exocrine glands vs Endocrine glands
Gestational
Only while pregnant Placenta inhibits the action of insulin Can affect baby's health if not addressed
AC: Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)
Overactive thyroid; fast metabolic rate
HGH Conditions
Pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly
3 Chemical categories of hormones
amines proteins steroids
oxytocin
brings about uterine contractions helps with milk let down reflex
AS: seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
depression when not exposed to enough sunlight
Amines
derived from one amino acid (tyrosine) ex.) Thyroid hormones
Type 1 (juvenile onset)
do not produce enough insulin usually insulin dependent
Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis)
does not actually make any hormones - just stores and secretes two hormones made by the hypothalamus
Thymus
embedded in the connective tissue behind the sternum large in puberty then decreases greatly in size
melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH)
encourages melanin production in particular situations
AC: goiter
enlarges thyroid due to iodine deficiency
luteinizing hormone (LH)
has reproductive function in males and females lh
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
has reproductive functions in males and females
Melatonin
helps regulate the bodes circadian rhythms (daily change in physiological processes and sleep cycles) secretes more melatonin at night
glucocorticoids
helps to keep glucose levels constant
Diabetes Mellitus
high blood sugar
glucagon
increases blood levels of glucose
Aldosterone
increases reabsorption of sodium and water during urine formation
prolactin
involved in milk production
Thymosin
involves cellular immunity by helping to mature T cells
Thyroid Gland
located between larynx with a lobe on either side of trachea has two type of specialized cells
Pineal Gland
located in the head
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
AC: hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
steroids
made from cholesterol ex.) reproductive hormones
-Medulla
main section of adrenal gland
-cortex
main section of adrenal gland
calcitonin
moves calcium from the bloodstream to the bones
AC: Diabetes Insipidus
not enough ADH Symptoms: excessive thirst and frequent urination
pituitary dwarfism
not enough HGH during the growing years
Example of Exocrine glands
oil glands, sweat glands, pancreas
Adrenal Glands
one adrenal gland is located on the top of each kidney
Example of Endocrine gland
pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas
parafollicular cells
produce calcatonin
adrenaline (epinephrine)
produced by chromatin cells involves the fight or flight response
parathyroid hormone (pth)
produced by specialized cells called principle cells moves calcium from bones to blood stream opposing horomone is calcitonin
antidiuretic horomone (adh)
returns more water to the blood stream during urine production less urine is produced
Endocrine Glands
secrete hormones (powerful chemical messengers), have no specific duct, they are dumped outside of the gland and eventually travel in the blood stream
exocrine glands
secrete simple substances through ductwork to the desired location
Pancreas
serves both endocrine and exocrine gland islets of langerhans are specialized cells within
Human Growth Hormone
stimulates lengthwise bone growth
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the cortex region of the adrenal gland
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the thyroid gland
AC: Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
under active thyroid; slow metabolic rate
AC: cretinism
underactive thyroid in infancy which impairs physical and mental development
insulin
decreases your glucose level
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Human Growth Hormone
Type 2 (old age)
Insulin resistance Often controlled through diet and medication
follicular
Thyroid hormones :thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 Iodine is required to manufacture these Regulate the bodys metabolic rate
AC: Cushing's Syndrome
abnormally high levels of hormones from the adrenal cortex
AC: Addisons Disease
abnormally low levels of hormone from the adrenal cortex
Proteins
chains of amino acids ex.) insulin
Infindubulum
the hypothalamus is physically attached to the pituitary gland by this
parathyroid glands
there are two parathyroid glands on th posterior side of each lobe of thyroid glands
acromegaly
to much HGH after growing years
gigantism
to much HGH during the growing years