Exercise Prescription Test 1
elevated blood pressure
120-129/<80 mmHg
Stage 1 hypertension
130-139/80-89
what % of the american population doesn't get the recommended amount of PA for health benefits
21.5%
arm cuff size for small adult
22-26 cm
arm cuff size for larger adult
35-44cm
improvement stage
4-8 months
What is the target volume of exercise for adults as recommended by ACSM in MET min/wk?
500-1000
positive and negative risk factors for CHD
Positive: age, family history, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, tobacco use, diabetes, overweight, PA negative: HDL
During a cycle ergometer maximal exercise test, a pedaling rate of 60 rpm produces the highest VO2max when compared with the rates of 50, 70 , or 80 rpm. T/F
T
The risk of a graded maximal cardiorespiratory exercise test being fatal in the general population is less than 1 in 10,000. T/f
T
name 3 field tests for estimating aerobic capacity
distance run test, 1 mile test, 20 m shuttle run, walking tests
One MET is defined as
energy cost of sitting quietly
hyperlipidemia
increase of lipids in the blood
The quantity of physical activity needed for achieving health benefits or reducing risk of illness is ________ the amount typically prescribed when the goal is to make substantial improvements to cardiorespiratory fitness.
less than
arm cuff size for child
less than 22 cm
decision making theory
proposes that individuals decide whether or not to engage in a behavior by weighing the perceived benefits and costs of that behavior
how should standard GXT protocols be modified for testing older adults
-extend the warm up to more than 3 minutes -initial intensity 2-3 mets -reduce treadmill speed to their walking ability -extend time of each stage to allow them to reach steady state
ACSM criteria for attainment of VO2 max
-failure of the HR to increase with increase in intensity -lactate concentration exceeding 8 mmol -RER greater than 1.15 -RPE greater than 17 using 6-20 Borg scale
what factors should you consider when choosing a max vs submax test
-your client's exercise patterns and risk factors, reasons for administering the test, and availability of equipment
a pretest healthy screening includes what four items
1)Administer PAR-Q. 2)Identify signs and symptoms of disease. 3)Analyze coronary risk profile. 4)Perform risk stratification
initial conditioning stage
1-6 weeks
self determination theory
1. amotivation- no intention to exercise 2. other determined motivation-motivated by guilt, fear, pressure 3. self determined extrinsic motivation-better health, freely chooses 4. intrinsic motivation- exercises for pure enjoyment
recommended sequence of testing for a physical fitness test
1. resting measurements HR, BP 2. Body composition 3. cardiorespiratory endurance 4. muscular fitness 5. flexibility
According to the classification of physical activity levels using a pedometer, how many daily steps would an adult need to take to be considered active?
10,000 to 12,499
How many participants are generally needed to ensure that the data are representative of the population for whom the prediction equation was developed?
100-400
steps per day for adult weight loss
11000-13000
what is the recommended minimum amount of daily PA for health
150 minutes a week of moderate PA or 75 of vigorous PA
For substantial health benefits, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends that adults should engage in aerobic exercise at least _____ minutes per week at a moderate intensity or _____ minutes per week at a vigorous intensity.
150; 75
What is the energy expenditure in ml/kg/min of a 150 pound woman using 12 inch step at a cadence of 20 steps per minute?
22.09
overweight BMI
25-29.9
arm cuff size for adult
27-34cm
arm cuff size for obese adult
45-52 cm
percent of deaths due to CVD
46%
On average, discontinuous exercise tests take ________ times longer to administer than do continuous tests.
5
It is important for exercise specialists to help clients make a firm commitment to an exercise program because of those individuals starting an exercise routine, _______ will drop out within one year.
50%
The Institute of Medicine recommends _______ minutes of daily physical activity to prevent weight gain.
60
The most widely used distance run tests are the ___________ minute runs and the ____________ mile runs.
9- and 12-; 1.0- and 1.5
Values for LDL cholesterol
<100 optimal
Stage 2 hypertension
>140 or >90
level of HDL that leads to decreased CVD risk
>60 mg dl
Values for HDL
>60 optimal >40 desirable <40 undesirable
Principle of Overload
A rule that states that in order to improve fitness, one needs to do more physical activity than one normally does.
Theory of Reasoned Action
A theory suggesting that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated, and a decision is reached to act or not to act. That decision is then reflected in behavioral intentions, which strongly influence overt behavior.
What noncommunicable diseases are related to physical inactivity
CVD, diabetes, obesity, chronic respiratory disorders and cancers
behavior modification model
Clients become actively involved in the change process by setting realistic short and long-term goals, developing a plan to achieve these goals, and signing a contract that describes each goal and how it may be achieved.
difference between gross and net vo2
Gross vo2- the total rate of oxygen consumption and reflects the caloric costs of both rest and exercise Net VO2- rate of oxygen consumption in excess of the resting VO2; caloric cost of exercise
during a GXT, what 3 variables are monitored at regular intervals
HR, BP, RPE
The MET method should be used along with what other two methods in order to ensure that exercise intensity does not exceed safe limits? I: Heart rate II:Heart rate maximum III: Blood Pressure IV: Rating of perceived exercise
I and IV only
Which of the following are considered advantages to multimodal exercise programs? I: Increased likelihood of incorporating physical activity and exercise into the individuals lifestyle II: Improved skill of one particular activity increasing an individuals sense of self-determination III: Better understanding of how an individual's body responds to exercise IV: Greater likelihood in a save and effective exercise program
I, III, and IV only
Principle of Initial Values
Individuals with low initial fitness levels will show greater relative gains and a faster rate of improvement compared to those starting at higher fitness levels
Health Belief Model
Individuals' perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem, the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to act
3 stages of an exercise program
Initial conditioning improvement stage maintenance stage
All but which of the following are parts of a comprehensive pretest health screening?
OPTION A EEG OPTION B Coronary risk factor assessment OPTION C Lifestyle evaluation OPTION D Resting blood pressure Option A
Which is true according to a U.S. national survey on physical activity?
OPTION A More than 50% of adults meet both guidelines for aerobic and muscle strengthening activities. OPTION B Men are less likely to meet the full aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines than women. OPTION C Older adults (ages 65 and older) are more likely to meet the guidelines than younger (18-24 years) adults. OPTION D Women are less likely to meet the full aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines than men. (Option D)
Which of the following statistics regarding hypertension is correct?
OPTION A The percentage of American men up to the age of 45 with hypertension (11-23%) is greater than that of women (6-18%). OPTION B After age 45, the prevalence of hypertension is greater in American women (24-38%) than in men (16-23%). OPTION C Women with hypertension have a 2.5 greater risk of developing cardiovascular heart disease than do women who have normal blood pressure. OPTION D The prevalence of high blood pressure for blacks in the United States (25%) is less than that of American Indians or Mexican Americans. (option A)
Which of the following correctly match the exercise with the activity type?
OPTION A slow dancing (type A); in-line skating (type B); simulated climbing (type C); basketball (type D) OPTION B walking (type A); Aqua aerobics (type B); Nordic skiing (type C); bench water aerobics (type D) OPTION C aqua aerobics (type A); aerobic dancing (type B); rowing (type C); handball (type D) OPTION D cycling indoors (type A); running (type B); swimming (type C); hiking (type D) Option D
When choosing an alternative field test, which test is the least preferable?
OPTION A walking test OPTION B 12 minute swim test OPTION C 12 minute cycling test OPTION D step test Option B
components of ECG
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
What is the best recommendation about exercise frequency that could be given to an individual who is able to exercise only 5 to 10 minutes at a time?
Perform multiple sessions (two or three 10 minute sessions) in a given day to accumulate 20 to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise
Prescribing exercise intensity using heart rate data is based on which assumption for all three approaches?
The higher the intensity of exercise, the higher the heart rate.
obesity paradox
There is compelling evidence to indicate patients diagnosed with CHR (congestive heart failure) actually have improved survival when BMI is greater than or equal to 30 kg*m-2, a phenomenon know as the "?".
What is the purpose of inflating the cuff and noting by palpation when the pulse disappears?
To estimate how much the cuff needs to be inflated to determine systolic blood pressure with the ausculatory technique.
difference between vo2max and vo2 peak
VO2 max-maximal amount of oxygen VO2 peak-highest recorded number during GXT
exergaming
Video games that provide physical activity or exercise through interactive play
Hypertension is clinically defined as
a systolic blood pressure of 135 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or greater.
Metabolic syndrome is the name for which group of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease?
abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance
what is the difference between absolute and relative vo2
absolute vo2- L/min related to body size, men usually have a larger VO2 than women relative vo2- ml/kg/min used to compare CRF
3 absolute contradictions to exercise testing
acute myocardial infarction unstable angina cardiac arrhythmias severe aortic stenosis
social cognitive model
based on concepts of self efficacy and outcome expectation
angina pectoris
chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen
maintenance
client has been exercising regularly at the recommended amount for six months or longer
action
client has been performing the recommended amount of PA regularly for less than six months
preparation
client is exercising but not meeting the recommended amount of PA
contemplation
client is not exercising but intends to start
list three reasons for stopping a GXT
client wants to stop, angina like symptoms, drop in systolic bp >10 mmHg, excessive rise in SBP >250 mmHg or DBP of >115 mmHg, signs of poor perfusion, failure of HR to rise with increased exercise intensity
metabolic syndrome
combination of CVD risk factors associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity
how do the continuous, discontinuous and ramp exercise testing protocols differ
continuous-no rest 8-12 minutes discontinuous- client rests for 5-10 minutes between workloads, each stage lasts 5 minutes, takes 5x longer ramp test-frequent increases in work rate, VO2 plateau rarely observed, done in 10 minutes
What phase of the aerobic exercise program is performed between the warm up and cool down?
endurance conditioning 20-60 minutes
During a graded exercise test, what other criteria may be used to indicate the attainment of a true VO2max?
failure of the heart rate to increase with increased exercise intensity
If an individual is identified as having risk factors even though she has none, it is known as a
false positive
Which type of equation is developed using diverse, heterogenous samples and accounts for differences in physical characteristics by including these variables?
generalized prediction
The total rate of energy expenditure (gross) during steady-state treadmill walking or running is a function of which three components?
grade, resting energy expenditures, and speed
3 sources of error in measurement of BP
improper cuff size, improper placement, background noise, arm not in correct position
During which stage of the exercise progression is the rate of progression more rapid and the frequency progressed from 3 to 5 days/wk?
improvement
principle of interindividual variability
individual responses to a training stimulus are quite variable and depend on a number of factors such as age and initial fitness level
Atherosclerosis
inflammatory process involving a buildup of LDL
type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent
3 methods for measuring blood pressure. which one is considered gold standard
intra-arterial BP= GOLD standard .. mercury manometer manual blood pressure technique automated BP technique hybrid BP technique
Which of the following is a benefit of using ramp protocol?
it is designed to be performed in under 10 minutes
coronary heart disease
lack of blood supply to the heart muscle resulting from a progressive degenerative disorder known as atherosclerosis
If the arm circumference is 35 cm, then the recommended cuff to use is
larger adult
3 relative contradictions to exercise testing
left main coronary artery stenosis recent stroke hyperthyroidism tachydysrhythmias
According to a longitudinal study, which risk factor contributes to more deaths than any other risk factor?
low cardiorespiratory fitness
what is the most valid and direct measure of functional cardiorespiratory capacity?
maximum oxygen uptake VO2 max
An asymptomatic individual with two or more coronary risk factors is classified as
moderate coronary heart disease risk.
type 2 diabetes
non-insulin dependent
Physical inactivity can lead to the development of which chronic diseases?
obesity, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and musculoskeletal disorders
The precursor of osteoporosis is ?
osteopenia
obese BMI
over 30
Principle of Diminishing Returns
positive effects and health benefits of exercise are reversible
Which stage of motivational readiness for changing exercise behavior is a client in when she is exercising but not doing the recommended amount of physical activity?
preparation
maintenance stage
preserve level of fitness
The proper exercise prescription for individuals with hypertension includes
primarily moderate-intensity endurance activities all days of the week with resistance training at 60-80% 1 RM.
Transtheoretical Model
process clients go through when adopting a change in health behavior precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Which is used to compare fitness levels of individuals differing in body size?
relative
It is possible for a test to have excellent ___________________ but poor __________________________.
reliability;validity
To assess your client's physical fitness status, select tests that are
reliable, objective, and valid.
Which level of motivation is a person at if he autonomously exercises for improved health benefits?
self determined
The probability of identifying individuals who have risk factors for a specific disease or syndrome is test
sensitivity
precontemplation stage
stage of change in which people are unwilling to change their behavior client does not exercise and does not intend to start
Define physical fitness and 4 components
the ability to carry out daily tasks easily and have enough reserve energy to respond to unexpected demands 1. muscular strength 2. muscular endurance 3. cardiorespiratory fitness 4. flexibility
Principle of Progression
the amount and intensity of your exercise should be increased gradually
Principle of Specificity
the effect of exercise training is specific to those muscles involved in the activity
Theory of Planned Behavior
the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
The PARmed-X is used by
the physician to assess and convey medical clearance for physical activity participation.
effects of miscuffing BP
too small of a cuff leads to overestimation and too large of a cuff leads to underestimation
should treadmill or cycle ergometer be used for assessing the cardiorespiratory fitness of children
treadmill because they do not have the attention span to maintain cadence on bike
Which type of endurance activities require both skill and average physical fitness?
type c
Values for Total Cholesterol
• <200 is desirable • 200-239 is borderline • 240 or >240 is high
