Exercise 4

john terborgh found that out of nearly 1500 species of plants only were crucial to sustain most animals in a rainforest

12

according to conway, " zoo propagation can probably aid in the survival of or more of all terrestrial vertebrates likely to become extinct in the next century"

15%

dr beck reported that of 146 attempted reintroductions only have been judged successful

16%

for the sake of our bushmeat discussion kinda of hunting are defined

2

after laying her clutch of eggs female gopher tortoise will need to build enough nutritional reserves to produce another clutch

2 years

many species of cloud forest frogs have declined or gone extinct in costa rica

True

bushmeat trade in primates is causing concern because new strains of an hiv like virus are infecting people who eat duikers

false

climate is changing uniformly across globe

false

effects of global warming will be felt most severely in developed countries

false

harp seals are endangered species

false

human hunting increases the population of predators

false

kyoto protocol is an agreement among nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, the us agreed to join

false

subsistence hunting occurs when forest people sell the animals they kill to other people living in the same village

false

sustainable hunting occurs when people hunt for the sole purpose of providing for themselves and their family

false

wading birds in everglades have declined due to bureaucratic forces inside park

false

keystone species in many new world tropical forests

figs

dusky seaside sparrow originally occurred only in

florida

koalas kakapos indri lemurs and sloths are or leaf eaters

folivores

group of bird species that is severely impacted by size of protected areas

forest interior nesters

scientists have concluded that human consumption of is the major force driving global warming

fossil fuels

the US park service is an agency under the department of the

interior

those plant or animal species that play critical roles in a community are called species

keystone

at polar latitudes declines in have affected range of species from seabirds to marine mammals

krill

creating conservation priorities based on cuteness is not good policy, but attractive appealing species can be useful for conservation purposes if they

require large areas of habitat

terborgh claims that are particularly harmful to tropical birds

roads

capybara are giant, semi-aquatic

rodents

a ger is a

round felt tent

in our example, people on philippines were over harvesting

sea horses

tortuguera was established as a protected area for

sea turtles

sea otters eat many which are harmful graziers in kelp forests

sea urchins

one of the major factors that causes a shift to non sustainable hunting is when nomadic tribes become

sedentary

captive bred animals may not be the best candidates for reintroduction because they often lack the skills needed to survive in the wild

true

capybara are more efficient at converting grass to protein than are sheep or rabbits

true

capybara females produce five times more offspring in terms of weight than do other larger grazers

true

communal nesting birds are especially vulnerable to harvest

true

demands of living on low energy food means that most folivores must conserve energy whenever possible and this often translates to being very slow

true

driving a car generates more greenhouse gas than almost anything you do

true

every year over 100 million people visit north american zoos

true

greenhouse gas regulate climate by trapping heat and holding it around earth

true

humans find flattened faces much more appealing than long pointed snouts, probably because our own faces are flattened

true

hunting can lower the age of first reproduction in a hunted species

true

impoverished herders in many countries are subsidizing snow leopard conservation by inadvertently providing the cats with a ready source of food- their own livestock

true

in indochina many large animals have been almost eliminated by hunting

true

leaf eaters typically produce just one small offspring which grows very slowly and is dependent on its mother for a long time

true

leopolds classic treatise on game management argues for the use of natural resources without destroying the possibility of future generations using them

true

methods for conserving biodiversity include reducing carbon emissions

true

most serious leaf eaters have leaf digesting bacteria in their gut

true

penguins koalas giant pandas monkeys and meercats all score high on the attractiveness scale because they often sit upright or walk on two limbs

true

reintroduction is not a viable option for the majority of species threatened with extinction

true

snow leopards are often forced to kill domestic livestock because local people shoot and tap and animals that make up their natural prey

true

some reptiles exhibit temperature sex determination

true

sound hunting technique of the serval is so well developed that these cats cant hunt in windy weather

true

spring in alaska now arrives 2 weeks earlier than in 1950

true

tortoise burrow provides a refuge for various species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals

true

water birds of several spexies have increased in new york harbor

true

with proper controls harvesting of capybara can be a valuable conservation tool because it encourages ranchers to preserve wetland habitats

true

scientists agree that many species thought to be keystone species to their ecosystem seem to be

unobtrusive rare and little known

capybaras attain their greatest density in the

venezuelan llanos

as rising temps disrupt natural systems most species will not be able to migrate or change behavior

true

2006 stern report estimates it will cost of global gdp to stabilize the effects of global warming

1%

according to the red list hunting is responsible for the decline of mammals and birds threatened with extinction

1/3

rodents pangolins and primates make up about of the bushmeat taken in west and central africa

1/4

if no action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, scientists predict that the planets average temp will increase by in 50 years

2-3 degrees C

koalas and sloths save energy by spending up to hours a day motionless

22

in the us each person is responsible for tons of co2 emissions compared with average tons per person thru rest of world

22 and 6

levels of several important gases have increased by about percent in the last 150 years

25%

most grazers can only be harvested at 10% but the capybaras high reproductive rate allows them to be harvested at a rate of

30%

according to 2006 study by parmesan the most relatively mild climate change of 0.6 C has impacted of all wild species

41%

in the DRC the duiker populations have declined due to subsistence hunting

43%

in the winter of 1993-94 the value of snow leopard skin was times higher than the minimum yearly wage in krygyzstan

60x

primate populations in equatorial guinea have been reduced by in some areas

90%

a specialized stomach slow locomotion and sleeping a lot are a leafeaters adaptations to

a low energy diet

for tropical forest species the morality from hunting is largely to natural morality

additive

us forest service is under the department of

agriculture

in africa south america and asia, heavy hook like claws a long sticky tongue and rudimentary teeth are standard characteristics of species that exploit the niche

ant eating

one of the most successful reintroduction programs involved

arabian oryx

in the 1960s, the dominant item in zoo news was

baby animals

bananas cashews mangoes and durian all rely on for pollination

bats

increasing spring temps have caused the annual first dates of calling by frogs in NY to by 10-13 days

be earlier

hoatzins and kakapos are both folivorous

birds

orangutans are native to

borneo and sumatra

majority of gases produced by

burning fossil fuels

species are more resilient to harvest if they

can recolonize easily

what do the black footed ferret red wolf spix macaw and pere davids deer have in common

cannot survive without captive breeding

last species of bird described in the us

cape sable seaside sparrow

along with physical defenses like spines hairs and lignin leaves also produce to discourage leaf eaters

chemicals

in mongolia low cost incentives used to persuade villagers to protect wildlife and improve their animal husbandry involved providing people with

childrens clothes and flour

60% of all potential snow leopard habitat is in

china

recent climate trends in mountainous areas in central and south america have produced optimal conditions for which is likely cause of amphibian extinctions

chytrid fungus

helped restore pop of water birds in NY harbor

clean water act

major gas associated with global warming is

co2

species survival plan (ssp) is a

computerized mating system for zoo animals

leopolds model of resource use was based on management of upland game, habitat management and

control of hunting

duplication of body shapes and behaviors in unrelated animals is called

convergent evolution

tortuguera is a protected area in

costa rica

usfws to help conserve concho river water snakes

created artificial riffles

according to ben beck, a reintroduction is successful when it

creates a self sustaining population of 500

cue for pied flycatchers to begin migration from africa to northern europe is not temp but

day length

animal displays emphasizing will continue to be the centerpiece of zoo programs

education

changes in hunting/technology radically affect hunting. wire snares and shotguns allow hunters to be more and less

effective/discriminating

fish in africa and south america have independently evolved parallel solutions to living in silt laden rivers. they use to communicate and hunt

electrical signals

one of the least successful reintroduction programs involved the

european barn owl

flying requires an enormous amount of energy so most birds that feed on leaves

glide or are flightless

reducing carbon emissions can help to reduce

global warming

an adult snow leopard is roughly the size of a

golden retriever

which two species are highly dependent on the gopher tortoise burrow to survive

gopher frog and florida mouse

humans often select for species which can change the composition or the biological community

granivorous and frugivorous

extirpation of the mountain lion, jaguarundi and ocelot on barro colorado island panama is believed to be linked to extinction of

ground nesting birds

most common reason why so many creatures cant be reintroduced is

habitat is gone

experts recommended stopping the reintroduction of orangutans rescued from the illegal pet trade

habitat was already full

scientists are able to compare levels of gases from thousands of years ago by analyzing

ice cores

major focus of international snow leopard trust has been to

identify ways to reduce leopard predation on livestock

low survival rates of young birth defects and increased susceptibility to diseases in zoo animals are attributed to

inbreeding

a major difference between the european and north african system of wildlife management is that in europe the wildlife belongs to the

landowner

many markets in indochina now only sell birds bats and frogs because

large animals are nearly gone

species that are vulnerable to local extinction are usually

large bodied

one of the most evocative features of a cute animal

large eyes

other characteristics besides cuteness can make a species more attractive for instance makes an animal more endearing

large size

conway estimated that the zoo ark would have room for of the 20000 plus mammals birds reptiles and amphibians that would need our attention

less than 1000

global warming will seriously impact florida because

lots of low lying areas.

some folivores use as another way to save energy

loud calls

a rise in sea levels would have the greatest impact on which two states

louisiana and florida

species with intrinsic rates of population increase are less resilient to harvest

low

hunting population densities of hunted species

lowers

critics of capybara harvest charge that

method of killing is unnecessarily cruel

according to moulton, early hunters probably helped wipe out in new zealand

moas

temp of determines the sex of alligator hatchlings

nest cavity

cathi campbell found that humans were harvesting large numbers of green sea turtles off coast of

nicaragua

a large head, large eyes, a rounded body and short stubby limbs trigger a human urge to

nurture and protect

according to the red list of threatened species human hunting is responsible for the decline of mammals and birds threatened with extinction

one third

for any animal reintroduction program, the first factor to consider is whether

original causes of the animals decline are still present

long legs a long neck and large ears are adaptations of both the serval and the maned wolf for

pinpointing the location of rodents in tall grass

in the us, one of the first attempts to reintroduce an animal to the wild involved

plains bison

global warming controversy is largely a debate

political

an unexpected consequence of the bushmeat trade is the threat to plant species that depend on animals for

pollination and seed dispersal

golden lion tamarins are a species of

primate

in developing countries, the survival of animals such as rhinos and elephants is directly related to the amount of money spent on

protection

sloths iguanas and possibly other folivores use to raise their body temp to normal

solar heat

capybara are native to

south america

animals that have already produced young or those that are hybrids between subspecies cannot be used for SSP breeding are considered

surplus

concho river water snake is listed as

threatened

most observations of climate change responses on plants and animals have involved alterations in species phenologies

timing of events

wildlife trade monitoring network of the iucn and the wwf

traffic

according to biologist Gould, " were fooled by an evolved response to our own babies, and we transfer our reaction to the same set of features in other animals"

true

according to moulton global warming will be greatest in sub arctic boreal forests of siberia and north america

true

animals on three continents have independently evolved spines as a strategy to avoid being eaten

true