memory recall deterioration may also result from age, but this is highly [e] - keeping the mind active and [f] can lessen such effects.

a. vision b. one c. sensory d. dangerous e. individual f. stimulated

Match the applicable modes of human decision making and problem solving to the descriptions in the right: Rule-Based

actions governed by rules, procedures and old knowledge; involves recognizing signs and associating to related process status, which is then associated with stored rules

Match the applicable modes of human decision making and problem solving to the descriptions in the right: Skill-based

actions performed without consciousness and routine actions; sensory- motoric response

Match the applicable modes of human decision making and problem solving to the descriptions in the right: Knowledge-based

actions which require explicit thinking and problem solving; based on identifying the meaning of symbols and making a plan (includes trial and error)

A fixture is a device that is pretty similar to a jig, but the former also provides support in the processing operations by guiding cutting tools. (T/F)

false

In dark environments, our ability to see different colors increases. (T/F)

false

The nuclear sector is still one of the least advanced industrial sectors regarding human factors and cognitive ergonomics (T/F)

false

Match the brain's functioning mode to the set of activities most suited to that mode: high-functioning thought

planning, reasoning, evaluating

Match the key design factors for presenting visual information on the left with the corresponding applicable visual aspects description / discussion on the right. Intensity

the amount of light entering the human eye must not cause glare, nor must it be too dimly lit for the eye to perceive contrast and color

Match each of the alternatives for orientation of mental processing of information with the best suited description top-down

the process is a conscious chain based on desires, previous experience or knowledge, expectations and generalizations

Match each of the alternatives for orientation of mental processing of information with the best suited description bottom-up

the process is in response to sensory stimuli and is unconscious/ automated

A human's cognitive abilities are involved in processing and interpreting information from their environment and in formulating goals for action. (T/F)

true

An expert's knowledge of how to act appropriately is internalized and reflexive, sometimes to the point where it may be difficult for them to explain how or why they act or react as they do. (T/F)

true

Cognitive aspects of a workplace concern the sensory signals that give our brains the clues and cues to understand a task or to solve a problem. (T/F)

true

Humans are said to have a sense of balance and muscle sense, both of which can be used to interpret our surroundings and act accordingly. (T/F)

true

Humans' sense of vision is connected with perception, actively looking for patterns and structures that their mental bank can recognize as meaningful (T/F)

true

Memory enables information, experience and rules to be stored in the brain (T/F)

true

Our ability to perceive depth is dependent on binocular (two-eyed) stereo vision and on previous experience and is decreased in the dark. (T/F)

true

Our cognitive pattern recognition skills help us distinguish many nuances of sound. (T/F)

true

Workplace design should cater to people's physical and mental capacity. (T/F)

true

A cognitively well-designed work system can lessen the impact of fatigue by minimizing the ability to perform incorrect or dangerous actions. (T/F)

ture

Proprioception is the 'muscle' sense, consisting of knowing the position of parts of our body in space and whether our muscles are contracted or not. (T/F)

ture

The brain, aided by the senses, processes and interprets information from the environment, enabling decisions to be made. (T/F)

ture

Workplace designs that lessen the impact of fatigue may help to decrease unnecessary mental workload and avoid hazardous accidents. (T/F)

ture