EXB 10: Midterm Questions, Study Guide
24. Contrast the two decision-making strategies of "maximizing" vs. "satisficing" (perhaps, use the examples of buying new running/athletic shoes, or selecting cookies at the grocery store).
"Sacrifice" more and "Maximize" less: Rapid choice, Sacrifice ex. I want some shoes that I use for walking, I want it to be light, I'm a student and only have 60$ (big criteria), ex. Maximize bring me all the size 11 shoes In the end, they are more likely to make better objective choices than satisficers but get less satisfaction from them. When reality requires maximizers to compromise— to end a search and decide on something—apprehension about what might have been takes over We found as well that the greatest maximizers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do. Working with Columbia University psychologists Rachael F. Elwork and Sheena S. Iyengar, I found that maximizing college seniors searching for jobs actually found positions with 20 percent higher starting salaries than satisficing job seekers. Yet the maximizers were less satisfied with the jobs they got, and with the entire search process, than the satisficers were.
L0: Evanescence
(adjective form: evanescent), as in "In dance and athletics, the body itself becomes the most beautiful and evanescent of sculptures" the act or state of vanishing away
24. Name at least three psychological "drives" or motivators that can cause unhealthy choices when followed to extremes
-thrill seeking -impulsiveness -hedonism -hubris -stress
Are Fusiform muscles "better" in any way? Can you explain why, at the level of linked sarcomeres?
...
De-adaptation (or Atrophy), Overload, Threshold, Adaptation, Progression, Regression, Retrogression.
...
Define the following "Principles" of Exercise Training
...
Describe Concentric, Static, and Eccentric contractions of muscle. Can you specify how Myosin is inter-acting with the Actin molecule in each of these contractions?
...
Describe several behaviors or activities where the culture or social context strongly influences whether the act is appropriate or not.
...
Dr. Shaffrath's favorite answers to the question "Can fiber types be changed by exercise training?" are: "Sort of....", or "Yes and No". Is he trying to be vague, or to describe a mixed response of the muscle? Which parts or functions of a muscle fiber DO change; which DON'T?
...
How are the muscle fibers (individual muscle cells) oriented in a Pennate vs. a Fusiform muscle?
...
How do they differ in peak force generation, fatigue-resistance, and energy metabolism?
...
If protein is ingested in amounts that exceed the body's need for protein synthesis, what happens to it?
...
L10:A single muscle (like your biceps) might need to vary the force it generates by 100-fold (picture picking up a baby hamster, vs. a maximal arm curl): Name two ways by which the nervous system can alter the pattern of activation of a single muscle to create this range of forces
...
L11: Define or Describe: Motor Unit, Innervation Ratio, Torque, Lever ratio, Fiber Type, Insertion Angle. Which of the above are changed-by-training, and which are not?
...
L12:When undertaking physical training, what are most people hoping will happen? Name a few dramatic exceptions to this expectation (where physical training actually makes people worse).
...
L13:
...
L14:
...
L15:
...
L16: Name two categories of "nutrients" most needed to support aerobic exercise
...
L17: Ergogenic
...
L18:
...
L19:
...
List at least two performance liabilities (problems) that occur when dehydrated
...
Most muscles are strongest in mid-range of their range of motion; Give a sarcomere-level explanation.
...
Name 4 substances/activities that enhance all aspects of performance, with minimal risk
...
Name > two "ergogenic aids" that measurably enhance performance (disregarding risk) What specific aspects of performance does each enhance? What risks for each?
...
Of fat, carbohydrate, and protein, which is most critical to sustained aerobic exercise?
...
Of the two categories above, which can generally be taken before exercise without impairing performance?
...
Only certain groups of people are susceptible to death or serious injury from exercise, by itself. What can of questions might you ask, before exercise, to identify if your exercise client is one of these "accidents-waiting-to-happen"?
...
Over-use injuries, physical or psychological, result when Specificity collides with Retrogression. Describe a technique used by many athletes to "keep the overload" high, while avoiding psychological/physical over-use. Take a look at the American College of Sports Medicine's Guidelines for Physical Activity (last figure of Lecture #12). What levels of Frequency, Intensity, and Time (F.I.T factors) do they recommend for building Aerobic (cardio) fitness?
...
Picture the 3rd month of a strength training program, when a muscle has grown by >20% in cross-sectional area: What specific part of the muscle has grown that best explains the increases in strength? More cells? Larger cells? What is inside each cell that is making it both larger and stronger?
...
Regression and Retrogression both involve decreases in fitness or ability as time advances during training: How do these two differ?
...
Sarcomere, Actin, Myosin (a drawing or schematic might be useful for this)
...
Sleep enhances which of the following aspect(s) of exercise performance: Strength, endurance, reaction time, judgment, skill acquisition
...
Trace the pathway of a movement from its conception or planning in the motor cortex of the brain to the final cross-binding of Myosin to Actin in the muscle sarcomere.
...
What are three generally recognized fiber types?
...
What does the central, nearly-axiomatic principle of Specificity state? Can you give two examples that illustrate specificity of training?
...
What is the primary cause of "Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness" that occurs 24-48 hrs after the workout? Is DOMS associated more closely with one of the 3 contraction types above?
...
When is a "sports drink" preferable to plain water during exercise?
...
Which is generally stronger, a pennate or fusiform muscle of the same gross anatomic cross-section? Why?
...
Which performance remains unchanged, (or even declines) after anabolic steroids or creatine phosphate use?
...
Primate
1. Prosimians 2.New World Monkeys 3. Old World Monkeys 4. Apes 5. Homonids
Assuming that stress tends to "use up" our reserves of attention, coping, and energy, name 3 things that one can do to recover or restore one's ability to deal with stress after a hard day or week at UC Davis.
1. Rest 2. Relax (meditate) 3. Eat 4. Fun
Name 3 techniques to reduce manage or reduce the anxiety associated with a stressful situation.
1. stop, take a deep breath 2. exercise 3. redesign the task, resources, or consequences
Legitimate Authority
1. will not make "unreal statements" 2. Will recognize its own limits 3. will often have documents of its knowledge or experience with credentials
Name at least 3 potentially impairing mental states (emotional excess, mental disease) that chronic exercise seems to significantly improve (or, at least, exercise slows the rate of decay).
1.dementia Altzhimerz disease 2. Parkinsons disease (exercise increased motor activity to same degree as medication) 3. Diabetes (Type II) 4. atherosclerosis 5. hypertension (high blood pressure)
22. Which is more correct: 1) a population engaging in healthy behaviors will experience a substantially extended life span (>120 years of age) OR, 2) in a population engaging in healthy behaviors, a much larger number of individuals will reach the "natural life span" of 90+ in relative good health and function before suffering "a sudden and fatal collapse".
2
20. If someone is systematically under-eating relative to her calorie need by ~500 Kcal each day (a 500 Kcal deficit), how long will it take her to lose one pound of fat?
3500 calories a week= 3500/500= 7 days
25. Name at least 3 steps to prevent premature death before age 40. Name at least 3 additional important steps if this same 20 year-old individual also wishes to live beyond age 60.
40: safe sex, smoking cessation, self exams for skin and reproductive cancers, blood pressure measurements, cholesterol 60: exercise and physical activity, balanced diet of fresh foods, maintain body weight, develop muscle and skeletal mass, routine medical care
Classify the following activities along a continuum of increasing organization: 1) Olympic Soccer Match (quarter finals for your group) 2) an intramural volleyball team, 3) Meeting a friend to go for a jog, 4) Frisbee with the dog
4= play 3= activity 2= game/ rec 1= sport
25. At what part of the life span is medical screening and examination most important?
50 years old
23. Give 3 examples of preliminary or pre-emptive decisions that a back-country skier or snowboarder might make (before the fatal avalanche starts) that would save his or her life.
90% of avalanches are caused by the rider himself: 1. Watch where you go and when 2. Look for signs 3. Make sure you're prepared: have the right equipment and make sure it works 4. Stay in a group
160 beats/minute: a.80% of the maximal heart rate in a 20 year old b.estimate of maximal heart rate for a 80 year old c.a phosphoralative enzyme that enhances protein synthesis d. strengthens connective tissue more than muscle e.None of the above
A
Stress
A psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we must adapt to changing conditions, whether those conditions be real or perceived, positive or negative. Although everyone has stress in their lives, people respond to stress in different ways. Some people seem to be severely affected while others seem calm, cool, and collected all the time. Regardless, we all have it. It's also important to note that there are two types of stress, Eustress (good stress) and Distress (not so good stress). -Your heart pounds faster, muscles tighten, blood pressure rises, breath quickens, and your senses become sharper. These physical changes increase your strength and stamina, speed your reaction time, and enhance your focus—preparing you to either fight or flee from the danger at hand.
Arrangement that favors production of large forces (maximal strength)
A. Sarcomeres linked side by side
Main sub-cellular structure that leads to bigger muscles to stronger muscles
A. sarcomeres linked side by side
21. Strangely, after showing us these gross pictures of potentially fatal atherosclerosis, Dr. S said that we didn't have to rush to have our blood pressure and blood cholesterol measured; anytime before age 30 would do. Explain this in terms of the usual time course of atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis: plaque build up, takes decades to become critical; "a pediatric disease that manifests late in life" Atherosclerosis is initiated by damage to the endothelial lining of the arteries
140 beats/minute: a.80% of the maximal heart rate in a 20 year old b.estimate of maximal heart rate for a 80 year old c.a phosphoralative enzyme that enhances protein synthesis d. strengthens connective tissue more than muscle e.None of the above
B
Most biologists or anthropologists explain the origin of the oddly diverse athletic abilities of humans (homo sapiens) as arising from.... a. systematic athletic training that has been employed by primitive humans over the last 100,00 years b. a series of anatomical adaptations of locomotion that occurred in several pre-human primate species c. a directed, end-focus "drive" by evolution to produce the ultimate athletic species d. a residual from the even more diverse physical abilities of the shrew-like primordial mammal e. none of the above is an accurate reflection of modern biologists' beliefs regarding human athleticism
B
Perturbation: a.two words that sound the same b.an environmental challenge to homeostasis c."gravitating" towards activities you excel in d.extinct "pre-humans" like "Lucy" or "Turkana Boy" e.confidence for a specific task or action
B
Advantage of high velocity and large range of force generation
B- velocity= series-speed sarcomeres linked end on end in a series
All of the characteristics (below) are NOT changed by exercise training. EXCEPT: a. maximal heart rate b. length of long bones c. amount of actin and myosin within a muscle cell -motor unit innervation ratios d. None of the above
C
Self-Selection: a.two words that sound the same b.an environmental challenge to homeostasis c."gravitating" towards activities you excel in d.extinct "pre-humans" like "Lucy" or "Turkana Boy" e.confidence for a specific task or action
C
mTORC-1: a.80% of the maximal heart rate in a 20 year old b.estimate of maximal heart rate for a 80 year old c.a phosphoralative enzyme that enhances protein synthesis d. strengthens connective tissue more than muscle e.None of the above
C
Arrangement that allows muscles to contract towards their midpoints
C. Both sarcomeres side by side and in series sarcomeres always close towards their midpoints
22. What's the difference between physiologic and chronologic age? Give two examples from lecture of people with the same chronologic age having vastly different physiologic ages (by function or appearance).
Chronologic age= how many years you have been on the planet Physiologic age= the age you look or act like functional abilities obesity diabetes arthritis sun exposure= differences in skin aging, skin cancer
21. - Dr. Shaffrath showed amazingly gross specimens of arteries clogged by Atherosclerosis: What five factors (blood or behavioral characteristics) create this condition, over a period of decades?
Cigarette smoking, High blood pressure (hypertension), High Blood Cholesterol, High Blood Sugar, Physical Inactivity
"Until you've done it, you can't know what it's like" would be best described, in terms of the sources of knowledge (epistemic bases) as: a.mystical (or other altered state) of consciousness b.objective c.authoritarian d.gnostic e.none of the above
D
Growth Hormone: a.80% of the maximal heart rate in a 20 year old b.estimate of maximal heart rate for a 80 year old c.a phosphoralative enzyme that enhances protein synthesis d. strengthens connective tissue more than muscle e.None of the above
D
Hominid: a.two words that sound the same b.an environmental challenge to homeostasis c."gravitating" towards activities you excel in d.extinct "pre-humans" like "Lucy" or "Turkana Boy" e.confidence for a specific task or action
D
The process of science involves making explanatory models (hypotheses) whose truth is challenged by making measurements in the world, then revising (improving) the hypothesis. Among difficulties in this process: a. Simple observational data is occasionally mis-leading (to a single individual, the Earth appears flat) b. Investigators will often harbor unconscious expectations or bias to prefer some hypotheses ("I'm not fat; I'm just big-boned") c. In daily life, people often take "data" from unreliable sources, such as hearsay, the internet, or rumor d. All of the above are reasons why professional training in the practice of science is necessary e. None of the above are true
D
Which of the follow is/are true: A: Dr. Shaffrath thinks we should all be losing fat through a program of sustained calorie deficit...OR... B: Dr. Shaffrath feels we should all be on weight maintenance programs for most of our lives, with a central focus on lots of exercise and healthy eating
D
Characteristics of muscle structure that ARE changed by exercise training include: a. number and/or density of capillaries feeding the muscle fibers b. muscle fiber orientation (pennate vs. fusiform) c. muscle cross-sectional area d. both a and c e. none of the above
D- Capillaries can change
How would you best characterize the muscle action above of LOWERING a weight from the shoulder to the waist? a. bicep muscle is resisting or slowing its own lengthening as the weight is lowered. b. The bicep muscle must initially push the forearm outward c. This is an eccentric contraction of the bicep d. contraction of the tricep muscle is actually creating this motion e. both a and c
E
Self-Efficacy: a.two words that sound the same b.an environmental challenge to homeostasis c."gravitating" towards activities you excel in d.extinct "pre-humans" like "Lucy" or "Turkana Boy" e.confidence for a specific task or action
E
The article "Exercise Calms Anxiety" (Gretchen Reynolds, New York Times Science Supplement) made the point(s): a.the scientific evidence for an anti-anxiety effect due to exercise is inconclusive b.runner rats show an expansion of excitable neurons, particularly in the area of the hippocampus c.the greater pool of excitable neurons in runner rats made them more susceptible to chronic stress d.running rats are able to suppress anxiety better, due to enhanced inhibitory GABA secretion e.b and d
E
There are many applications of physical activity in the field of health and medicine. Among the ones discussed in class thus far: a. Single bouts of exercise can be used as a diagnostic challenge to a patient's cardiovascular system b. Chronic exercise has many applications in mental health, including the treatment of depression c. As a preventive intervention, physical activities during childhood and young adulthood leads to bony, brainy, disease-resistant adults d. Rehabilitation (after serious disease, exercise training can be used to partially restore function) e. All of the above are legitimate, recognized uses of exercise in the field of health and medicine
E
Two EXB 10 Students have been inspired by Dr. Baar, and have started exercise programs! Student #1's exercise bouts reliably elevate intracellular levels of PGC-1α within the muscles, while Student #2's workouts create elevations in mTORC-1 within the skeletal muscle cells. We can predict: a.Student #2's workouts are aerobic, and will improve oxygen-based function (mitochondria, VO2max) b.Student #1's workouts are aerobic, and will improve oxygen-based function (mitochondria, VO2max) c.Though different in intracellular response, the two students will get similar functional benefits d.Student #2 must be doing some kind of resistance training, and will experience muscle hypertrophy e.b and d
E
Which of the following items about the response to resistance (weight) training is/are FALSE: a.muscle growth (hypertrophy) generally becomes measurable in humans only after 6-8 weeks b.delayed onset muscle soreness usually peaks 24-48 hours after the training bout c.males will generally experience greater hypertrophy of muscle, as a percentage of initial muscle size d.2-3 months of resistance training will convert most (80%) of slow twitch fibers into fast twitch fibers e.both c and d are false
E
24. Give at least two examples of choices that may be difficult in the short term (effort, time, money, not comfortable), but which may have long-term benefits.
Exercising regularly wearing a condom
PM2: Extrinsic motivation is the most powerful factor for long-term compliance with an exercise program.
False
PM2: The most important macro-nutrient to replace after a long, aerobic workout (such as a 90 minute soccer match) is protein.
False
T/F Proper psychological stress management techniques aims to eliminate stress completely.
False
A healthy, 80 year old grandmother would be expected to have a maximal heart rate (during intense workout) of about 160 beats/ min. T/F
False- 220-age
T/F: Fiber Type is a more important determinant of strength (maximal tension) than muscle cross-sectional are
False- CSA determines strength
25. Give at least 3 examples of how simply recognizing that each of us has only a partial awareness of biological realities can extend our health and vitality.
Getting examined early on being pre cautious about what you do and how to do it safely exercising and eating right
23. In the 1950's, Psychologist Eric Ericksen followed up Freud's observation by pointing out that, at the beginning of adulthood, it would be natural to explore the range and boundaries of one's interests in work and love. A great example is that many young people between ages 20-30 will work in a variety of jobs and internships, exploring their eventual career interests. Give examples, from lecture or your life, of potentially fatal explorations in the areas of work and love.
HIV infection- no protection rock climbing with out safety devises Getting a tattoo and dying from an infection
21. Define Hypokenetic
Hypokinetic diseases, from Greek, hypo , "too little" , and kines , "motion"
24. Attribution (What "causes" your grade in EXB 10? Give examples of internal vs. external attribution. Can you see how these different explanations might influence your preparatory behavior for our final exam?)
In an internal, or dispositional, attribution, people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. In an external, or situational, attribution, people infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors. Example: Maria's car breaks down on the freeway. If she believes the breakdown happened because of her ignorance about cars, she is making an internal attribution. If she believes that the breakdown happened because her car is old, she is making an external attribution. Ex. I might not get an A in this class because everyone around me is talking and distracting me from studying. I might not get an A because I have no motivation to study
25. If people from ages 20-40 die mostly of accidents, violence, and trauma, people after age 40 die of.....?
Internal sources of mortality: CHRONIC DISEASES some Accidents, cancer, heart disease, HIV Infection, suicide, liver disease, stroke
24. At what level of income does money cease to closely correlate with life satisfaction?
No connection between annual income and happiness Most people who are wealthier are more unhappy because they have more choices and are freer to do as they choose
Empiricism
Science is often called "rational empiricism" because of its process of telling a rational story (hypothesis), then making a measurement (empiricism), then revising the story, etc.
L1:epistemology
The study of knowledge, the method and grounds upon which knowledge is based, and their limits and validity
24. What does psychological research indicate about the idea that "Money is Happiness"?
Things that make us happy are not things individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline clinical range.
20. In terms of calorie balance, what is the necessary prerequisite for loss of body fat stores, and how does this differ from what is necessary to maintain body fat and weight?
To lower your body fat you need to have a lower calorie intake than the calories you are burning through exercise, but to maintain fat and weight you need to exercise and keep your calorie intake at a balance Exercise (during a caloric restriction) Preserves Lean Mass and Focuses Weight loss onto Fat. Exercise Stabilizes Lean Mass and Body Composition "Create a Caloric Deficit to Lose Body Fat; Exercise to Maintain Body Fat"
20. True or False: Most people who begin an exercise program will be measurable healthier within 1-2 months, even if they fail to lose any body weight.
True
PM2: If, after a workout of resistance training, one then exercises the same muscle with aerobic work, the protein synthesis/hypertrophic effects of the resistance training will be minimized. T/F
True
PM2: Intense exercise can cause injury, illness, or death in certain groups of people (mostly those with advanced cardio-respiratory diseases). T/F
True
PM2: Regression occurs over time after the training stimulus has been reduced to sub-threshold levels. T/F
True
True or False: Generally (with a few exceptions), people feel less anxious, more relaxed, and more competent after an aerobic exercise bout of > 20 minutes.
True
Two people of different personality and background may experience different levels of stress and arousal while performing the exact same physical activity.
True
During a 10 k race (30-40 minutes to complete) taking glucose or other carbohydrate is NOT necessary for optimal performance. T/F
True- glucose comes into play after 90 minutes or an hour
How does the phenomenon of "bilateral transfer" illustrate this?
a form of learning achieved through training and education a transfer of skills learned from one side of the body to the other
Testable hypothesis
an idea or statement that can be proven or disproves through tests/ experimentation
L2: Phylogeny
ancestors
How does anxiety differ from fear?
anxiety= response to an unknown threat fear= emotional response to a known or definite threat Fear causes anxiety, anxiety can cause fear
What is a "Homunculus"? Where do we find the "Motor Homunculus"?
area of the cortex where body surfaces are mapped visual representation of the concept of the body with in the brain "little man inside the brain"
Name at least one Hormone (endocrine) secretion that has been associated with exercise and learning.
autocrine endocrine growth factors leading to increased growth, improved learning and memory
What secretion, secreted by brain tissue, is associated with brain growth ("neurogenesis").
brain derived neurotrophic factor promotes growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses
Once a skill is learned, where is the information, the "pattern of motor activation" stored?
brain= muscle memory
Is exercise training associated with better brains, or intelligence? Describe some of the data.
brains maximal performance= increase of smarts
21. Name at least two hypokinetic diseases that have "long sub-clinical prodromes" (what does this $20 College phrase mean?). Now, why is it again the Dr. S was emphasizing that monitoring our day-to-day world of internal feelings and sensations is insufficient for a long, healthy life? [Hint: In 25% of cases, the first symptom of heart disease is sudden death; a hard symptom to get over. 2nd Hint: What will happen to a 20 year old with a genetically elevated cholesterol of 400 mg/dl (double the normal value) by about age 40, if he only seeks health care when he has symptoms].
cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes. Most of these their first symptom is death so you need to get tested early on before it actually happens.
List two different human performance tasks for which the optimal levels of arousal significantly differ.
chess volleyball doing a puzzle vs. running a marathon
Use a continuum to describe levels of arousal commonly seen in humans: Where would sleep fit in? Coma?
coma deep sleep, day to day functions, high excitement Amphetamine-induced dementia, Athletic readiness (for football, soccer, or volleyball) both on other ends of the spectrum
Between motivation and concentration, which is more of a skill that can be learned or improved upon?
concentration can be learned, motivation cant-you have to motivate yourself it cant be taught motivation= the direction and intensity of one's efforts concentration= focus
Self Efficiacy
confidence relating to doing or performance
Once activated by neural stimulation ("neuro-excitatory spit", acetylcholine), all muscles generate force in the same direction; What is this direction?
contraction inward
Arrangement that allows muscles to forcible expand (push z lines apart)
d. Neither muscles will never forcibly expand
20. What is the most likely outcome of a apparently healthy person who loses > 10 lbs of body weight without effort, exercise, or other conscious intervention?
death- they are most likely sick from disease
24. Define Satisficing
decreasing the number of options- giving an exact description to narrow your choices (narrowing options)
22. To further prevent premature death and optimize the human life span (beyond 1980 levels), name at least 4 behaviors that a 20 year old living in 2012 would need to pursue
diet, exercise, medical care, and luck, vaccinations, condoms
Your team (soccer) has made the championship game, for the 1st time ever! Most athletes, as the game is about to begin, will need to focus on modulating their arousal...Up? Or Down?
down- they need to reduce their levels of arousal
22. Follow-up: In 1900, what age range was Death's "special favorite"?
early childhood -20's- lost 1/4 people died of diseases- polio, smallpox, pneumonia no vaccinations
Prosimian
early primate group to which lemurs belong ("dogs-in-trees")
23. Hubris
egocentricity-a Greek term for excessive or unwise pride, (such as presuming one is invincible, knows everything, or is incapable of error). In Greek tragedies, Hubris was usually the hero's fatal defect, leading to his or her downfall at the hands of the Gods.
Brachiate
ex. apes swinging on a vine w/ hypermobile shoulders
Neoteny:
ex. small teeth, hairless body juvenile features in adult animals (development slowed or delayed)
Prevention Diagnosis Rehabilitation
exercise: motor units become more active and work at a faster rate, prevent early death and bone damage, preserves structure and function of body Stress Test: shows the weaklinks- ex. exercise induced asthma, heart defects- irregular heartbeat Cardiac rehab- muscle growth, exercise to slow down growth rate of osteoperosis
Based on research results from refereed scientific journal articles, testosterone level seems to be the primary determinant of how much mass an adult will gain in the course of a weight-training program.
false
L6: ALL of the effects of exercise on the mind can now be accounted for by purely neuro-physiological effects (to the exclusion of one's own psychological appraisals)
false
L7: True of False:As far as arousal goes, "more is better" for all types of performance.
false
Pm1: Evanescent refers to something that is solid, concrete, or permanent. T/F
false
True or False: The brains of adult mammals cannot undergo neurogenesis, or add new neurons.
false- neurogenesis can happen for the young and old
What kind of activities follow the classic "Drive Theory" proposed by Hall in the early 1900's?
football- high energy activities/ team activities the more arousal/ stimulation the better the performance
What is "Title IX"? What social or cultural value does Title IX enforce within an athletic setting (at least, within institutions that receive U.S. federal funding?
gender equality in funding equality for scholorships
24. Define Maximizing
going above and beyond (considering ALL the choices) sometimes it necessary ex. cancer treatment (maximize your options)
myocardial
heart attack- thick muscular wall of the heart -blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart and the heart muscle is injured, not enough oxygen
L3: perturb/ perturbation
in physiology, often used to refer to an outside disruption or environmental demand that requires the body to make some sort of adjustment to maintain homeostasis. A "perturbation" is an environmental challenge.
Describe a purely psychological effect, or "message" associated with weight training (or other physical exercise marked by improvement over time) that may help in counter-acting depression.
increased confidence and self efficacy exercise reduces anxiety and elevates daily mood
What is the effect of providing external rewards on a performer's intrinsic motivation to engage in the task?
it could diminish any need for intrinsic motivation
Bipedal
locomotion= movement on 2 feet ex. apes can walk upright for short periods of time primates possess some degree of bipedal activity
For more complex human athletic performances, draw a graph of how increasing arousal (x axis) influences the level or accuracy of performance (y axis).
look at note card
20. What is the difference in a person's interior (emotional, subjective) experience in each of the two conditions described above?
loosing body fat you need to eat less therefore you will experience hunger. Hunger causes irritability and anger, therefore you might be more prone to depression. The other one is more of a balance you eat just as much as you burn therefore you will be happier.
23. What did Sigmund Freud think were to two "Great Tasks" of adulthood?
love and work
22. Define Osteoperosis
low bone density leading to pathological fractures, vertebral compression, or height loss can occur as early as age 20
Which particular brain functions seem most improved by exercise?
memory
L9:How is the term "Motor Behavior" slightly redundant? (What does motor mean? And behavior?)
motor= to move behavior= any movement
Homonid
multiple species of extinct "pre-humans", typified by bipedal gait and smaller-than-human brains. Examples, "Lucy" (australopithecus afarensis) or "Turkana Boy" (homo erectus)
21. Give four examples of "hypokinetic" diseases (that result from, or are aggravated by, insufficient physical activity)
obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure), atherosclerosis (cardiovascular disease), diabetes type II
Gnostic
of or pertaining to a number of pre-Christian "mystery religions" that required an "initiation" to secret or special knowledge before its participants became full members; Used generally, any special human experience that can be known only through experience or initiation.
L4:over-determined
often used in science or psychology to refer to actions or behaviors that are encouraged by multiple motivations and drives (often including biological, psychological, and social). (highly active)
25. Give at least one example of person(s) who engage in lots of regular exercise, but who do not have happy or healthy lives.
people that are anorexic- exercise for a sense of control people that put exercise before their family
How do the motor activation patterns initiated by the motor cortex of the brain reach the muscles?
peripheral nerves sends a signal through the spine through the axons of the neurons
25. Name at least 5 major areas of our lives (behaviors or biological needs) that each demand time and attention, and must be balanced in order to create a long, vital and happy life.
pleasure work exercise eating sleeping
24. Define Hedonism
pleasure principle Also avoiding the unpleasantness -Apart of human nature, must be moderated to become a balance, integrated individual
Ischedmia
restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism
20. What is the energy cost (kcals) of walking a mile? Of running a mile?
same; 100 kcal
22. Define Senility or Dementia
senility: the general state of reduced mental and physical vigor associated with aging (loss of mental function) dementia: (hypokinetic disease related to movement) a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning
How is a "skill" different from these Un-learned behaviors? (Define Skill)
skill can be learned- needs to be trained
Name 3 general groups of Un-learned motor behavior.
sponaneous reflex instinctual
Physiologic Adaptation
systematic response of an individual to a specific external stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis ex. formation of callouses in response to repeated pressure
24. Give at least two examples of the opposite: choices that feel great in the short term, but may have long-term consequences that are harmful, unpleasant, or fatal.
taking drugs ex ecstasy / alcohol consumption fighting
L8: Sociology
the connection between behavior and the social and cultural context in which behavior occurs
Subjective vs. Objective
the difference between a symptom vs. a sign subjective: feelings- internal or emotional state only known by the individual Objective: blood pressure- subject to measurement clinical signs
22. Define Sarcopenia
the lessening of flesh gaps between the bones and their flesh...muscles waisting away by the time they are 80 lost almost half their body mass
L5: Self Selection
the observation that in animals (including humans) with behavioral options, "people will do what they are good at". This leads to a confusing mix of genetic traits and true physiologic adaptations in athletes (Adult height is primarily genetic. NBA players are not made tall by playing basketball; they gravitate toward B'ball because their pre-existing stature gives an advantage over shorter wannabe's).
Credentials
to believe, to trust (credible) testimonials of certified documents
23. What are the most common ways of dying before the age of 40?
trauma; car crash, gun violence, suicide,cancer
22. True or False: The major advances in public health that have prevented premature death from 1900-1980 did not require a great deal of effort on the part of individuals (things like better sewer systems, clean water facilities, vaccination).
true
Dogs and horses lack the anatomic structures that would allow them to brachiate.
true
Individual humans have a natural tendency to favor some explanatory hypotheses over others.
true
True / False: "The issues and controversies in sporting activity tend to mirror those of the entire culture."
true
22. True of False: Back in 1900, Death was something that people between the ages of 20-80 participated in fairly equally.
true- death favored any group
Homeostasis
unchanging "same" equillibrium, stability ex. sweat to remain homeostasis in the body
What is the technical definition of Sport?
use of physical skill, abilities, and exertion institutionalized competition combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Explain this Shaffrath saying: "Focus equals Performance"
we are not good at multi-tasking
Many people use the term "Instinct" when they mean "Intuition", or "Deeply trained skill": How does a biologist define "Instinct"?
without knowledge reaction -startle and guard intuition= ability to acquire knowledge without inference or the use of reason
20. Exercise "alone" (without an accompanying calorie restriction) rarely results in large scale loss of body fat because.....?
you need to have a lower calorie intake
